Physics chapter 3 [ applications of pressure in liquids ]
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The document discusses applications of pressure in liquids including: 1) Public water supply systems use reservoirs located at high elevations to provide sufficient pressure for water to flow to consumers at lower levels. 2) Dams are built with thicker walls at the bottom to sustain the greater water pressure from the water. 3) During blood transfusions, bottles are hung higher to provide pressure for the liquid solution to flow into patient veins. 4) Submarines are built with thick walls to withstand the enormous water pressure at greater depths as they submerge deeper into the water.
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1. The document discusses moments, which describe the turning effect of forces. A moment is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
2. It provides examples of calculating moments and using the principle of moments, which states that for an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.
3. Determining the center of mass of an object allows it to be balanced on a pivot. The center of mass can be found experimentally by balancing irregular objects on different points and identifying where the lines intersect.
3.2 pressure in liquid
Pressure in liquids is determined by the depth and density of the liquid, with deeper depths and denser liquids resulting in higher pressures. Liquids exert pressure equally in all directions, which allows them to be used for applications like dams, intravenous infusions, scuba suits, and public water supply systems that rely on liquid pressure. The formula for pressure in a liquid takes into account the density of the liquid and the depth.
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The document discusses buoyancy and Archimedes' principle. It explains that whether an object sinks or floats depends on the relative densities of the object and the fluid it is placed in. Archimedes discovered that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. He proved that a crown was not pure gold by showing that its cumulative density was less than a pure gold sample when placed in water. His principle states that if an object's density is greater than the fluid's, it will sink, and if its density is less, it will float.
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Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Several examples are given to illustrate that pressure increases when a force is applied over a smaller area. Pressure also increases with depth in liquids and density of the liquid. Various instruments are discussed for measuring pressure, including manometers, mercury barometers, aneroid barometers, and pressure gauges. Pascal's principle of transmission of pressure in liquids is demonstrated through experiments. Applications of pressure in hydraulic machines, bicycle pumps, lift pumps, force pumps, and siphons are also described.
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Pressure in liquid acts equally in all directions and is not affected by the shape, size, or surface area of the container. Pressure depends only on depth, with deeper depths experiencing higher pressure. Applications where pressure differences in liquids are used include water supply systems, which place reservoirs at higher elevations to provide water pressure to lower areas, and medicine infusion, where bottles are elevated to provide pressure to flow medicine into veins.
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Turning Effect of Forces
1. The document discusses moments, which describe the turning effect of forces. A moment is calculated by multiplying the force by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
2. It provides examples of calculating moments and using the principle of moments, which states that for an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.
3. Determining the center of mass of an object allows it to be balanced on a pivot. The center of mass can be found experimentally by balancing irregular objects on different points and identifying where the lines intersect.
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Pressure in liquids is determined by the depth and density of the liquid, with deeper depths and denser liquids resulting in higher pressures. Liquids exert pressure equally in all directions, which allows them to be used for applications like dams, intravenous infusions, scuba suits, and public water supply systems that rely on liquid pressure. The formula for pressure in a liquid takes into account the density of the liquid and the depth.
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The document discusses buoyancy and Archimedes' principle. It explains that whether an object sinks or floats depends on the relative densities of the object and the fluid it is placed in. Archimedes discovered that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. He proved that a crown was not pure gold by showing that its cumulative density was less than a pure gold sample when placed in water. His principle states that if an object's density is greater than the fluid's, it will sink, and if its density is less, it will float.
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Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Several examples are given to illustrate that pressure increases when a force is applied over a smaller area. Pressure also increases with depth in liquids and density of the liquid. Various instruments are discussed for measuring pressure, including manometers, mercury barometers, aneroid barometers, and pressure gauges. Pascal's principle of transmission of pressure in liquids is demonstrated through experiments. Applications of pressure in hydraulic machines, bicycle pumps, lift pumps, force pumps, and siphons are also described.
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Pressure in liquid acts equally in all directions and is not affected by the shape, size, or surface area of the container. Pressure depends only on depth, with deeper depths experiencing higher pressure. Applications where pressure differences in liquids are used include water supply systems, which place reservoirs at higher elevations to provide water pressure to lower areas, and medicine infusion, where bottles are elevated to provide pressure to flow medicine into veins.
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The document discusses static fluids and pressure. It defines fluids as substances that lack rigidity and assume the shape of their container. Pressure is defined as the force exerted perpendicularly per unit area. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atmosphere or 101,325 Pascals. Liquids exert pressure equally in all directions within a container, with pressure increasing with depth and remaining constant horizontally. Pascal's principle states that pressure changes in a confined fluid are transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid.
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Pressure depends on the force applied over an area. It can be increased by either increasing the force or decreasing the area over which the force is applied. Pressure is calculated as force divided by area. Pressure acts equally in all directions within fluids as the particles collide with surfaces. Air pressure decreases with increasing elevation due to lower density, while water pressure increases greatly with depth.
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To determine the resultant force acting at the top of the tower (point D), I would:
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2. Use the parallelogram law of forces to combine the x-components of each cable force into a single x-component force. Do the same for the y-components.
3. The x and y component forces obtained from step 2 are the x and y components of the resultant force acting at D.
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1) Pressure is equal to force divided by area and is measured in Pascals. Fluids exert pressure on all surfaces they touch due to the force of their molecules.
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To determine the resultant force acting at the top of the tower (point D), I would:
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2. Use the parallelogram law of forces to combine the x-components of each cable force into a single x-component force. Do the same for the y-components.
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The document discusses Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. It provides several examples to illustrate this law, including rockets propelling upwards as hot gases push down, cars moving forward as wheels push backwards on the road, a baseball hitting a bat causing the bat to push the ball in the opposite direction, and birds staying aloft as their wings push down on the air causing the air to push up with an equal force. Fish are also able to propel forward as their fins push water backwards with an opposing force. In each case, the size and direction of the action and reaction forces are equal and opposite.
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This document discusses thrust, pressure, and how pressure depends on force and area. It defines thrust as a force applied perpendicular to a surface, and pressure as the effect of thrust per unit area. Pressure is calculated as thrust divided by area. It states that the same force will produce less pressure if applied over a large area versus a small area. It provides everyday examples to illustrate this principle, such as school bags having wide straps, knives needing to be sharp to concentrate force over a small area, and buildings and dams having wide foundations to reduce pressure.
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Pressure is defined as force per unit area. The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air layers surrounding Earth and can be measured using a barometer. Liquids exert pressure in all directions, with pressure increasing at greater depths. A manometer is used to measure liquid pressure.
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The document discusses various topics relating to electromagnetic induction and effects. It explains that moving a wire through a magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the wire, and that increasing the wire's speed, magnetic field strength, or length increases the induced EMF. It also describes Fleming's left-hand rule for induced currents, and how reversing the wire or magnet's direction reverses the current and EMF. Coils and generators are discussed as ways of inducing currents. Transformers, electromagnets, magnetic relays, circuit breakers, and electric motors are also summarized.
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This document discusses water supply systems, including direct and indirect systems. It provides details on key aspects of each system such as water quality, pressure, maintenance needs, and common usage. Direct systems supply water directly from the main to all fixtures, while indirect systems use an elevated storage tank to supply fixtures via gravity. Indirect systems are more common in developing countries due to more consistent pressure delivery and reduced infrastructure needs compared to direct systems. The document also covers topics like cavitation, water hammer, storage tank sizing, and pipe sizing procedures for non-pressurized cold water systems.
Lesson 5 ppt
Intakes are structures used to draw water from surface sources like rivers, reservoirs, and lakes into water treatment plants. They are designed to provide relatively clean water free from pollution, sand, and debris. The location of intakes is important, aiming to draw from areas with slower currents and sufficient water supply. Different types of intakes include submerged, exposed, wet, and dry designs, with considerations for withstanding hydraulic forces and providing adequate water flow.
Lift irrigation
This document discusses different types of irrigation wells. Lift irrigation involves pumping water from a source to higher elevations for irrigation. Shallow wells are less than 50 feet deep and tap into upper aquifers, while deep wells are over 22 feet deep. There are two main types of wells - water table wells whose levels change with rainfall, and artesian wells where underground pressure forces water up. Open wells can be unlined or lined using precast concrete rings or masonry walls. Tube wells consist of bored pipes that penetrate multiple water-bearing layers between impermeable surfaces, with shallow wells less than 40 meters and deep wells over 200 meters tapping deeper aquifers.
Diversion headwork
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
Energy dissipators
Energy dissipaters are needed when water is released over a spillway to prevent scouring downstream. Various devices can be used, including baffle walls, deflectors, and staggered blocks, which reduce kinetic energy by converting it to turbulence and heat. Hydraulic jumps also dissipate energy by maintaining a high water level downstream. The type of dissipater used depends on the tailwater rating curve in relation to the jump height curve and the flow conditions. Stilling basins, sloping aprons, and roller buckets are suitable for different tailwater classifications.
Canal structures
Introduction
Mechanism of Regulation Works
Canal Falls
Cross regulator
Dis tributary Head Regulator
Canal escapes
Canal Outlets
Canal structures
Introduction
Mechanism of Regulation Works
Canal Falls
Cross regulator
Dis tributary Head Regulator
Canal escapes
Canal Outlets
chapter-3.pptx: CHANNEL HEADWORKS AND CANALS
Purposes:
Raises water level in the river
Regulates supply of water into the canal
Controls the entry of silt into the canal
Provides some storage for a short period
Reduces the fluctuations in the level of supply in river
Temporary diversion head works
Consists of a bund constructed across river to raise the water level in the river and will be damaged by floods.
2. Permanent diversion head works
Consists of a permanent structure such as a weir or barrage constructed across river to raise water level in the river.River section at the site should be narrow and well-defined.
Should have a large commanded area.
Site should be such that the weir (or barrage) can be aligned at right angles to the direction of flow in the river.
Good foundation should be available at the site.
Site should be easily accessible by road or rail.
Overall cost of the project should be a minimum
Sources of water supply
The document discusses different types of water intake structures. Intakes collect water from sources like lakes, rivers, reservoirs and canals. The main types are lake intakes, river intakes, reservoir intakes and canal intakes. Lake intakes use submersible pipes with bell mouths and screens. River intakes have intake towers with penstocks and screens. Reservoir intakes are towers constructed on dam slopes with intake pipes at different levels. Canal intakes are simple structures with intake pipes in chambers with screens. The document provides details on the design and functioning of each type.
Krishna
This document discusses different types of water resources including surface water and groundwater. It provides details on reservoirs, including definitions, classifications, and factors to consider when selecting sites. Reservoirs can be used for storage, flood control, or multiple purposes. The document also describes components of water diversion structures like barrages and weirs, as well as methods for extracting groundwater like dug wells, tube wells, and bore wells.
Intake structures-Introduction
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This is the hydro power project হয় mohammad
Hydropower produces 24% of the world's electricity by harnessing the kinetic and potential energy of flowing water. Water is captured behind dams and directed through pipes called penstocks to spin turbines connected to generators. The three main types of hydropower plants are diversion, impoundment, and pumped storage. Pumped storage plants pump water to a higher reservoir during low demand periods to generate power later by releasing the stored water.
Working of hydroelectric power plant
this presentation is precisely about how does a hydroelectric powerplant works? and what are its components.
Canal falls and its classification
This document discusses different types of canal falls, which are structures constructed to lower the bed level of a canal. It describes seven common types of falls: ogee fall, rapid fall, trapezoidal fall, stepped fall, montague fall, vertical drop fall, and straight glacis fall. Each type is suitable for different conditions depending on factors like the height of fall, discharge, site topography, and cost. The document provides details on the design and suitability of each type of canal fall.
DaMS
This document provides information on different types of dams and their purposes. It discusses arch dams, earth dams, buttress dams, gravity dams, and issues related to dam safety. The key points are:
- Dams are constructed to store water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and fisheries. Different dam types include arch, earth, buttress, and gravity dams.
- Arch dams are curved upstream and transmit loads to abutments. Earth dams are trapezoidal and used where foundations are weak. Buttress dams are reinforced by supports. Gravity dams rely on weight to resist water pressure.
- Dams provide benefits like electricity, irrigation, water
Summary_Utilities.pdf
The document summarizes utilities related to sanitary and plumbing systems, including water supply, drainage, and sewage disposal. It describes various methods of water treatment and distribution, such as sedimentation, filtration, aeration, and different types of pumps. It also discusses drainage systems, including pipes for waste, vents, traps, and grease traps. Methods of sewage disposal mentioned include septic tanks, catch basins, and public sewer mains.
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Physics chapter 3 [ applications of pressure in liquids ]
- 2. Public Water Supply System A B PA > PB since A is at a greater depth The water from a river or dam is pumped into a reservoir located at a high elevation. The reservoir is placed at an elevated location so that the water will have sufficient pressure to flow to consumers located at lower levels. Normally, every home has a water tank above the roof for storage and to provide a constant water pressure.
- 3. Construction Of Dams The water at the bottom of the dam is at a higher pressure than at the top. Hence, the wall of the dam has to be thicker at the bottom to sustain this greater water pressure.
- 4. Blood Transfusion A bottle is hung at a higher position so that the liquid solution has sufficient pressure to flow into the veins of the patient.
- 5. Thick Wall Built in Submarine The deeper the submarine submerge into the water, the greater the pressure exerted. The submarine is built with thick wall to withstand enormous pressure at greater depth.