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SPM Physics - Solid and fluid pressure
Solid pressure is defined as the force acting on a given area, measured in Pascals. Fluid pressure results from particle collisions within the fluid and increases with depth and density. It is described by the equation P=hρg. Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude and is measured using barometers. Fluids transfer pressure equally in all directions according to Pascal's principle, which has applications in hydraulic systems. Archimedes' principle describes buoyancy as the upward force equal to the weight of fluid displaced. Bernoulli's principle states that fluid pressure decreases where velocity increases, as seen in aerofoils, venturi nozzles, and other streamlined objects.
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Similar to SPM Physics - Solid and fluid pressure
SPM Physics - Solid and fluid pressure
- 1. Solid And FluidPressure Form 4 Physics (SPM) – Chapter 3
- 2. Solid Pressure Magnitude offorce acting on a given area Pressure, P = Force, F / Area, A unit = Nm-2 or Pascal, Pa Although force is a vector quantity, pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because experimentally, pressure acts equally in all directions, producing no net direction
- 3. Fluid Pressure Pressure thatresults from the collision of particles in fluid Particle collision are mostly elastic, thus conserving kinetic energy and momentum (mv) The change in direction after collision results in a rate of change in momentum, producing impulsive force. This force acts on a given area, produces pressure Increasing depth of fluid (amount of fluid) and its density increases particle collision, resulting in increasing pressure
- 4. Pressure, P =h ρ g where depth of fluid = h, density of fluid = ρ, acceleration due to gravity = g Unit = kgm-1s-2 or Pascal (Pa) Other units commonly used: PSI (pounds per square inch) – Imperial system Bar atm (where 1 atm = 105 Pa = 76cmHg) mmHg/cmHg/mmH2O/cmH2O
- 5. Atmospheric Pressure (Patm) Pressureexerted by the particles in the atmosphere on every surface on Earth Changes with altitude because the density of the atmosphere changes with altitude. (Density and therefore pressure decreases as altitude increases) Patm at sea level (average height of ocean) ≈1 X 105 Pa Patm at peak of Mt. Everest ≈3.33 X 104 Pa
- 6. In tubes A,B, C, D and E, the height of level of water is identical because pressure is equal in all tubes (P atm) This shows that pressure is not influenced by the shape or orientation of the tube
- 7. The instrument usedto measure atmospheric pressure is known as a barometer. (Baro = pressure) Types of barometers: Mercury barometer Aneroid barometer
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- 9. Fluid used inbarometer has to have the following properties: Incompressible Does not evaporate easily Does not stick to the wall of the barometer Ideal fluid to be used is mercury (Hg)
- 10. Atmospheric pressure ismeasured by Patm = <Height of column><Name of fluid> Patm = 76cmHg To convert cmHg to the S.I. unit, Pa: Patm = hρg Patm = (76/100) X 1.36x103(density of Hg) X 10 Patm = 1x105 Pa
- 11. If water isused in substitute for mercury, the column height can be calculated: Patm = hρg 1x105 = h X 1x103 X 10 105 = h X 104 h = 10m Having a column height of 10m makes the water barometer unfitting and immobile.
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- 13. Atmospheric pressure isapplied in: Sucker hooks Drinking straws Evaluating altitude (altimeter) Baking with yeast Breathing Heimlich maneuver
- 14. Gas pressure (Pgas) Pressureexerted by gas particles on surrounding surfaces Measured by an instrument known as a manometer (Utube) In a manometer, the fluid pressure at one point in one arm is equal to the pressure at another point in the opposite arm at the same level, where the type of fluid is the same
- 15. Manometer Level of fluidon both sides is the same as both ends are exerted by the same pressure, Patm
- 16. When Pgas >Patm Gas Pgas = Patm + hρg h
- 17. When Pgas <Patm Gas Pgas = Patm - hρg h
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- 19. Transfer of pressurewithin static fluid When an object is submerged in a fluid, it experiences equal pressure from all directions. The pressure is transferred equally in the fluid in all directions. Hence, neglecting pressure changes due to depth, the pressure at any given point within the fluid is constant. Pascal’s Principle In a closed system of fluids, any pressure exerted is equally distributed throughout the fluid and remains constant Characteristics of the hydraulic fluid: Incompressible Does not adhere to the surface of the system Is not volatile
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- 21. Since pressure isevenly distributed, P 1 = P2 Thus, F1/A1 = F2/A2 When one piston is depressed, the other piston rises. This occurs as the volume displaced by the fluid from the first piston occupies the space at the second piston V1 = V 2 Thus, d1A1 = d2A2 where A = surface area of piston, d = distance moved by piston
- 22. Applications of Pascal’sPrinciple: Hydraulic jacks Hydraulic robots and machinery Vehicle brakes and steering
- 23. Support due topressure in fluids With reference to Newton’s Law of Motion, every action of force has a normal that acts in the opposing direction. Weight is a force and has a normal support on solid ground. When an object is immersed in fluid, the normal support is produced from the pressure differential at the upper and lower surface of the object. This supportive force provides floatation and is known as buoyancy. Archimedes’ Principle When an object is partially or completely immersed in a fluid, the weight of the fluid displaced is equivalent to the buoyant force that supports the object
- 24. Buoyant force, B= V ρ g, where V volume of immersed part of the object, ρ = density of fluid, g = acceleration due to gravity Buoyant force is also equivalent to weight of object when not immersed (true weight) – weight of object when immersed (apparent weight) B = Wt - Wa An object sinks when Wt > B An object floats when Wt = B
- 25. In a uniformlydistributed fluid, buoyant force remains constant regardless of depth of fluid. Buoyant force changes in direct proportion to fluid density. Fluid density increases when Temperature decreases Concentration increases Pressure increases Mass increases
- 26. Applications on Archimedes’Principle Submarine Plimsoll Scale on the hull ships Hot air balloon Hydrometer Cartesian diver Measuring volume of kings’ crowns using a bath tub and an old genius
- 27. Differential pressure influid flow High fluid pressure Fp Low fluid pressure vt vf Direction of motion
- 28. Imagine a particlemoving uniformly in a fluid of gradually decreasing pressure. The pressure behind the particle is greater than the pressure in front. A force (Fp)will be produced in the direction of motion resulting in acceleration of the particle, thus the velocity of the accelerating particle at the back (vt) is greater than at the front (vf). This shows that pressure and velocity are inversely related Bernoulli’s Principle Pressure and velocity of a fluid are inversely proportional as a result of the fluid flowing in a curved streamline.
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- 30. In fluid mechanics,it is generally accepted that liquids and gases flow in arranged packets known as streamlines. An aerofoil has an aerodynamic shape which is meant to redirect air streamlines in order to minimise resistance and produce lift Curvature of the streamline occurs when the air is passed above the aerofoil due to the shape of the aerofoil. The curvature decreases the air velocity of the streamline above the aerofoil resulting in the pressure below the aerofoil to be greater than above. The differential pressure produces the aerodynamic lift.
- 31. The greater thecurvature of the streamline, the greater the decrease in velocity. The streamline curvature above the aerofoil can be increased by increasing the angle of attack (the angle at which the aerofoil meets the streamline) However, if the angle of attack is too large, the streamlines about the aerofoil could converge and dissipate. This diminishes the lift, an event known as stall. Aircraft wings can deploy slats and flaps to increase surface area to give extra lift for take off or to increase air resistance to provide additional drag for landing and decelerating.
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- 33. Bernoulli’s water tower Flowdirection As flow velocity increases, pressure at base of tube decreases from left to right
- 34. Venturi nozzle Venturi nozzle Venturinozzle causes great increase in flow velocity, hence great decrease in pressure
- 35. Observations of Bernoulli’sPrinciple Wings of airplane Sail of a boat Hydrofoils of boat Insecticide dispenser Mesocyclone Whirlpools