This document discusses the issues facing smallholder agriculture in India since the Green Revolution. It outlines how the Green Revolution led to monocropping, high external input usage, and viewed farms as factories. This has led to increasing farmer debt, suicide rates, and environmental degradation. The number of cultivators is declining and average landholding sizes are shrinking. Institutional credit to agriculture is declining and many farmers lack access. There is a need to shift away from unsustainable industrial models to more integrated, ecological farming systems suited to local conditions.
Dimensions of agrarian crisis and underlying policiesRamanjaneyulu GV
The document summarizes the dimensions of the agrarian crisis and underlying policies in India. It notes that farmers are trapped in unsustainable, high-risk agriculture with increasing costs and unremunerative prices. This is due to policies that promote high-external input agriculture favoring large farms over smallholders. As a result, many farmers are in debt, incomes are decreasing, and over 284,000 farmers have committed suicide in the past 18 years. The document calls for a shift in policy focus to prioritizing the incomes and livelihoods of small farmers for sustainable agriculture and rural development.
This document analyzes changes in rural labor markets in India based on data from various states. It finds that farm mechanization has led to a decrease in human labor use for crops like wheat, chickpeas and paddy, but labor use remains higher for cotton. Mechanization has increased labor productivity more than land productivity. There has also been a rise in casual labor across many states. Higher educated rural youth often remain unemployed due to a lack of job opportunities, despite households investing heavily in education. Demand exists for semi-skilled workers in activities like small businesses and equipment repair. Women's participation and earnings remain significantly lower than men's, with little influence from education. Some states like Punjab and Haryana have reached a
This document analyzes trends in labor use, mechanization, and labor productivity across major crops and states in India from 1997-2010. It finds that human labor use decreased for some crops like wheat, chickpeas and rice due to increased farm mechanization replacing human and animal labor. Labor productivity increased significantly in most states, though there are interstate differences, with states like Punjab and Haryana having much higher productivity than Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The share of casual labor has increased in some states, indicating a trend of casualization of the agricultural workforce. The document concludes by discussing policy options to further increase mechanization and labor productivity, especially in less developed regions and crops.
Ensuring Income Security for Agriculture HouseholdsRamanjaneyulu GV
The document discusses the need for measuring progress in agriculture based on growth in farm family incomes rather than just increases in food grain production. It notes that the number of people depending on agriculture has declined from 69.43% to 54.6% over 60 years in India but that farming remains the primary livelihood for many. Ensuring income security for agricultural households is important given stagnating farm incomes, rising costs of cultivation, and the limited employment growth in other sectors attracting those leaving farming. A basket of measures is needed, including fair prices, reduced costs, farmer collectives, credit, insurance and bonus programs for ecological/rainfed farming to boost farm incomes.
Farm income support programs exist across many countries to ensure parity between agricultural and non-agricultural incomes and promote food security. The United States uses market loans and direct subsidies. The European Union uses direct payments to make agriculture sustainable and environmentally friendly. India has introduced a farm income insurance scheme to protect against production and price risks by guaranteeing a minimum income level based on past yields and minimum support prices.
This document summarizes key challenges facing Telangana agriculture, including rising farmer suicides, lack of remunerative prices, dependence on monsoon rains, and increasing costs of production. It notes that most farmer suicides are by small and marginal tenant farmers. Tables show the number of suicides by district and year. Direct income support schemes and improving governance of agricultural support systems are discussed as ways to address farmer distress.
Doubling Farmers’ Income through animal agriculture: Need for policy changeILRI
Presented by Habibur Rahman, Vijayalakshmy Kennady and Braja B Swain (ILRI), at the International Conference on Doubling the Farmers Income, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India, 27–28 February 2019
The Dairy Sector & Poverty Reduction: A FAO PerspectiveFAO
This document discusses the role of dairy production in poverty reduction globally and among smallholder farmers. It notes that over 600 million extremely poor people are livestock keepers. While demand for milk is growing in developing countries, smallholder farmers face challenges in market access and production costs. FAO aims to support smallholder dairy farmers through field projects, information dissemination, and addressing prerequisites for engagement like stable demand, market access, and support services. Improving productivity and access to markets can boost incomes and welfare among small-scale dairy farmers.
Dimensions of agrarian crisis and underlying policiesRamanjaneyulu GV
The document summarizes the dimensions of the agrarian crisis and underlying policies in India. It notes that farmers are trapped in unsustainable, high-risk agriculture with increasing costs and unremunerative prices. This is due to policies that promote high-external input agriculture favoring large farms over smallholders. As a result, many farmers are in debt, incomes are decreasing, and over 284,000 farmers have committed suicide in the past 18 years. The document calls for a shift in policy focus to prioritizing the incomes and livelihoods of small farmers for sustainable agriculture and rural development.
This document analyzes changes in rural labor markets in India based on data from various states. It finds that farm mechanization has led to a decrease in human labor use for crops like wheat, chickpeas and paddy, but labor use remains higher for cotton. Mechanization has increased labor productivity more than land productivity. There has also been a rise in casual labor across many states. Higher educated rural youth often remain unemployed due to a lack of job opportunities, despite households investing heavily in education. Demand exists for semi-skilled workers in activities like small businesses and equipment repair. Women's participation and earnings remain significantly lower than men's, with little influence from education. Some states like Punjab and Haryana have reached a
This document analyzes trends in labor use, mechanization, and labor productivity across major crops and states in India from 1997-2010. It finds that human labor use decreased for some crops like wheat, chickpeas and rice due to increased farm mechanization replacing human and animal labor. Labor productivity increased significantly in most states, though there are interstate differences, with states like Punjab and Haryana having much higher productivity than Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The share of casual labor has increased in some states, indicating a trend of casualization of the agricultural workforce. The document concludes by discussing policy options to further increase mechanization and labor productivity, especially in less developed regions and crops.
Ensuring Income Security for Agriculture HouseholdsRamanjaneyulu GV
The document discusses the need for measuring progress in agriculture based on growth in farm family incomes rather than just increases in food grain production. It notes that the number of people depending on agriculture has declined from 69.43% to 54.6% over 60 years in India but that farming remains the primary livelihood for many. Ensuring income security for agricultural households is important given stagnating farm incomes, rising costs of cultivation, and the limited employment growth in other sectors attracting those leaving farming. A basket of measures is needed, including fair prices, reduced costs, farmer collectives, credit, insurance and bonus programs for ecological/rainfed farming to boost farm incomes.
Farm income support programs exist across many countries to ensure parity between agricultural and non-agricultural incomes and promote food security. The United States uses market loans and direct subsidies. The European Union uses direct payments to make agriculture sustainable and environmentally friendly. India has introduced a farm income insurance scheme to protect against production and price risks by guaranteeing a minimum income level based on past yields and minimum support prices.
This document summarizes key challenges facing Telangana agriculture, including rising farmer suicides, lack of remunerative prices, dependence on monsoon rains, and increasing costs of production. It notes that most farmer suicides are by small and marginal tenant farmers. Tables show the number of suicides by district and year. Direct income support schemes and improving governance of agricultural support systems are discussed as ways to address farmer distress.
Doubling Farmers’ Income through animal agriculture: Need for policy changeILRI
Presented by Habibur Rahman, Vijayalakshmy Kennady and Braja B Swain (ILRI), at the International Conference on Doubling the Farmers Income, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India, 27–28 February 2019
The Dairy Sector & Poverty Reduction: A FAO PerspectiveFAO
This document discusses the role of dairy production in poverty reduction globally and among smallholder farmers. It notes that over 600 million extremely poor people are livestock keepers. While demand for milk is growing in developing countries, smallholder farmers face challenges in market access and production costs. FAO aims to support smallholder dairy farmers through field projects, information dissemination, and addressing prerequisites for engagement like stable demand, market access, and support services. Improving productivity and access to markets can boost incomes and welfare among small-scale dairy farmers.
This document discusses farmers' suicide in India. It provides statistics showing that over 296,466 farmer suicides occurred from 2003-2014, with the highest rates in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Bihar. Common factors for suicide include financial indebtedness, climate change impacts, and being small-scale farmers with low incomes. Major causes identified are bankruptcy (39%), family problems (12%), farming issues (19%), and illness (10%). Preventive measures proposed include agricultural extensions, financial literacy, alternative livelihoods, and various stakeholder roles in support of farmers.
Labour shortage is an emerging challenge for Indian agriculture. Several factors are contributing to the declining agricultural workforce, including younger generations moving away from farming, migration to cities for better jobs and wages, and social welfare programs like MGNREGA that provide alternative employment. This is resulting in higher costs of cultivation, increased wages, and potentially lower agricultural production and food security if not addressed through strategic solutions.
Farmers around the world face risks from market forces and natural disasters that threaten their livelihoods. Many governments have implemented policies to support farmer incomes and ensure food security. These policies include direct payments to farmers, subsidized loans, crop insurance programs, and payments for ecosystem services. The document discusses support systems used in countries like the US, EU, Switzerland, China, India and others. It also proposes moving towards more agroecological farming practices to improve soil and environment while supporting small farmers.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Pakistan. It begins by defining agriculture and discussing its importance to Pakistan's economy. Agriculture accounts for 25% of GDP and 43.5% of employment. The main crops discussed are cotton, wheat, rice and sugarcane. Livestock, fisheries and forestry are also important sub-sectors. Challenges facing the agricultural sector include inadequate supplies and infrastructure, outdated production methods, and lack of credit. Overall, the document outlines the current state and role of agriculture in Pakistan's economy.
At the 74th Annual Conference of Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Dr P K Joshi, Director of the IFPRI South Asia Office, gave a keynote address titled ”Has Indian Agriculture Become Crowded and Risky? Status, Implications and the Way Forward”.
The document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It outlines five key elements of inclusive growth: 1) poverty reduction and increased employment, 2) agricultural development, 3) social sector development, 4) reduced regional disparities, and 5) environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty in India, challenges in employment, issues in agriculture, problems in the social sector, and regional imbalances. The document argues that achieving broad-based, inclusive growth is necessary to improve economic growth and benefit all sections of society.
Agriculture and non agriculture sectors of economyPragati Agarwal
This document discusses the agriculture and non-agriculture sectors of India's economy. It notes that historically, agriculture contributed 60% or more of total national income and employed two-thirds of the population. The agriculture sector involves crop and livestock production. The non-agriculture sector includes manufacturing, mining, transportation and other rural services. There is a relationship between the two sectors, as a prosperous agriculture sector encourages manufacturing through supply of raw materials and food for workers. The non-agriculture sector also plays an important role in rural development by providing employment and income opportunities for the rural labor force.
“Dynamics of gender equity and household food security in rice-based farming systems” presented by Kamala Gurung, IRRI-Bangladesh at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
This presentation was given as part of a workshop organised by the Takshashila Institution for educational purposes only. The analysis done does include certain assumptions that might've not been mentioned in the presentation.
Binayak Sen, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Minhaj Mahmud, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS)
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
Rice Commercialization and Labor Market Dynamism in Fogera Plain: Trends and ...futureagricultures
Rice production in Ethiopia's Fogera Plain region has increased commercialization and labor market growth. This study assessed the implications of the growing labor market on rice expansion. Key findings showed that rice has become labor-intensive, relying heavily on hired seasonal workers for harvesting and weeding. While the labor market and rice production currently depend on each other, the labor market is projected to decline in coming decades as youth migrate to cities. This would threaten rice commercialization unless labor-saving mechanization technologies are developed and adopted to replace human labor. The study concludes research and extension should focus on promoting rice mechanization solutions to sustain commercial rice production long-term.
Indian Agrarian Crisis and way forward AID conferenceRamanjaneyulu GV
This document discusses the agrarian crisis facing Indian farmers and proposes ways forward. It summarizes that smallholder farmers face issues like lack of bargaining power, declining land holdings, lack of access to credit and markets, unremunerative prices, and climate issues. This has led to over 270,000 farmer suicides in the past 17 years. Proposed solutions include increasing sustainable farming practices, improving access to credit and insurance, setting fair minimum support prices, reducing input-driven subsidies, and addressing issues of soil degradation and water contamination.
This document discusses food as medicine and nutraceuticals. It provides examples of functional food components like fatty acids, polyphenols, saponins, probiotics, phytoestrogens, and carotenoids. These components are found in foods like milk, fish, fruits, vegetables, soybeans, and grains. They provide health benefits such as reducing cancer and heart disease risk, improving digestive and bone health. The document also discusses nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and herbals that are commonly used in nutraceuticals and their health effects. Overall, the document promotes adopting a diet with foods and nutrients that can prevent and treat diseases.
This document discusses farmers' suicide in India. It provides statistics showing that over 296,466 farmer suicides occurred from 2003-2014, with the highest rates in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Bihar. Common factors for suicide include financial indebtedness, climate change impacts, and being small-scale farmers with low incomes. Major causes identified are bankruptcy (39%), family problems (12%), farming issues (19%), and illness (10%). Preventive measures proposed include agricultural extensions, financial literacy, alternative livelihoods, and various stakeholder roles in support of farmers.
Labour shortage is an emerging challenge for Indian agriculture. Several factors are contributing to the declining agricultural workforce, including younger generations moving away from farming, migration to cities for better jobs and wages, and social welfare programs like MGNREGA that provide alternative employment. This is resulting in higher costs of cultivation, increased wages, and potentially lower agricultural production and food security if not addressed through strategic solutions.
Farmers around the world face risks from market forces and natural disasters that threaten their livelihoods. Many governments have implemented policies to support farmer incomes and ensure food security. These policies include direct payments to farmers, subsidized loans, crop insurance programs, and payments for ecosystem services. The document discusses support systems used in countries like the US, EU, Switzerland, China, India and others. It also proposes moving towards more agroecological farming practices to improve soil and environment while supporting small farmers.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Pakistan. It begins by defining agriculture and discussing its importance to Pakistan's economy. Agriculture accounts for 25% of GDP and 43.5% of employment. The main crops discussed are cotton, wheat, rice and sugarcane. Livestock, fisheries and forestry are also important sub-sectors. Challenges facing the agricultural sector include inadequate supplies and infrastructure, outdated production methods, and lack of credit. Overall, the document outlines the current state and role of agriculture in Pakistan's economy.
At the 74th Annual Conference of Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Dr P K Joshi, Director of the IFPRI South Asia Office, gave a keynote address titled ”Has Indian Agriculture Become Crowded and Risky? Status, Implications and the Way Forward”.
The document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It outlines five key elements of inclusive growth: 1) poverty reduction and increased employment, 2) agricultural development, 3) social sector development, 4) reduced regional disparities, and 5) environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty in India, challenges in employment, issues in agriculture, problems in the social sector, and regional imbalances. The document argues that achieving broad-based, inclusive growth is necessary to improve economic growth and benefit all sections of society.
Agriculture and non agriculture sectors of economyPragati Agarwal
This document discusses the agriculture and non-agriculture sectors of India's economy. It notes that historically, agriculture contributed 60% or more of total national income and employed two-thirds of the population. The agriculture sector involves crop and livestock production. The non-agriculture sector includes manufacturing, mining, transportation and other rural services. There is a relationship between the two sectors, as a prosperous agriculture sector encourages manufacturing through supply of raw materials and food for workers. The non-agriculture sector also plays an important role in rural development by providing employment and income opportunities for the rural labor force.
“Dynamics of gender equity and household food security in rice-based farming systems” presented by Kamala Gurung, IRRI-Bangladesh at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
This presentation was given as part of a workshop organised by the Takshashila Institution for educational purposes only. The analysis done does include certain assumptions that might've not been mentioned in the presentation.
Binayak Sen, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Minhaj Mahmud, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS)
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
Rice Commercialization and Labor Market Dynamism in Fogera Plain: Trends and ...futureagricultures
Rice production in Ethiopia's Fogera Plain region has increased commercialization and labor market growth. This study assessed the implications of the growing labor market on rice expansion. Key findings showed that rice has become labor-intensive, relying heavily on hired seasonal workers for harvesting and weeding. While the labor market and rice production currently depend on each other, the labor market is projected to decline in coming decades as youth migrate to cities. This would threaten rice commercialization unless labor-saving mechanization technologies are developed and adopted to replace human labor. The study concludes research and extension should focus on promoting rice mechanization solutions to sustain commercial rice production long-term.
Indian Agrarian Crisis and way forward AID conferenceRamanjaneyulu GV
This document discusses the agrarian crisis facing Indian farmers and proposes ways forward. It summarizes that smallholder farmers face issues like lack of bargaining power, declining land holdings, lack of access to credit and markets, unremunerative prices, and climate issues. This has led to over 270,000 farmer suicides in the past 17 years. Proposed solutions include increasing sustainable farming practices, improving access to credit and insurance, setting fair minimum support prices, reducing input-driven subsidies, and addressing issues of soil degradation and water contamination.
This document discusses food as medicine and nutraceuticals. It provides examples of functional food components like fatty acids, polyphenols, saponins, probiotics, phytoestrogens, and carotenoids. These components are found in foods like milk, fish, fruits, vegetables, soybeans, and grains. They provide health benefits such as reducing cancer and heart disease risk, improving digestive and bone health. The document also discusses nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and herbals that are commonly used in nutraceuticals and their health effects. Overall, the document promotes adopting a diet with foods and nutrients that can prevent and treat diseases.
130707 Agrarian crisis and way forward Andhra PradeshRamanjaneyulu GV
This document summarizes the agricultural crisis and farmer suicides in Andhra Pradesh between 1995-2012. It finds that farmer suicides increased dramatically during this period, with over 35,000 total suicides reported. The key drivers identified are increasing costs of cultivation combined with stagnating yields, declining prices, and failure of cotton crops due to pests. At the same time, land holdings are fragmenting and most farmers have less than 1 hectare of land. Access to formal credit is also decreasing for small farmers. The government has failed to adequately address the root causes of the crisis.
This document summarizes the presentation given by G. V. Ramanjaneyulu from the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture to students at the University of Seattle on May 30th, 2013. It discusses the status and concerns around GM crops globally and in India. Key points include: GM crops are only grown on 3.4% of global agricultural land, primarily in the US, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and India for animal feed or fiber; concerns around biosafety, environmental impacts, intellectual property rights and market control; examples of Bt cotton in India and herbicide resistant weeds increasing in the US; and the need for transparent, democratic, and long term regulation that considers technical and social perspectives.
Over 2.9 lakh Indian farmers have committed suicide since 1995 according to government police records, with the highest numbers in states like Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Punjab. Several factors are contributing to the crisis, including rising input costs, unstable crop prices without a safety net, lack of infrastructure and credit, and new economic policies negatively impacting agriculture. To remedy this, solutions proposed include increased compensation for families, revamping agricultural extension services, promoting organic farming, restricting imports, restoring subsidies, expanding crop insurance and loan programs, and implementing land reforms. Bold policy changes are needed to strengthen rural livelihoods and make agriculture economically sustainable.
Panorámica del modo de creación y desarrollo de diferentes núcleos urbanos a lo largo de la historia, con referencias a los principios utilizados en cada época
20 Ideas for your Website Homepage ContentBarry Feldman
Perplexed about what to put on your website home? Every company deals with this tough challenge. The 20 ideas in this presentation should give you a strong starting point.
160312 agrarian crisis in india and way forward seattle 1.0Ramanjaneyulu GV
This document summarizes the agricultural crisis in India and proposes solutions. It discusses the economic, ecological, socio-political and climate crises facing Indian agriculture, including increasing costs, debt, monocropping, migration, and more frequent droughts/floods. Solutions proposed include adopting ecological practices like integrated farming and water harvesting, organizing farmers for production/marketing, increasing public/private investment, and diversifying crops and livelihoods through activities like sericulture and honey production. Overall the document analyzes the problems in Indian agriculture and advocates for making farming more sustainable and viable economically.
India has the largest livestock population in the world, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Livestock makes significant economic contributions, providing 25.6% of agricultural GDP and supporting the livelihoods of over two-thirds of rural people. However, livestock productivity is low compared to global averages, with much potential for improvement. Increased demand for animal products presents opportunities for the livestock sector, but challenges remain around feed, health, infrastructure, and market access. Addressing these challenges through policies, technology, and financing could further enhance livestock's role in poverty alleviation and the rural economy.
Rural marketing in India has evolved over several phases from agricultural marketing to marketing of inputs and now all products and services. It faces many challenges including low literacy, income and infrastructure in rural areas. However, the rural market also has great potential due to its large population and rising prosperity. Successful rural marketing requires understanding rural consumers, improving infrastructure, and employing appropriate media and promotion strategies tailored to rural needs and culture.
The document discusses farm loan waivers in India. It provides background on agricultural issues like declining GDP share but high dependency, marginalization of land holdings, and monsoon dependence. It then summarizes the history of farm loan waivers in India since 1990, their large costs, and inclusion/exclusion errors. Critics argue waivers undermine credit culture and have adverse economic impacts. Alternatives proposed include risk mitigation measures, formalizing informal credit, and increasing investment in rural infrastructure and agriculture.
This document summarizes key aspects of the rural marketing environment in India based on Chapter 2 of the textbook "Rural Marketing, 2e". It describes the evolution of rural marketing through four phases from an unorganized market to initiatives focused on rural development. It then analyzes the rural demographic, physical, social, cultural, political, and technological environment. Finally, it examines the rural economic structure including the farm and non-farm sectors, rural enterprises, migration trends, income and expenditure patterns, and changing consumption patterns in rural India.
Agriculture has historically played a large role in India's economy but its contribution has declined significantly over time as other sectors like services and manufacturing have grown. While agriculture still employs over half of India's workforce, it now only accounts for around 15% of GDP compared to over 50% in the early 1950s. This decline is due to factors like urbanization, small landholdings, lack of irrigation and infrastructure, and government policies that have distorted crop diversification. Food inflation in India is strongly influenced by agricultural production and global food prices. High fiscal deficits and rising subsidies have also contributed to inflation. Continued efforts to boost agricultural productivity through initiatives like the Green Revolution and contract farming will be needed to ensure food security and reduce
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
This document discusses challenges facing increased global rice production to meet growing demand. Urbanization is contributing to labor shortages on rice farms as people migrate to cities for work, leaving more responsibility to women farmers. Mechanization and other innovations are needed to boost productivity as labor costs rise. The International Rice Research Institute aims to address these issues through research and promote gender equity in the rice value chain.
A Study of Agricultural Labour Markets in IndiaFarnazSha2
The document summarizes research on agricultural labor markets in India. It finds that while the share of agriculture in rural employment has declined from 78% to 68% from 1993-2010, agricultural wages have increased faster than non-agricultural wages. There are both push factors driving workers from agriculture like fewer land holdings and pull factors to non-agriculture like higher wages. Government policies aim to support agricultural laborers through legislative protections and employment schemes.
This document provides an overview of rural marketing in India. It discusses the evolution of rural marketing from primarily agricultural marketing to a broader market encompassing consumer goods and services. Key characteristics of rural markets include a large population, low literacy rates, traditional outlooks, and inadequate infrastructure. The rural consumer base is diverse with varying economic statuses. While rural markets face challenges such as understanding consumer needs and low incomes, they also provide great potential given the size of the population and rising prosperity in recent decades.
Rural marketing issues, opportunity and challengesMD SALMAN ANJUM
This document discusses the rural marketing landscape in India. It notes that the rural market has grown significantly, with over 740 million rural residents accounting for more than urban consumers. Key opportunities in rural marketing include low product penetration, growing incomes and expenditure among certain demographic segments. Challenges include reaching remote villages, increasing incomes overall, and making effective use of existing rural infrastructure. New forms of large-scale rural retail are emerging as corporates increase long-term commitments to rural areas through dedicated strategies and partnerships.
"Indian Agriculture and Mechanization" presented by Gajendra Singh, at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
The presentation tracks evolution of agricultural reforms in India over the last 300 years with especial emphasis on famines, PL-480 (ship to mouth situation), green revolution, agricultural market reforms, APMC markets, evolution of Food Corporation of India, Central Warehousing Corporation, State Trading Corporation (with big government), which undermined the development of private capital and markets over the years. Then it tracked the efforts of government in liberalising agricultural markets and pre-conditions for liberalisation.
Your (urban) or not (rural) but our poverty in indiaSureshramanan01
The document discusses poverty in India, defining it as inadequate access to food, shelter, health, education, and vulnerability. It outlines that poverty has many dimensions including income, security, education, and health. It provides the daily calorie requirements used to define the urban and rural poverty lines. It compares urban and rural poverty, noting that rural poverty is often due to agricultural failures while urban poverty can be exacerbated by rural migration. The document also discusses where most of India's poor population lives and common causes of poverty such as low agricultural productivity, corruption, and unequal income distribution. It provides population and poverty statistics for India and proposes solutions like boosting agriculture and motivating youth involvement to alleviate poverty.
In this ppt some points are highlighted regarding how agriculture plays an important role in economic sector . what are the types of challenges faced by the farmers
Strategy for rural pharma marketing India_ver2.0Rajesh Kumar M
This document provides an overview of the rural pharmaceutical market in India. It notes that rural India accounts for around 25% of the total pharmaceutical market and is growing at a faster rate than urban areas. The rural market is large, with 73% of India's population of over 720 million living in rural areas, and economic indicators suggest rural incomes and consumption will continue rising significantly. However, the rural market also faces challenges such as lack of distribution networks and unreliable infrastructure. To succeed in rural India, companies must tailor their products, packaging, pricing, and distribution to address the specific needs and differences compared to urban markets.
How to succeed in Rural Pharma Market-IndiaRajesh Kumar M
This document provides an overview of the rural pharmaceutical market in India. It notes that rural India accounts for around 25% of the total pharmaceutical market and is growing at a faster rate than urban areas. Several factors are driving this growth, including rising rural incomes, improving economic indicators, and government development initiatives. Successful companies targeting rural customers adapt their products, packaging, pricing, and distribution strategies to address the specific needs and challenges of rural communities. These include lower literacy, less developed infrastructure and transportation networks.
The document discusses trends in rural vs urban markets in India. Some key points:
1) Rural markets are growing twice as fast as urban markets and rural consumers are purchasing more appliances like refrigerators and mixers.
2) Rural purchasing power is increasing, with the average rural household owning 3 durables vs 7 for urban households.
3) FMCG, consumer durables, apparel, pharmaceuticals, and food/grocery sectors see over 50% of sales coming from rural India.
Similar to 130601 Sustaining small holder agriculture (20)
1. Sustaining Small Holder Agriculture in India
Ramanjaneyulu
Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
…caring for those who feed the nation
Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab
2. Green Revolution Paradigm
• Synergy between technology and public policy
• Nation’s self sufficiency as goal
• Public Sector playing major role
• Public extension
• Irrigation playing major role
• Technology transfer public to private
• Free technology
• Input intensive
• Controlled markets
• Public Distribution System
3. Green Revolution
• is based on maximizing the output of a narrow range
of species leading to monoculture of crops and
varieties
• is based on capital depletion and massive additions of
external inputs (e.g. water, chemicals)
• High energy consuming: fossil fuel, chemical fertilizers,
chemicals, processing, storage, transport
• views the farm as a factory with “inputs” (such as
pesticides, feed, fertilizer, and fuel) and “outputs”
(grain, cotton, chicken, and so forth)
• never cared about the externalities
5. • two-thirds of the suicides are
occurring in half-a-dozen
States that account for just
about one-third of the
country’s population
State Farmer Suicides Difference
1995-2002 2003-2010
Andhra Pradesh 1590 2301 +711
Karnataka 2259 2123 -136
MP+Chhattisgarh 2304 2829 +525
Maharashtra 2508 3802 +1294
Source: NCRB Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India Reports 1995-2010
6. Post Green Revolution: dominant paradigm
Proprietary technologies
GM intensive
Monoculture-monopoly
Decreasing role of public research and extension
• Realignment of links in the trade
• Free markets: Shift from spot markets to specialized wholesalers to
guarantee q and q leading to new intermediaries and logistics
• Contract farming-Preference for limited transactions
• Rise of private standards-Quality, safety not common for internal trade
7. What do Census-2011 say
• Cultivators are 118.7 million (24.6%)
and Agricultural Labourers are 144.3
(30.0%)
• Proportion of cultivators reduced from
31.7 % and agriculture workers
increased from 26.5% in 2001
• Main cultivators only 95.8 million (< 8
per cent of the population) down from
103 million in 2001 and 110 million in
1991.
• 15 million farmers (‘Main’ cultivators)
fewer than there were in 1991 and
over 7.7 million less since 2001
• Agriculture workers numbers
increased from 63.4 m to 86.1 m
between 2001-11
• On average about 2,035 farmers losing
‘Main Cultivator’ status every single
day for the last 20 years
8. Where are they going?
• From 2004-05 to 2009-10, only 2 million additional employment
was generated but 55 million were added to working age
population!
• 25.1 million people lost their self-employment
• Increase in the number of casual workers by 21.9 million, while
growth in the number of regular workers nearly halved between
2004-05 and 2009-10, compared with the previous 5 year period.
Sector 2004-05 2009-10 Difference
Agriculture 258.93 243.21 -15.71
Manufacturing 55.77 48.54 -7.23
Services 112.81 112.33 -0.48
Non-Manufacturing
(construction)
29.96 56.10 26.14
TOTAL 457.46 460.18 2.72
Sector-wise unemployment (millions)
9. Lives not better….66th
NSSO survey says
• Per capita expenditure of urban India was 88% higher than rural India
• Average MPCE in 2009-10 to be Rs. 1054 and Rs. 1984 in rural India and
urban India respectively
• Top 10% of India’s rural population having an average MPCE (Rs. 2517) 5.6
times that of the poorest 10% (Rs. 453)
• Top 10% of urban population having a 9.8 times higher average MPCE (Rs.
5863) compared that of the bottom 10% (Rs. 599)
• Considering the average rural MPCE value of Rs. 1054 in isolation would
be partially misleading. The rural MPCE median of Rs. 895 (about Rs. 30
per day) implies that half the rural population had MPCE below this level.
• 40% of the rural population had MPCE below Rs. 800 while 60% had MPCE
below Rs. 1000
• Compared to the rural median MPCE (Rs. 895), the urban median MPCE
level was 1.68 times higher at Rs. 1502 with 30% of the urban population
having MPCE above Rs. 2100 and 20% having MPCE above Rs. 2600.
10. Income and Expenditure of farmers
Land
holding
Category Total
Income
(Rs/month)
Expenditure
(Rs/month)
Percent of
farmers
<0.01 Landless 1380 2297 36 %
0.01-0.4 Sub marginal 1633 2390
0.4-1.0 Marginal 1809 2672 31 %
1.0-2.0 Small 2493 3148 17 %
2.0-4.0 Semi-medium 3589 3685 10 %
4.0-10.0 Medium 5681 4626 6 %
>10.0 Large 9667 6418
Total 2115 2770 All
farmers
Source: Report “On Conditions Of Work And Promotion Of Livelihoods In The Unorganised Sector” Arjun Sen
Gupta Committee, 2007
•Income per ha in Karnataka from Rs.8809 to Rs.5671
•Income per ha in Maharashtra from Rs.4194 to Rs.3047
11. Smaller holdings
• Between 1960-61 and 2003, the total number of
operational holdings increased from 50.77 million
to 101.27 million.
• During the same period, the total operated area
declined from 133.46 million hectares to 107.65
million hectares.
• Thus average operated area declined from 2.63
hectares to 1.06 hectares.
(NSSO, Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings
in India, various issues, 2003)
12. Reducing institutional credit
• The share of agricultural credit in total bank lending nearly doubled
from around 10% in the mid-1970s to about 18% in the late 1980s.
• The share of agricultural credit in total bank lending declined from
the peak of 18% in the late 1980s to about 11% in 2005, the decline
has continued since then.
• Rural branches of commercial banks has declined from 51.2% in
March 1996 to 45.7% in March 2005.
• Data also shows that the share of agricultural credit cornered by
farm sizes of more than 5 acres has increased
• Tenancy is informal and tenant farmers do not get access to credit
(GOI, 2007).
13. Year Share in total agricultural Credit (%)
Direct Finance Indirect Finance Total
1985 83.2 16.8 100.0
1990 86.8 13.2 100.0
2000 84.5 15.5 100.0
2005 76.1 23.9 100.0
2006 72.1 27.9 100.0
2007 74.5 25.5 100.0
2008 77.5 22.5 100.0
2009 77.1 22.9 100.0
2010 76.1 23.9 100.0
Source: Basic Statistical Returns’ Reserve Bank of India, Various Issues
Shares of direct and indirect finance to agriculture in total credit to agriculture
from scheduled commercial banks, India, 1985 to 2009 in per cent
14. Credit limit size class of
loans (Rs)
Share of amount outstanding in total out standing (%)
1990 2000 2005 2010
Less than 2 lakh 82.6 67.6 51.9 44.3
2 lakh to 10 lakh 4.3 11.7 17.9 22.6
10 lakh to 1 crore 7.6 6.6 6.4 6.4
1 crore to 10 crore 4.2 6.7 8.0 6.3
10 crore to 25 crore
1.3
1.7 3.3 2.7
Above 25 crore 5.7 12.6 17.7
100 100 100 100
Source: ‘Basic Statistical Returns’, Reserve Bank of India, Various Issues
Distribution of amount outstanding under total agricultural advances by
scheduled commercial banks, by credit limit size-classes of loans, 1990 to 2010,
in per cent
15. • Not adequate
• Not accessible-
crops, region,
tenant farmers
• Interest
subvention who
benefits?
• How to increase
coverage?
Year Rural + semi-
urban
branches
Only rural
branches
Urban+
metropolitan
branches
Only
metropolitan
branches
All branches
All India
1990 85.1 55.5 14.9 4.0 100.0
1994 83.4 54.6 16.6 5.6 100.0
1995 83.7 52.7 16.3 7.3 100.0
2005 69.3 43.0 30.7 19.0 100.0
2006 62.4 37.1 37.6 23.8 100.0
2008 66.0 38.4 34.0 20.0 100.0
Maharashtra
1990 82.4 59.7 17.6 - 100.0
1994 76.8 52.9 23.2 - 100.0
1995 70.5 46.5 29.5 - 100.0
2005 41.8 26.1 58.2 48.5 100.0
2006 31.6 18.4 68.4 61.3 100.0
2008 42.4 25.7 57.6 48.3 100.0
Share of agriculture credit from different bank branches
1990-2008 (in %)
16. Insurance
• Inadequate coverage: crops, people, regions
• Problems in settling claims
• Claims not covering the loss
• Completely becoming a business model
• How do we increase the coverage and make it
workable to reduce risks
17. subsidies
• On decline….
• Input based hence benefits only the suppliers
• Specific inputs hence drives particular
technologies and models of agriculture
• Farmers own resources, labour never
supported
18. Unremunerative prices
• MSP determination is faulty and unscientific.
• Governments keep the prices low to ensure cheap
labor and cheap inputs, and food security for poor
• Minimum Support Prices are announced for 25
commodities but market intervention only for rice,
wheat, cotton
• Agricultural prices don’t account for living costs of rural
families. Rising inflation has double impact on farmers
with increasing living costs & decreasing incomes
• Removal of quantitative restrictions and allowing
cheaper imports
• Restrictions on exports on certain crops depressing local
market prices
20. Monoculturing crops, varieties, genes, trees animals
• Today Cotton, Maize, Paddy are the only crops whose
area increasing..globally only 3 crops supply 60% of
food
• Within crops 80% of the production comes from few
genetic backgrounds
• Increasing area under hybrid crops in areas not
suitable like rainfed areas, hill regions
• 99 % of the cotton with bt genes to fight four major
pests..several others in pipeline
• Promotion of water intensive orchards in rainfed areas
• Promotion of cross bred animals, buffaloes in rainfed
areas
21. GM crops and foods
• Key issues
• Relevance of GM crops
• Biosafety issues
• IPRs andMarket monopoly
• Conflicts of interests and scandals
• Studies on NPM vs/Bt cotton
• Documentary evidences on Violations of regulations
in field trials,
• Illegal GM food crop field trials
• First reports on Bronze wilt, Tobacco Streak Virus,
Mealybug
• Evidences on sheep death
• Studies on Environmental Risk Assessment and Socio
Economic Impacts
• Contamination
• IPRs
http://www.indiagminfo.org
24. Do you
remember I was
this small when
we first met!
Pests and pesticides contribute to the major economic and ecological problems affecting the
farmers, crops and their living environment
• Pesticide induced pest problem
• Pesticide resistance
• Pesticide poisoning (acute and chronic)
• Pesticide and ecological problems
• IPM > IRM
30. Depleting natural resources
• Increasing dark zones due
to groundwater depletion
• 30 % of soils are reported
to be saline by the recent
study by ministry of
environment
31. Ecological Foot Prints
Each ha of paddy yields @ 30 bags/acre and 75
kg/bag
5625 kg/ha grain
In terms of rice 70 % milling 3938 kg/ha
Water requirement 2000 mm (2 m) crop water
requirement x10000 sq m.
20000 cu m water
Which is equal to 5.078
cu.m/kg rice (5078 litres/kg
rice)
Each family consuming monthly 30
kg rice
152340 Litres of water per
month per family
This is equivalent to
Each family consumes water
directly at around
@ 300 litres/day and for 30
days
9000 litres
Water consumption by way of
rice is
16.93 times higher than the
water we consume directly
32. BUSINESS AS USUAL IS NOT AN OPTION
We are what we eat
and
Food is only as safe as it is grown
33. What is needed….
• Integrated farming systems integrating livestock,
trees etc
• Agronomic innovations like high density
plantation in cotton or SRI in paddy
• Building soil organic matter, mulches etc
• Conserving moisture and Rainwater harvesting
• Locally adopted crops and varieties-millets,
pulses, oilseeds, vegetables….
• Contingence planning
• Moving away from agro-chemical use
38. Yenabavi -Organic Village
• Entire village (55 households’ 228 acres) organic for last five
years
• Most of the inputs internalised into farming
• Land Productivity increased, crop yields maintained
• In SRI paddy 44 bags were also recorded
• Recently awarded Krishi Gaurav Award by Baba Ramdev’s
Patanjali Trust for their role in promoting organic farming
• More than 30 thousand farmers visited the village in last
three years
39. Community Managed Sustainable
Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh
Basic Principles
Regenerative, ecologically sound practices
Organized action by communities in
planning, implementing and managing the
program
Govt/ngos playing facilitating agency role
2004-05 started with 225 acres in one dist and
reached 7 lakh acres in 2007-08 in 18 dist. World
Bank says this is a good tool for poverty
eradication and now promoted as part of NRLM
With 50 % development expenditure one can
double the incomes of the farmers
A national program called Mahila Krishi
Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) is launched
based on this experiencce
40. 0.225 25
200 700
1300
2000
2800
3500 3600
0.1 15
80
300
600
1000
1500 1600 1770
2135 1997
1394 1541 1381
1015
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Acerage ('000acres) Farmers ('000) Pesticide use (MT Active Ingradient)
Farmers and area covered under CMSA
http://65.19.149.140/pilots/cmsanew/index.html
41. Distinguished visitors
Dr. V L Chopra,
Member Planning Commission
Jairam Ramesh,
Honble Minister for
Commerce
T. Nandakumar
Secretary Agriculture
GOI
43. Average Reduction in costs and net
additional income for different crops
Crops Reduction in cost
due to NPM (Rs)
Reduction in costs due to use
of organic fertilisers/manures
(Rs)
Net additional
income (Rs)
Paddy 940 1450 5590
Maize 1319 2357 5676
Cotton 1733 1968 5676
Chillies 1733 1968 7701
Groundnut 1021 3462 10483
Vegetables 1400 390 3790
3rd Party Evaluation of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) : Community Managed
Organic Farming implemented by SERP
Evaluation Team
Prof. R. Ratnakar, Director, Dr. M. Surya Mani, Professor, EXTENSION EDUCATION
INSTITUTE, (Southern Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
44. Dorli, Maharashtra
• CSA started working in Dorli cluster
from 2006
• Today farmers are back to farming and
managing
• Started a seed producer company
45. Sahaja Aharam Community Marketing
Producer Co-op-1
Farmer Group B
Consumer Co-op
•Healthy food
•Affordable Price
•Max share to farmers Organic Store
Mobile Store
Direct to Home
Producer Co-op-2
Other farmers and
farmers groups
Farmer Group A
Farmer Group C
Sahaja Aharam
Cooperative Federation
•Capacity building
•Institutional building
•Investment support
•Brand building
•Qualtiy Management
•Fair Trade
Market place
Direct to
resellers
Whole sale to
traders
Bulk buyers
Organic Store
Processing units
Seed market
Yet to estiblish
Marketing
Agency
Value Chain
Fund
48. So…what can be done
• Support farmers to switch to ecological
farming
• Help them to get organised for production,
marketing and entitlements
• Recast the support systems-research,
extension, subsidies….
• Increase the investment-public and private to
make farming viable