This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
We learned that native speakers have an implicit knowledge of grammar and that children acquire this without realizing it. I commented, however, that a language teacher needs to be able to describe grammatical rules, and in Unit 2 you noted some grammatical differences between spoken and written English. Unit 3 will introduce further grammar concepts and you will have the chance to assess your own explicit knowledge. Unit 2 also began to explore the area of what language we actually choose to use. This unit will continue the theme by looking at how we choose to speak in different situations and will show that this sort of knowledge is just as important for a language learner as grammatical knowledge.
Linguistic competence
The term 'linguistic competence' refers to a person's knowledge of grammar, lexis and sound patterns. As you now know, a native speaker easily acquires implicit knowledge of these aspects of language in childhood. Learners of a foreign language, on the other hand, struggle hard to acquire them. Choosing suitable grammar, words and sound patterns for the particular situation you are in is just as important and this is what the second half of this unit explores. First, though, we will investigate some grammar rules - that is, patterns of usage - and see how they might be useful to a learner of English.
Why do grammar activities like these?
As you carry out the activities on grammar in this unit, remember that it would be very unlikely for a teacher to tell learners everything at once about a particular grammatical item and expect them to apply it when communicating. What she can do is guide learners towards their own understanding about the limits that grammar sets in English - in other words the rules of English grammar. The activities in this section will give you an insight into how to discover and articulate these limits.
A teacher must be skilled at deducing the rules herself so that she can then foster this skill in her learners, who themselves need to develop the same skill if they are to become effective, independent learners. Without such strategies they'll be left to rely entirely on the trial and error methods of a child, and few learners have time to do it this way. So let's now look for some linguistic patterns in English.
Finding patterns: verbs
This section is about looking for boundaries and patterns in verbs. It isn't a comprehensive guide to verbs in the English language. I could have chosen any of the main word classes to investigate - for example, nouns, pronouns or adjectives. But the variety and complexity of the English verb offers you as good a chance as any to practice teasing out and describing some grammatical rules. Verbs also happen to be very central to everything that goes on in English and the explicit knowledge you gain from this section will be useful to you. We'll start with defining the word verb.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/linguistic-and-communicative-rules/
Can't figure out how to learn English Grammar? Don't worry, MTS got you covered. This article is a complete guide to learning English Grammar effectively.
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II WRITING GUIDE (REVISED JANUAR.docxShiraPrater50
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II | WRITING GUIDE | (REVISED JANUARY 2017)
1
english composition ii
Writing Guide
Table of Contents
(Note: this document contains hyperlinks to make it easier for you to navigate.)
PART ONE Purpose of this Guide, Writing Elements, APA Style for Academic Writing
PART TWO Finding Sources, Evaluating Electronic Sources, Plagiarism
PART THREE Analyzing and Summarizing Sources; Citing Sources
PART FOUR Argument, Counter-argument, and Rhetoric
PART FIVE Revision, Writing on Impact, Other Resources, References, Glossary of Terms
2
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
PART ONE
Writing Elements: Grammar and Usage
Parts of Speech
Verbs, Verbals and Verb Tenses
Subject-Verb Agreement
Pronoun-Noun (Antecedent) Agreement
Point of View: First, Second, or Third Person
Sentence Fragments and Run On Sentences
Commas and Semicolons
Commonly Misused Words
Sexist Language
Abbreviations
Numbers
Clichés and Slang/Jargon
Transitions
Introduction to Academic Writing
Academic Tone
APA Style Sample Paper
APA Checklist
3
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
Purpose of this Guide
This Guide will help you format your academic papers in a style consistent with professional
standards set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA style guide is not
used exclusively by psychologists; it has become one of the most widely used style guides for
academic writing. As a professional organization, the APA first published the style guide in 1929 so
that the presentation of research in the social sciences would be consistent across publications. In
other words, if researchers follow the same format for presenting their research, then readers
would be better able to understand the how the research was conducted and what the findings
mean.
This Guide provides an overview of important elements of APA style. You will find here the
guidelines for formatting your paper (setting up headers, margins, font type and size, and indents),
documenting the sources you used to write your paper (attributive tags, in-text citation and
References page), formatting citations (how to list the authors, using punctuation, capitalization of
words in a title, italicizing names of publications), and style of writing (avoiding bias, writing in past
or present tense, adopting an academic voice or tone).
We use the APA style guide for the following reasons:
1. APA standardizes the way documents appear. For most assignments, teachers evaluate ideas,
not your skills in document design. We use APA to be fair.
2. APA defines the way we should give credit to our sources. We use APA to be transparent.
3. APA helps the organization of the material in a document. If we all present our information in
the same way, our readers can engage with our ideas more quickly and more completely. ...
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II WRITING GUIDE (REVISED JANUAR.docxadkinspaige22
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II | WRITING GUIDE | (REVISED JANUARY 2017)
1
english composition ii
Writing Guide
Table of Contents
(Note: this document contains hyperlinks to make it easier for you to navigate.)
PART ONE Purpose of this Guide, Writing Elements, APA Style for Academic Writing
PART TWO Finding Sources, Evaluating Electronic Sources, Plagiarism
PART THREE Analyzing and Summarizing Sources; Citing Sources
PART FOUR Argument, Counter-argument, and Rhetoric
PART FIVE Revision, Writing on Impact, Other Resources, References, Glossary of Terms
2
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
PART ONE
Writing Elements: Grammar and Usage
Parts of Speech
Verbs, Verbals and Verb Tenses
Subject-Verb Agreement
Pronoun-Noun (Antecedent) Agreement
Point of View: First, Second, or Third Person
Sentence Fragments and Run On Sentences
Commas and Semicolons
Commonly Misused Words
Sexist Language
Abbreviations
Numbers
Clichés and Slang/Jargon
Transitions
Introduction to Academic Writing
Academic Tone
APA Style Sample Paper
APA Checklist
3
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
Purpose of this Guide
This Guide will help you format your academic papers in a style consistent with professional
standards set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA style guide is not
used exclusively by psychologists; it has become one of the most widely used style guides for
academic writing. As a professional organization, the APA first published the style guide in 1929 so
that the presentation of research in the social sciences would be consistent across publications. In
other words, if researchers follow the same format for presenting their research, then readers
would be better able to understand the how the research was conducted and what the findings
mean.
This Guide provides an overview of important elements of APA style. You will find here the
guidelines for formatting your paper (setting up headers, margins, font type and size, and indents),
documenting the sources you used to write your paper (attributive tags, in-text citation and
References page), formatting citations (how to list the authors, using punctuation, capitalization of
words in a title, italicizing names of publications), and style of writing (avoiding bias, writing in past
or present tense, adopting an academic voice or tone).
We use the APA style guide for the following reasons:
1. APA standardizes the way documents appear. For most assignments, teachers evaluate ideas,
not your skills in document design. We use APA to be fair.
2. APA defines the way we should give credit to our sources. We use APA to be transparent.
3. APA helps the organization of the material in a document. If we all present our information in
the same way, our readers can engage with our ideas more quickly and more completely. .
What is an Adverbial Phrase Types & Format with Examples.pdfChloe Cheney
What is an adverbial? Do you know how often we use adverbial phrases in our daily speech? Learn about its types, formats, and examples through our private English tutors and blogs.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. This learning guide is divided into different parts
with a quick recap after each topic.
1)
FRENCH VS. ENGLISH ADJECTIVES
2)
HOW TO MAKE FRENCH ADJECTIVES “AGREE”
3)
WHERE TO PLACE FRENCH ADJECTIVES IN A SENTENCE
4)
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES (and what this means)
5)
WHAT ARE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES?
6)
WHAT ARE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES?
7)
WHAT ARE INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES?
8)
QUICK EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES
3. 1. FRENCH VS. ENGLISH ADJECTIVES
While both French and English adjectives operate the same
way, there
are a few key differences between the two, and these are:
•
•
When to change the adjectives, and
Their placement in a sentence.
A quick recap of the first topic:
1.
2.
Adjectives are words which describe a subject and it
answers the question: what kind of..?
The main difference between English and French
adjectives are:
•
•
The changes in form. English adjectives change only when used
to compare while French adjectives have to “agree” with the
word it is describing according to its gender and quantity.
The placement in a sentence. French adjectives are usually
placed AFTER the noun, while English adjectives come BEFORE
it.
E
N
G
L
I
S
H
4. 2. HOW TO MAKE FRENCH ADJECTIVES “AGREE”
Here are the basic rules you should remember when it comes to making adjectives
agree.
• The main form of French adjectives (like how they appear in dictionary
entries) is the masculine singular form.
• In most cases, you only need to add a suffix or ending to change the
adjective into its feminine form.
A quick recap of the second topic:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The basic rule in changing a masculine adjective into its feminine form is
simply to add an -e in its ending. If t already ends in -e, you usually do not
need to add another one.
A lot of adjectives that end in a consonant can be changed to feminine by
doubling the consonant and adding an -e towards the end.
Some irregular masculine adjectives have another set of masculine forms
which is used when describing words that begin with a vowel or h.
To change an adjective into its plural form, the basic rule is to add an -s. But if
it already ends in -s or -x, no additional suffix is needed.
For adjectives that end in -eau or -al, the plural form is -eaux or -aux.
A few adjectives never changes their form no matter what kind of noun they
are describing.
F
R
E
N
C
H
5. 3. WHERE TO PLACE FRENCH ADJECTIVES IN A SENTENCE
The most important rules for you to take note of are the following:
•
•
Most of the time, the adjectives appear immediately AFTER the noun they
are describing. This is true to regular adjectives as well as those related to
colors, shapes ans nationalities.
There are, however, some adjectives that appear BEFORE a noun.
A quick recap of the third topic:
•
There are four kinds of adjectives in French based on where they appear in
a sentence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
Adjectives that come AFTER the subject they are describing – this is the most
common case.
A small group of adjectives that come BEFORE the subject.
Another small group of adjectives could come BEFORE or AFTER the noun, but the
meaning changes depending on where it is placed; and
The last group – adjectives that could be placed either BEFORE or AFTER and their
meanings won't change.
Multiple adjectives can be connected using et which means and in English.
A
D
J
E
C
T
I
V
E
S
6. 4. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
(and what this means)
Before we talk about the French comparatives and superlatives, let's do
a quick review of what it means in the English language.
•
•
Comparative adjectives: These are adjectives that usually end in -er or has
the word 'more' or 'less' before it.
Superlative adjectives: These are adjectives that end with the suffix -est or
has the word 'most' or 'least' before it.
A quick recap of the fourth topic:
•
•
•
The words plus and moins are used to denote comparisons just like how we
use 'more' and 'less' in English.
To change an adjective into its superlative form, le/la/les plus or le/la/les
moins are used, and these are dependent on the gender and quantity of the
subject being described.
Irregular comparatives and superlatives do not follow these rules.
M
E
A
N
I
N
G
7. 5. WHAT ARE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES?
Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out something.
These are the words: this, that, these, and those. (e.g., this
pen, that tumbler, these paintings, and those flowers.)
A quick recap of the fifth topic:
• The adjective ce covers the entirety of the demonstrative
adjectives in French. But as with any other french adjectives, it
changes its form to agree with the noun.
• Additional suffixes such as -ci and -là are used to indicate the
distance of the object to the speaker.
D
E
M
O
N
S
T
R
A
T
I
V
E
8. 6. WHAT ARE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES?
Tips for possessive adjectives:
• Possessive adjectives always come BEFORE the noun.
• Possessive adjectives “agree” not with the owner of the item
being used in the sentence, but with the item itself.
• The word 'your' is ton/ta/tes in French.
• In French, possessive adjectives are not used to point out
body parts. Le, la l' or les are being used instead.
A quick recap of the sixth topic:
• A table is provided to map out the possessive adjectives in
French. These vary depending on gender and quantity (if
plural or singular)
• Possessive adjectives are placed BEFORE the noun.
P
Y
O
S
VA
S
RI
E
AT
S
IO
S
NS
I
V
E
9. 7. WHAT ARE INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES?
These are used to talk about the subject in a general way,
not saying who or what exactly it is.
Examples of indefinite adjectives in English are:
several, many, all, most, every, some, a few, and so on.
Please take note of the following:
• Indefinite adjectives are placed BEFORE the noun.
• These words are also often used as stand-alone
pronouns to replace the adjective and noun.
I
N
D
E
F
I
N
I
T
E
10. 8. QUICK EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES
Let us practice saying a few French adjectives first. The meanings
are also included, and this list should help widen your French vocabulary.
Ready?
Adjective
riche
pauvre
facile
difficile
intéressant
premier, premiere (f.)
secret, secrète (f.)
Meaning
rich
poor
easy
difficult
interesting
first
secret
Pronunciation
reesh
pohvr
fah-seel
dee-fee-seel
ang-tay-ress-ahng
prerm-yay; prerm-yairr
serkray; serkret
Note:
• the ones marked with (f.) refer to the feminine form of the adjective.
• The italicized letters in the pronunciation guide are meant to be
pronounced with a nasal sound.
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
S
11. About Talk in French
• Visit our website to get some free French
Lessons
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• And get a free study guide to learn french
13. Talk in French on Facebook
• Visit our Facebook: 1 word and 1 French
Expression per day and so much more