Sql 
statements , functions & joins

2. ManeeshaK K
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SQL
STATEMENTS , FUNCTIONS & JOINS

3. Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared by trainees of
baabtra as a part of mentoring program. This is not official
document of baabtra –Mentoring Partner
Baabtra-Mentoring Partner is the mentoring division of baabte System Technologies Pvt . Ltd

4. SQL STATEMENTS
A query/command to perform a task in a
database.

5. CREATE
ALTER Data Definition Language(DDL)
DROP
INSERT
UPDATE Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DELETE
GRANT
REVOKE Data Control Language(DCL)

6. DDL - Data Definition Language
1. Create
To Create a Database.
Syntax :
create database databasename;
Eg :
create database student;
2. Use
Syntax :
use databasename;
Eg :
use student;

7. To Create Table
Syntax :
create table <TableName>
(
ColumnName1 Datatype(Size) Constraint ,
ColumnName2 Datatype(Size) Constraint ,
-------------------------------------------------------
);
Eg : create table tbl_student
(
pk_int_roll_no int(4) not null primary key,
vchr_name varchar(20),
char_gender char(2)
);

8. 3. Alter Table
To change the structure of the table.
alter table tbl_student add (int_marks int(2));
alter table tbl_student drop column char_gender;
alter table tbl_student change vchr_name vchr_name
varchar(30);
4. Drop Table
To remove the tables.
Syntax :
drop table tablename;
Eg :
drop table tbl_student;

9. DML - Data Manipulation Language
1. Insert
To insert rows into a table.
Syntax :
insert into tablename(columnname1,columnname2,…)values(value1,value2,…);
Eg :
insert into tbl_student(pk_int_roll_no,vchr_name,int_marks)values(1,’Anu’,96);

10. 2. Select
To extract data from the database.
(SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table)
Syntax :
select * / [distinct]column_name from table_name where [condition];
Eg :
•select * from tbl_student;
•select pk_int_roll_no,vchr_name from tbl_student;
•select vchr_name from tbl_student where int_marks>80;

11. 3. Update
To change the contents(rows /columns) of the
table.
Syntax :
update tablename set columnname=values
where condition;
Eg :
update tbl_student set int_marks=89 where
pk_int_roll_no=2;

12. 4. Delete
To delete rows from the table.
Syntax :
delete from tablename where [condition];
Eg :
delete from tbl_student where int_marks<40;

13. DCL - Data Controll Language
1. Grant
Syntax :
grant privilage_type on tablename to
‘user_name'@'localhost';
Eg :
grant all on tbl_student to ‘manu’@’localhost’;

14. 2 . Revoke
Syntax :
revoke privilege_type on table_name from
‘user_name'@'localhost';
Eg :
revoke select on tbl_student from ‘manu'@'localhost';

15. FUNCTIONS

16. SQL - Functions
SQL functions are used for performing calculations
on data.
Types of Functions
Aggregate Functions
Scalar Functions

17. Aggregate Functions
•The functions that can be applied to all rows in table or
to a subset of the table specified by the where clause.
•Functions return single value for a group of rows in the
table.
•Sum()
•Avg()
•Min()
•Max()
•Count()

18. pk_int_roll_no vchr_name int_marks
1 Anu 96
2 Veena 89
3 Amal 79
4 Reema 92
•select max(int_marks),min(int_marks),avg(int_marks) from
tbl_student;
Max(int_marks) min(int_marks) avg(int_marks)
96 79 81.7

19. •select count(pk_int_roll_no)as total_students from
tbl_student;
total_students
4

20. Group By
To group the result set by one or more column.
Often used in conjunction with aggregate function.
Syntax :
Select column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
from table_name
group by column_name;
Eg :
Select vchr_name,sum(int_marks) from tbl_student group by
vchr_name;

21. Scalar function
These functions return a single value for each values of a
particular column given as input.
•Lcase()
•Ucase()
•Round()
Eg :
Select ucase(vchr_name) from tbl_student;
Select lcase(vchr_name) from tbl_student;
Select round(int_marks) from tbl_student where
pk_int_roll_no=3;

22. JOINS

23. JOINS
To combine rows from two or more tables.
Types of Joins ::
1. Inner join
2. Outer join
a) Left join
b) Right join

24. INNER JOIN
Returns all rows when there is at least one match in
BOTH tables.
Syntax :
select column_name(s) from table1 join table2 on
table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

25. select stud_name,dept_name from tbl_student join tbl_dept
where dept_id=fk_int_dept_id;
stud_id stud_name fk_int_dept_id
1 Anu 1
2 Veena 3
3 Abhi 2
4 John 1
dept_id dept_name
1 CS
2 EC
3 QS
stud_name dept_name
Anu CS
Veena QS
Abhi EC
John CS
I
n
n
e
r
j
o
i
n

26. LEFT OUTER JOIN
Returns all rows from the left table (table1), with
the matching rows in the right table (table2).
Syntax :
select column_name(s)
from table1
left join table2
on table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

27. select stud_name,dept_name from tbl_student
left join tbl_dept where dept_id=fk_int_dept_id;
stud_id stud_name fk_int_dept_id
1 Anu 1
2 Veena 3
3 Abhi 4
4 John 1
dept_id dept_name
1 CS
2 EC
3 QS
l
e
f
t
j
o
i
n
stud_name dept_name
Anu CS
Veena QS
Abhi NULL
John CS

28. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
Return all rows from the right table, and the matched
rows from the left table.
Syntax :
select column_name(s)
from table1
right join table2
on table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

29. select stud_name,dept_name from tbl_student
lright join tbl_dept where dept_id=fk_int_dept_id;
stud_id stud_name fk_int_dept_id
1 Anu 1
2 Veena 3
3 Abhi 4
4 John 1
dept_id dept_name
1 CS
2 EC
3 QS
R
i
g
h
t
j
o
i
n
stud_name dept_name
Anu CS
Veena QS
Abhi NULL
John CS

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