1. English auxiliaries are in a fixed order Only the leftmost Aux can move to C for yes/no Q’s. John could have been arrested. CouldiJohn ti have been arrested? *Havei John could ti been arrested? *Beeni John could have ti arrested? Only leftmost can make a tag John has been arrested, hasn’t he? *John has been arrested, wasn’t he?

2. Verbal morphology is orderly Swahili A-ta-ni-piga He will beat me A-me-ni-piga He has beaten me A-me-tu-piga He has beaten us Swahili attaches subject, tense/aspect and object prefixes to the front of the verb Like English auxiliaries, these never change order. *me-tu-a-piga *a-me-piga-tu

3. More than one functional projection? Exploded IP hypothesis or Split INFL Each morpheme of tense and agreement in Swahili is housed in its own projection AgrSP>Tense/AspectP/AgrOP Each English auxiliary is the head of its own functional projection -> multiple functional projections above VP

4. More functional projections Every new functional projection respects the xbar module. Languages might differ in the series of functional projections above VP Problems? Which functional projection will be the EPP subject position? For the purposes of this course we are going to assume whatever functional projection is highest in declaratives is the subject position = to old [Spec, IP]