SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to query, insert, update, and delete data. The document discusses SQL statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and functions like JOIN, aggregate functions, and scalar functions. It provides examples of creating tables and manipulating data using DDL, DML, and DCL statements. Joins allow combining data from multiple tables based on common fields.

2. SQLSTATEMENTSFUNCTION AND JOIN
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3. Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared by trainees of
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official document of baabtra.com – Mentoring Partner

4. SQL
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating
databases.
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language
SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
standard

5. What Can SQL do?
SQL can execute queries against a database
SQL can retrieve data from a database
SQL can insert records in a database
SQL can update records in a database
SQL can delete records from a database
SQL can create new databases
SQL can create new tables in a database
SQL can set permissions on tables

6. Tables in SQL
PName Price Category Manufacturer
Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon
MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi
Product
Attribute/field/
column
Table name
Tuples or rows

7. SQL commands can be subdivided into three groups…
1.DDL(Data Definition Language)
2.DML(Data manipulation Language)
3.DCL(Data Control Language)

8. DDL deals with database schemas and description ,that how
the data should reside in the database.
DDL Statements are…
1.CREATE
2. ALTER
3. DROP
4. TRUNCATE

9. CREATE-To create objects in database
ALTER-To alter the structure of database
DROP-To delete objects from database
TRUNCATE-Removes all records from the table ,includes the
space allocated for the record

10. DML statements are…
INSERT-Inserts data into the table
SELECT-Retreives data from the table
UPDATE-Updates existing datas in the table
DELETE-Delete all records with in a table

11. DCL Statements are…
GRANT-Allows user access privilage to database
REVOKE-Withdraw user access privilage given by GRANT
command

12. Examples for DDL statements…
SQL CREATE TABLE Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
);
Example
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
PersonID int,
FirstName varchar(25),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);

13. The above query will create a table below
Syntax for ALTER
SQL ALTER TABLE Syntax
To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype
To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that some
database systems don't allow deleting a column):
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name
PersonalID FirstName Address City

14. Example for ALTER STATEMENT
ALTER TABLE Person ADD DOB date;
PersonID FirstName Address City DOB

15. • TRUNCATE – To remove all records from table.
TRUNCATE TABLE tablename;
E.g. TRUNCATE TABLE tbl_student;
• RENAME - to rename a table
RENAME TABLE oldname TO newname’;
E.g. RENAME TABLE tbl_student TO tbl_studentrecord;

16. SYNTAX OF DML STATEMENTS
INSERT:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...)
OR
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
Example:
INSERT INTO PERSON VALUES(101,’Amal’,’ Rua do Mercado
12’,’Newyork’)
PersonID FirstName Address City
101 Amal Rua do Mercado
12
Newyork

17. SELECT:
SQL SELECT Syntax
SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;
and
SELECT * FROM table_name;
(This statement will show all the coloumns of table)
Example:
consider a table customer,the statement select * from customer will
retrieve all data in this table
ID Name Age Adress City Item Country
1001 Amal 21 xxx,calicu
t
clt book India
1002 Rahul 22 Abc vda car USA

18. UPDATE:
SQL UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE table_name SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;
Example
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName=‘Anju', City=‘uk'
WHERE CustomerName=‘Amal';

19. the above query will change the above table like below
ID Name Age Addres
s
city item country
1001 Anju 21 xxxcalic
ut
clt book uk
1002 Rahul 22 abc vda car usa
ID Name Age Address City item country
1001 Amal 21 xxxcalic
ut
clt book India
1002 Rahul 22 abc vda car usa

20. DELETE:
SQL DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;
Example
DELETE FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName=‘Anju' AND Age=21;
The above statement will delete one row where the above condition
satisfies
ID Name Age Address City item country
1002 Rahul 22 abc vda car usa

21. AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
Function that returns a single value, calculated from values in column.
SUM() – returns sum of column.
COUNT() – returns number of rows.
AVG() – returns average value of column.
MIN() – returns smallest value of column.
MAX() – returns largest value of column.
LAST() – returns the last value.
FIRST() – returns the first value.

22. Use of aggregate functions.
SELECT avg(Emp_cnt), sum(Emp_cnt), max(Emp_cnt)
min(Emp_cnt), count(Emp_cnt) from tbl_student;
ID Name Reg Id Emp_cnt
100 calicut 100 10
101 cochin 100 6
102 kottayam 200 5
103 kannur 400 6
104 kollam 400 3
avg(Emp_cnt) sum(Emp_cnt) Max(emp_cnt) min(emp_cnt) Count(emp_cnt
)
6 30 10 3 5

23. SCALAR FUNCTIONS
Function that returns a single value, based on input value.
UCASE() – converts a field to upper case.
LCASE() - converts a field to lower case.
LEN() – returns the length of a text filed.
NOW() – returns current system date and time.
ROUND() – rounds a numeric field to number of decimal
specified

24. JOINS
Combine rows from two or more tables, based on a common field
between them.
INNER JOIN (SIMPLE JOIN OR JOIN) – Returns all rows when there is
at least one match in both tables
OUTER JOIN –
LEFT OUTER JOIN (LEFT JOIN) – Returns all rows from left table
and matched rows from right table.
RIGHT OUTER JOIN (RIGHT JOIN)- Returns all rows from right
table and matched rows from left table

25. Tbl emp tbl empdesig
SELECT * FROM tbl_emp JOIN tbl_empdesig on
tbl_emp.pk_emp_id=tbl_empdesig.pk_desig_id
Pk_emp_id Chr_emp_nam
e
Chr_company
1 Amal Dell
2 Rahul Sony
3 Anju HP
Pk_desig_id Chr_desig
1 engineer
2 tester
4 support
Pk_emp_id Chr_emp_n
ame
Chr_compa
ny
Pk_desig_id Chr_desig
1 Amal Dell 1 engineer
2 Rahul Sony 2 tester

26. LEFT OUTER JOIN
Pk_emp_id Chr_emp_name Chr_company
1 James Dell
2 John Sony
3 Albert Hp
Pk_desig_id Chr_desig
1 System
engineer
2 Tester
4 Tech support
Tbl_emp Tbl_empdesig
SELECT * FROM tbl_emp LEFT JOIN tbl_empdesig on
tbl_emp.pk_emp_id=tbl_empdesig.pk_desig_id
Pk_emp_id Chr_emp_name Chr_company Pk_desig_id Chr_desig
1 James Delll 1 System engineer
2 john Sony 2 Tester
3 Albert Hp Null null

27. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
Pk_emp_id Chr_emp_name Chr_company
1 James Dell
2 John Sony
3 Albert Hp
Pk_desig_id Chr_desig
1 System
engineer
2 Tester
4 Tech support
Tbl_emp Tbl_empdesig
SELECT * FROM tbl_emp RIGHT JOIN tbl_empdesig on
tbl_emp.pk_emp_id=tbl_empdesig.pk_desig_id
Pk_emp_id Chr_emp_name Chr_company Pk_desig_id Chr_desig
1 James Delll 1 System engineer
2 john Sony 2 Tester
null null null 4 Tech suport

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