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![REFERENCES
1. Jameel Rizwana H; 21.Sports vision; Text book of occupational optometry PP Santhanam; Page no: 310-327
2. http://www.wayneengineering.com/PeripheralAwarenessTrainer( Last accessed on 16/11/2015)
3. http://www.allaboutvision.com/sportsvision/treatment.htm( Last accessed on 16/11/2015)
4. http://www.covd.org/?page=sports( Last accessed on 16/11/2015)
5. http://www.ridgefieldfamilyeyecare.com/New-Generic-Page,235828
6. Hitzeman SA, Beckerman SA; What the literature says about sports vision; Optometry Clinics : the Official
Publication of the Prentice Society [1993, 3(1):145-169]
7. Easterbrook, Michael; VISION AND SPORTS: An Introduction; Optometry & Vision Science: April 1988 -
Volume 65 - Issue 4 - ppg 320
8. Gao, Yaping etal; Contributions of Visuo-oculomotor Abilities to Interceptive Skills in Sports; Optometry &
Vision Science: June 2015 - Volume 92 - Issue 6 - p 679–689
9. Joanne M Wood etal; An assessment of the efficacy of sports vision training progams; Optometry and vision
science; 1997;74:646-659
04-10-2016Sports vision 39](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/greeshmasportsvision-161004154348/85/SPORTS-VISION-39-320.jpg)
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SPORTS VISION
- 1. SPORTS VISION GREESHMA G MPHILSECOND YEAR 04-10-2016 1
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Vision playsan important role in sports performance • Vision care services provided to athletes • Meeting the visual demands based on the sports Of all sports, basketball may be the most demanding in terms of visual skills used 1. http://www.allaboutvision.com/sportsvision/treatment.htm 04-10-2016Sports vision 2
- 3. HISTORY OF SPORTSVISION • Eskimos – first made sports spectacles for hunting • In 19th centuary Scleral lenses were been used by sports personnel • Since 1979 optometrist are involved in sports vision 04-10-2016Sports vision 3
- 4. ROLE OF OPTOMETRIST1,8 • Assessment and management of functional vision inefficiencies • Specialized CL services- position of gaze factors, emergency, and Visual acuity • Ophthalmic eye wear services • Assessment of sports related visual abilities • Training on enhanced visual abilities • Prevention and management of sports eye injuries 04-10-2016Sports vision 4
- 5. ELEMENTS IN VISUALPROCESSING Input- Visual system, ears, joint sense, muscles and skin Analysis and integration- Brain Output- Action system- body(limbs) Feedback- refinements, adjustments and changes 04-10-2016Sports vision 5
- 6. VISION REQUIREMENTS • Generalocular health • Visual acuity • Static ( low demand, medium demand, high demand) • Dynamic (target or observer is moving) • Contrast sensitivity • Stereopsis • Accommodation • Eye movements • Saccades/ pursuits/ vergence • Visual motor responses • Eye hand- eye leg coordination • Central-peripheral awareness • Visualization MARSDEN BALL 04-10-2016Sports vision 6
- 7. BINOCULAR VISION • Measurementof ocular alignment • Maddox rod and MIM card • Assessed at 3m and 40 cm • Understanding the eso and exo nature is important in the training of precise fixation • Athlete whose eso deviation can overshoot during fixation • Overshoot or undershoot- Brock’s string 04-10-2016Sports vision 7
- 8. ROTATION PEG BOARD •Dynamic visual acuity assessments • Eye hand coordination • Training for oculomotor pursuit movement • Visual resolution training • Perception of stereoscopic effect with monocular vision • Visual tactile training 04-10-2016Sports vision 8
- 9. STEREOPSIS • Perception ofdepth (static, dynamic) • Running, chess, swimming- Monocular cues • Motor racing, skiing- Binocular cues • Near- polaroid glasses • Distance- Howard dolman apparatus, Mentor BVAT ( 6m) 04-10-2016Sports vision 9
- 10. ACCOMMODATIVE FUNCTION • Triangulation-vergence and accommodation act as a feedback to maintain clear retinal image • Testing accommodative amplitudes and responses • +/-2.00D @40cm and Plano/-2.00D @3m • Predicts performance of visual system under fatigue and sustained viewing • Tennis, Table tennis • Ampires in cricket and base ball Far Near 04-10-2016 Sports vision 10
- 11. EYE MOVEMENTS • Pursuits •Saccades • Vestibulo-ocular movements • Vergence eye movements 04-10-2016Sports vision 11
- 12. PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENTS •To follow a slowly moving object travelling in a consistent direction • Conjugate movements of eyes in pursuits is lesser than 45 degrees/second • Tennis ball moves less than 50 degree/sec • Average latency for initiation of a pursuits is 125milliseconds 04-10-2016Sports vision 12
- 13. KING-DEVICK TEST SHEETS. 04-10-2016Sportsvision 13 Eye tracking and oculomotor skills – 3 M
- 14. SACCADES • Short, rapid,jerky eye movements • To catch up a rapidly moving proximal object • Conjugate eye movements between saccades are 400-600 degrees/sec • Average latency for initiation is 200 milliseconds • Vision during saccade is reduced due to saccadic suppression 04-10-2016Sports vision 14
- 15. VESTIBULO-OCULAR MOVEMENTS • Usedto stabilize the ocular fixation during head movements • Cricket fielding • Baseball catching • Hockey passing VERGENCE MOVEMENTS • Observation of any approaching or receding object • Test using BI and BO prisms NEAR TRANAGLYPHS WITH RED-GREEN SEPARATIONS - VERGENCE 04-10-2016Sports vision 15
- 16. SUCCESSFUL PLAYERS SHOULDHAVE • Fast and smooth pursuits • Suppression of vestibulo-ocular reflex • Employ anticipatory saccades from time to time • Keen dynamic visual acuity • Quick accurate depth perception • Smooth and rapid accommodative and vergence facility In archery, it's important to know which eye is dominant so you can choose the right bow for alignment with the target 04-10-2016Sports vision 16
- 17. VISUAL MOTOR RESPONSES •Visual motor reaction time- Total time required by visual system to process a stimulus and to produce a motor response • Sports vision assessment- Eye hand, eye-foot and overall eye body coordination • Eg: Wayne saccadic fixator • Athletes in interceptive sports are superior to nonathletic in their visuomotor skills7 04-10-2016Sports vision 17 Easterbrook, Michael; VISION AND SPORTS: An Introduction; Optometry & Vision Science: April 1988 - Volume 65 - Issue 4 - ppg 320
- 18. EYE HAND COORDINATION •Visual proaction and visual reaction time is assessed • Saccadic fixator device • Press the button next to a red light • As red light moves athlete is instructed to hit the light • Number of hits in 30 seconds is recorded as visual proaction time • Visual reaction time- red-light is programmed to move randomly at the rate of one light per second. In 30 seconds the response of measured • Sports vision average- Ratio of Reaction score to proaction score 04-10-2016Sports vision 18
- 19. • Eg: proactionscore- 20 targets • Reaction score- 30 targets SVA= VR score/ VP score *100 =20/30= 0.667= 66.7 • Higher the score better the performance Important in • Running • Cricket bowler • Ice hockey goal tender • Base ball pitcher • Tennis( serving is proactive action and receiving is reactive action 04-10-2016Sports vision 19
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- 21. EYE BODY COORDINATION •Athlete is positioned on a balance board • 15 feet away is placed the fixator • Lights up in 3,6,9 and 12 o clock positions • Athlete has to switch off the light when it is lit and balance before it appears in next position • Used in skating, skiing, foot ball 04-10-2016Sports vision 21
- 22. BALANCE BOARD TESTINGUSING THE WAYNE SACCADIC FIXATOR 04-10-2016Sports vision 22
- 23. THE BASSIN ANTICIPATIONTIMER 04-10-2016Sports vision 23
- 24. PERIPHERAL FIELD • Cricket,foot ball and tennis • Test the extend of visual fields • Sensitivity in fields • Visual response speed to process the peripheral information • Spatial localization of peripheral stimulus Wayne Peripheral Awareness Trainer 04-10-2016Sports vision 24
- 25. WPAT • Test peripheralawareness and reaction time in eight field locations. • Display the actual reaction time in hundredths of a second for each target light position. • Train peripheral awareness by forcing the user to centrally fixate while simultaneously responding to a peripheral target light. • Adjust stimulus speed automatically to match the user's proficiency. 04-10-2016Sports vision 25
- 26. VISUALIZATION Act of constructingmental images that resembles the appearance of actual object or event 04-10-2016Sports vision 26
- 27. VISUAL DEMAND INSPORTS Sports Demands Cycling Near Martial arts Near Volley ball Distance, contrast, Dynamic, Direction localization Basket ball Distance Shooting Distance, Near, intense demand Hockey Distance, Dynamic, sustained performance Base ball Distance, Dynamic Table tennis Distance, Dynamic Tennis Distance, Dynamic Cricket Distance, contrast, Near, Dynamic Foot ball Distance, Direction localization, sustained performance Archery Distance,intense demand 04-10-2016Sports vision 27
- 28. VISION ENHANCEMENT • Appropriaterefractive correction • Protective eye wear • Enhancement of deficient visual abilities • Enhancement of visually depend motor functions • Enhancement of visual cognitive functions 04-10-2016Sports vision 28
- 29. 3 STEPS INVISION ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMS 1. Sports vision task analysis 2. Visual profile skill • Visual acuity • Visual sensitivity • Dynamic visual acuity • Accommodation • Vergence facility • Vergence stability and control • Binocular vision 3. Sports person • Visual spatial perception • Visual processing speed • Visual reaction and response speed • Eye hand coordination • Peripheral vision • Bio feedback 04-10-2016Sports vision 29
- 30. LIGHT AND LIGHTING •Visual reaction time increases by 33 millisecond for each log unit decrease in light levels from a normal • Excessive light leads to disability and discomfort glare • Larger the angle between the light source and the surface lesser the glare 04-10-2016Sports vision 30
- 31. ADVANTAGES OF CLOVER GLASSES IN SPORTS • Wider field of view • Less adaptation • Less minification and magnification • Greater stability • Enhanced depth perception • Fewer aberrations and reflections • Less susceptible to dirt • Protect against peripheral and obliquely incident UV 04-10-2016Sports vision 31
- 32. SPORTS INJURIES • Ocularexposure and point of contact • Direction of approach • Kinetic energy of the projectile • Projectile size Protective eye wear quality (ASTM F803 industry standard for sports eyewear) Eye Protection for Handball and Paintball Hockey face mask Retego sunglasses by adidas Eyewear are designed specifically for golf, with distortion-free lenses in a tint that helps the ball stand out from the background 04-10-2016 Sports vision 32
- 33. NIKE HYPERION IIIFRAMES HAVE TWO POLYCARBONATE LENS OPTIONS, FOR SUNNY AND FLAT LIGHT CONDITIONS 04-10-2016Sports vision 33
- 34. Wiley X Guardincludes three interchangeable, shatterproof lenses in colors of smoke gray, clear and light rust for variable lighting conditions. The lenses are certified as highly shatter-resistant, even when hit by a .15 caliber steel fragment fired at a minimum of 640 feet per second. Your own eyeglass prescription also can be incorporated into these frames 04-10-2016Sports vision 34
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- 39. REFERENCES 1. Jameel RizwanaH; 21.Sports vision; Text book of occupational optometry PP Santhanam; Page no: 310-327 2. http://www.wayneengineering.com/PeripheralAwarenessTrainer( Last accessed on 16/11/2015) 3. http://www.allaboutvision.com/sportsvision/treatment.htm( Last accessed on 16/11/2015) 4. http://www.covd.org/?page=sports( Last accessed on 16/11/2015) 5. http://www.ridgefieldfamilyeyecare.com/New-Generic-Page,235828 6. Hitzeman SA, Beckerman SA; What the literature says about sports vision; Optometry Clinics : the Official Publication of the Prentice Society [1993, 3(1):145-169] 7. Easterbrook, Michael; VISION AND SPORTS: An Introduction; Optometry & Vision Science: April 1988 - Volume 65 - Issue 4 - ppg 320 8. Gao, Yaping etal; Contributions of Visuo-oculomotor Abilities to Interceptive Skills in Sports; Optometry & Vision Science: June 2015 - Volume 92 - Issue 6 - p 679–689 9. Joanne M Wood etal; An assessment of the efficacy of sports vision training progams; Optometry and vision science; 1997;74:646-659 04-10-2016Sports vision 39
Editor's Notes
- #7 Contrast sensitivity ( visual performance to detect separation of objects at different contrast levels), ability to process spatial and temporal information about object and background under varying lighting levels)
- #9 , which can be replaced or the red/green disc can be added so training can be done with red/green goggles. Improvement can be monitored by increasing speed from one to 99 revolutions per minute. Additional training can be done by positioning the rotating table in a variety of angles--from 0 to 90 degrees from the horizontal position. Dynamic visual acuity measurements can be accurately recorded and reproduced. Eye-hand coordination is also enhanced and can be monitored. One-year warranty on parts. Shown with letter disc (not inclu A variable-speed, dual-direction pegboard Rotator. Can be used in testing and training for oculomotor pursuit movement, providing visual resolution training and perception of stereoscopic effect with monocular vision and visual tactile training.
- #18 To gain possession of (an opponent's pass), as in football or basketbal- interceptive
- #19 Pro –action – for 30 sec – self Reaction – every 0.75 sec
- #26 The PAT is a compact wall-mounted instrument. Eight peripheral target lights mounted on plastic rods extend at 45-degree angles from a cylinder that contains a 4-digit LED display and a central fixation light. The peripheral target lights light up at random and the user responds by pointing a joystick in the direction of the target light while fixating on the central light
- #33 The ANSI Z80.3 standard requires only the basic-level FDA drop ball test (5/8 in. steel ball at 50 in.),” Pfriem said. “This imparts an impact of 0.2 joules on the eyewear lens. The ASTM F 803 standard utilizes either a tennis ball, racquetball, baseball, etc., per the designated sport. All in all, the minimum impact imparted in testing is on the order of 19 joules (squash ball) American Society for Testing and Materials