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頸部創傷的評估和處置 http://decode-medicine.blogspot.com/ summarized & animated by sun yaicheng
機 轉  1   頸部頓挫傷 2   頸部穿刺傷 3   窒息和上吊
   大 綱 1   案例 2   解剖 3   初級評估:A  B C D 4   次級評估:診斷檢查
案例	1 55歲男性,在工廠被飛出機具擊中頸部。 到達急診時意識清楚,生命徵象穩定,初級評估大致正常。 下一步?
案例	2 22歲男性,機車事故,左側頭頸部鈍挫傷。到達急診時意識清楚,生命徵象穩定,初級評估大致正常。 於急診時主訴右側手腳麻木,感覺異常 頭部和臉部電腦斷層: 左側下顎骨骨折,無顱內出血 下一步?
Roon & Christensen Classification.  J trauma, 1979 Zone III 下顎角 Zone II 環狀軟骨 Zone I 鎖骨
頸部創傷的 “Hard” & “Soft” Signs
處置原則 根據高級創傷救命術流程
Airway 氣管或咽喉損傷: 呼吸困難,嘯喘,聲音沙啞,發聲困難,咳血,皮下氣腫,頸部疼痛,壓痛,氣管偏移…
Airway 早期氣管插管 意識改變 嚴重呼吸困難 呼吸道阻塞 嚴重皮下氣腫或氣管偏移
Breathing 治療氣胸,血胸
Circulation 持續大量出血 立即壓迫止血
Disability 神經學缺損可能起因於脊髓損傷或血管損傷導致腦部缺血
初步影像檢查 胸部、頸部X光: 血腫,皮下氣腫,喉部損傷,後咽部血腫,氣胸,血胸,縱隔腔積氣
Complete Evaluation 血管損傷 動脈攝影 咽喉,氣管損傷 咽喉鏡,氣管鏡 消化道損傷 食道鏡或食道攝影 神經損傷
頸部穿刺傷發生率
Blunt Carotid & Vertebral Vascular Injuries (BCVI) Early recognition and treatment of blunt carotid and vertebral vascular injuries may reduce the risk of stroke.  Suggested criteria for screening include:  C1–3 fracture  C -spine fracture with subluxation Fractures involving the foramuntransversarium Approximately 1/3 of these patients will have BCVI when imaged with CT angiography of the neck
頸部穿刺傷之處置 是 否
重要觀念 頸部創傷最主要之立即死因是血管損傷。 頸部創傷最主要之延遲死因是食道損傷。此種傷害並不常見,症狀不明確,容易延誤診斷造成高死亡率。 頸圈可能造成呼吸道外部壓迫,並且可能阻礙頸部之系列評估(例如擴散中之血腫)。 若無禁忌症,儘可能由有經驗者儘快做氣管內插管。
96年 急診醫學科專科醫師甄審考題 25歲男性業務員騎機車過馬路時,不慎和對方來車相撞,119送他到醫院時,發現他下巴中間有凹陷,臉部和口腔都在流血,右側脖子腫脹,血壓80/50 mmHg、心跳120/min、呼吸32/min,下列何種醫囑要先執行? (A)臉部和口腔壓迫止血 (B)下巴固定 (C)輸林格氏液 2000ml (D)口咽氣管插管 (E)環甲軟骨切開術 (cricothyroidotomy) ✔

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頸部創傷的評估和處置