This document provides information on the spine gourd plant. It discusses the botanical name, family, uses, distribution, description, propagation methods, varieties, cultivation practices, flowering, and harvesting of spine gourd. Key details include that it is a perennial vine native to India with medicinal properties in its fruits and roots. Common propagation methods are through seeds, tubers, and stem cuttings. Varieties mentioned are Indira Kankad 1 and Arka Neelachal Sree.
Dolichos lablab, commonly known as Indian bean or lablab bean, is an important pulse crop grown for its pods, dry seeds, and as a green manure crop. It is a warm season crop native to India that can grow in a variety of soils. There are two main types - a bush variety grown for its pods and seeds, and a climbing variety used as a forage crop. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing, irrigation, nutrition and plant protection, and harvesting of this nutritious legume crop.
This document provides information about bitter gourd and bottle gourd. It discusses the botany, origin, domestication, breeding, and improved varieties of bitter gourd. It describes that bitter gourd is widely cultivated in many countries for its nutrient-rich immature fruits. The document also summarizes key details about the botany and origin of bottle gourd from Africa and Asia. It mentions that bottle gourd is a monoecious vine grown for its tender fruits and used to make sweets.
This document provides information on okra seed production. It discusses:
1) Okra's botanical classification, cultivation areas, and production statistics in India.
2) Requirements for land preparation and isolation distances for seed production fields.
3) Cultural practices for seed production like sowing time, spacing, manuring, irrigation, and pest management.
4) Steps involved in the seed production process like rouging, harvesting, threshing, processing and yield.
5) Pests and diseases that affect okra.
6) Details on hybrid seed production including emasculation, pollination and crossing ratios.
7) Information on popular okra hybrids and varieties.
Bengalgram, also known as chickpea or gram, is the third largest produced food legume globally. It is largely grown in Asia, accounting for 77% of the total global area and production. India is the largest producer, with Madhya Pradesh accounting for the highest area, production, and productivity. Bengalgram is sensitive to excess moisture and frost and has an optimal temperature range of 24-30°C. Flowering is induced by long photoperiods and warm temperatures. Yield is most correlated with number of pods per plant. Key agronomic constraints include improper sowing time, low seed rate, insufficient irrigation, and weed infestation.
1. Jamun is a tropical tree native to India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Burma and Sri Lanka that is commonly grown for its medicinal properties and fruit.
2. Extensive collections of Jamun germplasm have been made across India and characterized, with several elite selections identified based on traits like fruit size, shape, and quality.
3. While no standard cultivars exist, propagation is commonly done through seeds which have high recalcitrance, as well as grafting and micropropagation techniques. Breeding programs aim to develop early maturing varieties with improved yield and fruit quality.
The document summarizes information about the spine gourd (Momordica dioica) plant. It discusses the origin, nutritional value, medicinal uses, varieties, cultivation practices, propagation methods, harvesting, and yield of spine gourd. It also describes some related Momordica species and includes references to research articles on genetic diversity analysis and in vitro propagation of spine gourd.
This document provides a presentation on okra summarizing its botanical details, production, varieties, cultivation practices and pests. It begins with the botanical name Abelmoschus esculents and family Malvaceae, noting it is commonly known as ladies finger. Varieties discussed include Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Parbhani Kranti and Pusa Sawani. The document outlines soil and climate preferences, and cultivation steps of seed treatment, spacing, irrigation, manures and pest management. Major pests include shoot and fruit borer, yellow vein mosaic virus, and leaf hopper.
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It begins with the botanical description of mulberry, including that it is a fast growing deciduous tree that can be propagated through cuttings. It then discusses optimal soil and climate conditions for mulberry growth, as well as different planting systems and varieties suitable for different conditions. The document also outlines best practices for irrigation, fertilization, pruning and harvesting mulberry leaves.
Dolichos lablab, commonly known as Indian bean or lablab bean, is an important pulse crop grown for its pods, dry seeds, and as a green manure crop. It is a warm season crop native to India that can grow in a variety of soils. There are two main types - a bush variety grown for its pods and seeds, and a climbing variety used as a forage crop. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing, irrigation, nutrition and plant protection, and harvesting of this nutritious legume crop.
This document provides information about bitter gourd and bottle gourd. It discusses the botany, origin, domestication, breeding, and improved varieties of bitter gourd. It describes that bitter gourd is widely cultivated in many countries for its nutrient-rich immature fruits. The document also summarizes key details about the botany and origin of bottle gourd from Africa and Asia. It mentions that bottle gourd is a monoecious vine grown for its tender fruits and used to make sweets.
This document provides information on okra seed production. It discusses:
1) Okra's botanical classification, cultivation areas, and production statistics in India.
2) Requirements for land preparation and isolation distances for seed production fields.
3) Cultural practices for seed production like sowing time, spacing, manuring, irrigation, and pest management.
4) Steps involved in the seed production process like rouging, harvesting, threshing, processing and yield.
5) Pests and diseases that affect okra.
6) Details on hybrid seed production including emasculation, pollination and crossing ratios.
7) Information on popular okra hybrids and varieties.
Bengalgram, also known as chickpea or gram, is the third largest produced food legume globally. It is largely grown in Asia, accounting for 77% of the total global area and production. India is the largest producer, with Madhya Pradesh accounting for the highest area, production, and productivity. Bengalgram is sensitive to excess moisture and frost and has an optimal temperature range of 24-30°C. Flowering is induced by long photoperiods and warm temperatures. Yield is most correlated with number of pods per plant. Key agronomic constraints include improper sowing time, low seed rate, insufficient irrigation, and weed infestation.
1. Jamun is a tropical tree native to India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Burma and Sri Lanka that is commonly grown for its medicinal properties and fruit.
2. Extensive collections of Jamun germplasm have been made across India and characterized, with several elite selections identified based on traits like fruit size, shape, and quality.
3. While no standard cultivars exist, propagation is commonly done through seeds which have high recalcitrance, as well as grafting and micropropagation techniques. Breeding programs aim to develop early maturing varieties with improved yield and fruit quality.
The document summarizes information about the spine gourd (Momordica dioica) plant. It discusses the origin, nutritional value, medicinal uses, varieties, cultivation practices, propagation methods, harvesting, and yield of spine gourd. It also describes some related Momordica species and includes references to research articles on genetic diversity analysis and in vitro propagation of spine gourd.
This document provides a presentation on okra summarizing its botanical details, production, varieties, cultivation practices and pests. It begins with the botanical name Abelmoschus esculents and family Malvaceae, noting it is commonly known as ladies finger. Varieties discussed include Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Parbhani Kranti and Pusa Sawani. The document outlines soil and climate preferences, and cultivation steps of seed treatment, spacing, irrigation, manures and pest management. Major pests include shoot and fruit borer, yellow vein mosaic virus, and leaf hopper.
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It begins with the botanical description of mulberry, including that it is a fast growing deciduous tree that can be propagated through cuttings. It then discusses optimal soil and climate conditions for mulberry growth, as well as different planting systems and varieties suitable for different conditions. The document also outlines best practices for irrigation, fertilization, pruning and harvesting mulberry leaves.
The document discusses the production of Brassica juncea var. rugosa (rayo saag). It covers the botany and cultivars of rayo saag, as well as climatic and soil requirements. Seed production methods are outlined, including sowing, transplanting, spacing, fertilization, irrigation, selection and rouging. Post-harvest procedures like harvesting, threshing, drying and storage are also summarized. Common insects and diseases that affect rayo saag are briefly mentioned.
This document provides information on heterosis breeding in okra and chilli. It discusses the objectives, genetic resources, breeding methods, and achievements for both crops.
For okra, the objectives are to develop hybrids with high yield, pods without hairs, early maturity, pest/disease resistance, dwarf plants, and stress tolerance. Key genetic resources and hybrids developed include A. manihot, Arka Abhay, and Kashi Pragati. Hybrids are made through hand emasculation and pollination.
For chilli, objectives are high yield/quality, export suitability, pest/disease resistance, and male sterility. Important genetic resources include various Capsicum species.
This document provides information about the cultivation of Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). It describes the botanical features of the plant, including its leaves, flowers, and fruits. It discusses the active components vinblastine and vincristine which are used to treat cancers. The document outlines the cultivation process including suitable climates and soils, planting methods, and pest and disease management. Harvesting involves collecting the leaves every 3 months and roots after one year. The yield is estimated to be 1500-2000 kg/ha of leaves and 600-700 kg/ha of roots, providing a net benefit of approximately 20,000 Rs/ha.
Spine gourd, popularly known as kankad and kartoli.
Its vines are annual. The crop planted, once will give yield at least three to four years or so.
The tubers are left in situ and they over winter.
Spine gourd is underutilized vegetables of high nutritional, medicinal and economic value.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
1. Mature leaves of the sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) can be used for transient gene expression through agroinfiltration. The leaves easily absorbed Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a GUS reporter gene and quickly diffused it through the leaf tissue.
2. Compared to other cucurbit leaves, Luffa cylindrica leaves have large air spaces in the mesophyll that allow for better absorption and diffusion. Stomata structure is similar across cucurbit leaves but Luffa has larger sub-stomatal air spaces.
3. Following agroinfiltration, GUS expression was detected in Luffa leaf extracts and ph
Okra & cucumber hybrid seed production 01.03.2018Abhishek Malpani
1. Okra is an important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions for its green pods. It is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and protein.
2. The document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in okra, including the use of genetic male sterility lines. It also addresses pollination methods, climatic needs, and productivity of popular okra hybrids in India.
3. Key advantages of hybrids include higher productivity, earliness, uniformity, and quality compared to open-pollinated varieties. However, hybrid seed production requires intensive labor for emasculation and hand-pollination.
Cluster bean (guar) is a drought resistant legume crop grown for its green pods, dry seeds, and gum. It is native to India and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. The plant is cultivated for its green pods, dry seeds, as a forage crop, and for guar gum extraction. Varieties include Pusa Mausami, Pusa Sadabahar, and Pusa Navbhar.
Indian bean, also known as hyacinth bean, is an important legume vegetable grown in India. It is rich in proteins, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. The document discusses the production technology of Indian bean, including details about its climate requirements, common varieties, cultivation practices, and pest and disease management. Key highlights include that it is grown during the summer seasons, prefers sandy loam soil, and common varieties include Arka Amogh, Arka Soumya, and JDL varieties.
This document discusses hybridization techniques for fruits and flowers. It provides details on the meaning and objectives of hybridization. It then describes techniques specifically for mango, guava, and rose hybridization. For mangoes, it discusses the challenges of hybridization including high fruit drop and long generation times. It also explains breeding methods like selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding. For guavas, it discusses selection and hybridization results. For roses, it lists breeding objectives like continuous blooming and disease resistance. The document concludes with details on hybridization techniques for flowers generally.
This document provides an overview of mangoes, including:
- Mangoes originated in Southeast Asia and the edible varieties belong to the species Mangifera indica.
- India is the largest producer of mangoes in the world, accounting for 42.2% of global production.
- Mangoes grow best in well-draining soil with a pH of 5.5-7 and temperatures between 24-27°C. Popular planting systems include square and triangular spacing.
- There are many mango varieties classified by ripening time as early, mid-season, or late season. Common varieties include Alphonso, Dashehari, Langra, and Chausa.
The document discusses several leafy vegetable crops grown in India, including amaranth, spinach beet, spinach, New Zealand spinach, and Malabar spinach. It provides details on the botanical classification and origin of each crop. For amaranth and spinach beet, it describes breeding objectives such as disease resistance and yield improvement. It also lists improved varieties that have been developed for some of the crops.
This document provides information on various leafy vegetable crops grown in India, including their botanical classification and origins. It discusses amaranth, spinach beet, spinach, New Zealand spinach, poi/Basella, and fenugreek. For each crop, it outlines key details such as the genus and species, origin, cytology/chromosome number, breeding systems and objectives. It also provides information on improved varieties that have been developed for many of these crops. The document emphasizes the importance of these leafy vegetables in Indian agriculture and cuisine.
This document provides information about chickpea (Cicer arietinum) including its taxonomy, origin, morphology, and breeding objectives. Taxonomically, chickpea belongs to the genus Cicer in the legume family Fabaceae. It originated in the Middle East and has since spread worldwide. The plant has hairy stems, leaves, and flowers. It produces small pods containing 1-3 seeds that can be desi or kabuli types. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, and tolerance to stresses like cold, salinity, and alkalinity. Wild Cicer species are an important genetic resource for broadening the domesticated chickpea
1. Aonla is a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia, with the botanical name Emblica officinalis. It is rich in vitamin C and is widely cultivated in parts of India.
2. There is significant variability in aonla for traits like fruit size and yield. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yield, frost resistance, and color variation for new markets.
3. Breeding methods that can be used include selection, hybridization, induced polyploidy, mutation breeding, and new biotechnologies. While selection has had some successes, hybridization is challenging due to the long generation time and self-incompatibility of aonla.
This document provides information about drumstick (Moringa oleifera), including its botany, uses, cultivation practices, varieties, pests and diseases, and nutritional benefits. It notes that drumstick is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to South Asia. All parts of the plant are used, including the leaves, pods, flowers, seeds, roots, and bark. The document outlines drumstick's cultivation requirements and production practices, and identifies several pests and diseases that affect the crop. It concludes by discussing drumstick's high nutritional value but also notes some cautions about consuming certain parts of the plant.
The document discusses the Costus plant, including its medicinal uses, active constituents, cultivation, and pests/diseases. Costus speciosus rhizomes contain the steroidal sapogenin diosgenin and have potential as an alternative source for commercial production of steroidal hormones. The plant grows well in subtropical climates with rainfall between 1000-1500 mm and is cultivated by planting rhizome cuttings with at least two buds, applying fertilizers, and providing irrigation. Major diseases include rhizome rot caused by fungi like Phytophthora solani and Pythium spinosum.
The document summarizes the cultivation practices of pointed gourd. It is a perennial vine grown for its immature fruits and young leaves which are used as vegetables. It prefers warm, humid conditions and well-drained soil. Cuttings are propagated and planted during Bhadra-Kartik with a spacing of 2m x 1m. Manure and fertilizers are applied at the time of planting and again at flowering. Pests include beetles and fruit flies while diseases include scorching, rot and mildew. With proper care it yields 300-400kg in the first year and 600-800kg in subsequent years.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an annual or biennial herb in the mustard family. It has a taproot that varies in size, shape, and color depending on cultivar. The edible portion is the swollen, fleshy taproot. Radishes can be globular, tapering, or cylindrical. Varieties are classified as Asiatic/tropical types or European/temperate types based on growth characteristics and seed production requirements. Popular Asian varieties include Pusa Chetki and Pusa Desi while European varieties like French Breakfast and Scarlet Globe are quicker maturing with smaller roots. Radishes are cross-pollinated and seed production methods vary between tropical and temperate
This document provides information on the pointed gourd plant. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, management practices including fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease control. It notes that pointed gourd is high in nutrients and widely cultivated in parts of India. Varieties released include Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, and Kashi Alankar.
The document discusses the production of Brassica juncea var. rugosa (rayo saag). It covers the botany and cultivars of rayo saag, as well as climatic and soil requirements. Seed production methods are outlined, including sowing, transplanting, spacing, fertilization, irrigation, selection and rouging. Post-harvest procedures like harvesting, threshing, drying and storage are also summarized. Common insects and diseases that affect rayo saag are briefly mentioned.
This document provides information on heterosis breeding in okra and chilli. It discusses the objectives, genetic resources, breeding methods, and achievements for both crops.
For okra, the objectives are to develop hybrids with high yield, pods without hairs, early maturity, pest/disease resistance, dwarf plants, and stress tolerance. Key genetic resources and hybrids developed include A. manihot, Arka Abhay, and Kashi Pragati. Hybrids are made through hand emasculation and pollination.
For chilli, objectives are high yield/quality, export suitability, pest/disease resistance, and male sterility. Important genetic resources include various Capsicum species.
This document provides information about the cultivation of Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). It describes the botanical features of the plant, including its leaves, flowers, and fruits. It discusses the active components vinblastine and vincristine which are used to treat cancers. The document outlines the cultivation process including suitable climates and soils, planting methods, and pest and disease management. Harvesting involves collecting the leaves every 3 months and roots after one year. The yield is estimated to be 1500-2000 kg/ha of leaves and 600-700 kg/ha of roots, providing a net benefit of approximately 20,000 Rs/ha.
Spine gourd, popularly known as kankad and kartoli.
Its vines are annual. The crop planted, once will give yield at least three to four years or so.
The tubers are left in situ and they over winter.
Spine gourd is underutilized vegetables of high nutritional, medicinal and economic value.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
1. Mature leaves of the sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) can be used for transient gene expression through agroinfiltration. The leaves easily absorbed Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a GUS reporter gene and quickly diffused it through the leaf tissue.
2. Compared to other cucurbit leaves, Luffa cylindrica leaves have large air spaces in the mesophyll that allow for better absorption and diffusion. Stomata structure is similar across cucurbit leaves but Luffa has larger sub-stomatal air spaces.
3. Following agroinfiltration, GUS expression was detected in Luffa leaf extracts and ph
Okra & cucumber hybrid seed production 01.03.2018Abhishek Malpani
1. Okra is an important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions for its green pods. It is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and protein.
2. The document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in okra, including the use of genetic male sterility lines. It also addresses pollination methods, climatic needs, and productivity of popular okra hybrids in India.
3. Key advantages of hybrids include higher productivity, earliness, uniformity, and quality compared to open-pollinated varieties. However, hybrid seed production requires intensive labor for emasculation and hand-pollination.
Cluster bean (guar) is a drought resistant legume crop grown for its green pods, dry seeds, and gum. It is native to India and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. The plant is cultivated for its green pods, dry seeds, as a forage crop, and for guar gum extraction. Varieties include Pusa Mausami, Pusa Sadabahar, and Pusa Navbhar.
Indian bean, also known as hyacinth bean, is an important legume vegetable grown in India. It is rich in proteins, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. The document discusses the production technology of Indian bean, including details about its climate requirements, common varieties, cultivation practices, and pest and disease management. Key highlights include that it is grown during the summer seasons, prefers sandy loam soil, and common varieties include Arka Amogh, Arka Soumya, and JDL varieties.
This document discusses hybridization techniques for fruits and flowers. It provides details on the meaning and objectives of hybridization. It then describes techniques specifically for mango, guava, and rose hybridization. For mangoes, it discusses the challenges of hybridization including high fruit drop and long generation times. It also explains breeding methods like selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding. For guavas, it discusses selection and hybridization results. For roses, it lists breeding objectives like continuous blooming and disease resistance. The document concludes with details on hybridization techniques for flowers generally.
This document provides an overview of mangoes, including:
- Mangoes originated in Southeast Asia and the edible varieties belong to the species Mangifera indica.
- India is the largest producer of mangoes in the world, accounting for 42.2% of global production.
- Mangoes grow best in well-draining soil with a pH of 5.5-7 and temperatures between 24-27°C. Popular planting systems include square and triangular spacing.
- There are many mango varieties classified by ripening time as early, mid-season, or late season. Common varieties include Alphonso, Dashehari, Langra, and Chausa.
The document discusses several leafy vegetable crops grown in India, including amaranth, spinach beet, spinach, New Zealand spinach, and Malabar spinach. It provides details on the botanical classification and origin of each crop. For amaranth and spinach beet, it describes breeding objectives such as disease resistance and yield improvement. It also lists improved varieties that have been developed for some of the crops.
This document provides information on various leafy vegetable crops grown in India, including their botanical classification and origins. It discusses amaranth, spinach beet, spinach, New Zealand spinach, poi/Basella, and fenugreek. For each crop, it outlines key details such as the genus and species, origin, cytology/chromosome number, breeding systems and objectives. It also provides information on improved varieties that have been developed for many of these crops. The document emphasizes the importance of these leafy vegetables in Indian agriculture and cuisine.
This document provides information about chickpea (Cicer arietinum) including its taxonomy, origin, morphology, and breeding objectives. Taxonomically, chickpea belongs to the genus Cicer in the legume family Fabaceae. It originated in the Middle East and has since spread worldwide. The plant has hairy stems, leaves, and flowers. It produces small pods containing 1-3 seeds that can be desi or kabuli types. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, and tolerance to stresses like cold, salinity, and alkalinity. Wild Cicer species are an important genetic resource for broadening the domesticated chickpea
1. Aonla is a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia, with the botanical name Emblica officinalis. It is rich in vitamin C and is widely cultivated in parts of India.
2. There is significant variability in aonla for traits like fruit size and yield. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yield, frost resistance, and color variation for new markets.
3. Breeding methods that can be used include selection, hybridization, induced polyploidy, mutation breeding, and new biotechnologies. While selection has had some successes, hybridization is challenging due to the long generation time and self-incompatibility of aonla.
This document provides information about drumstick (Moringa oleifera), including its botany, uses, cultivation practices, varieties, pests and diseases, and nutritional benefits. It notes that drumstick is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to South Asia. All parts of the plant are used, including the leaves, pods, flowers, seeds, roots, and bark. The document outlines drumstick's cultivation requirements and production practices, and identifies several pests and diseases that affect the crop. It concludes by discussing drumstick's high nutritional value but also notes some cautions about consuming certain parts of the plant.
The document discusses the Costus plant, including its medicinal uses, active constituents, cultivation, and pests/diseases. Costus speciosus rhizomes contain the steroidal sapogenin diosgenin and have potential as an alternative source for commercial production of steroidal hormones. The plant grows well in subtropical climates with rainfall between 1000-1500 mm and is cultivated by planting rhizome cuttings with at least two buds, applying fertilizers, and providing irrigation. Major diseases include rhizome rot caused by fungi like Phytophthora solani and Pythium spinosum.
The document summarizes the cultivation practices of pointed gourd. It is a perennial vine grown for its immature fruits and young leaves which are used as vegetables. It prefers warm, humid conditions and well-drained soil. Cuttings are propagated and planted during Bhadra-Kartik with a spacing of 2m x 1m. Manure and fertilizers are applied at the time of planting and again at flowering. Pests include beetles and fruit flies while diseases include scorching, rot and mildew. With proper care it yields 300-400kg in the first year and 600-800kg in subsequent years.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an annual or biennial herb in the mustard family. It has a taproot that varies in size, shape, and color depending on cultivar. The edible portion is the swollen, fleshy taproot. Radishes can be globular, tapering, or cylindrical. Varieties are classified as Asiatic/tropical types or European/temperate types based on growth characteristics and seed production requirements. Popular Asian varieties include Pusa Chetki and Pusa Desi while European varieties like French Breakfast and Scarlet Globe are quicker maturing with smaller roots. Radishes are cross-pollinated and seed production methods vary between tropical and temperate
This document provides information on the pointed gourd plant. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, management practices including fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease control. It notes that pointed gourd is high in nutrients and widely cultivated in parts of India. Varieties released include Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, and Kashi Alankar.
This document provides information on the turnip plant. It discusses:
1. The botanical name of turnip is Brassica rapa Linn. It is a member of the Cruciferae family.
2. Turnip is a quick growing root vegetable cultivated for its roots and leaves. Major growing regions include Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana in India.
3. Common varieties include Purple Top White Globe, Pusa Kanchan, and Pusa Swarnima. Seed production involves selecting roots and replanting them to produce seed.
Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) is a climbing vine native to India. Its immature fruits and young shoots and leaves are used as vegetables. The ripe fruits contain lycopene and beta-carotene. Ivy gourd is propagated through stem cuttings and provides yields of 100-150 quintals per hectare. Major pests include pumpkin beetle and fruit flies, while diseases include anthracnose, powdery mildew, and fruit rot. Several high yielding varieties have been developed for commercial production.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a biennial plant grown as an annual root crop worldwide. It originated from Europe and Southwestern Asia. The edible taproot is rich in nutrients like carotenes, sugars, and minerals. China is the largest producer while Afghanistan is the center of diversity for purple carrots. There are many varieties classified based on root shape, color, and temperature response. Popular varieties include Pusa Kesar, Pusa Meghali, Nantes, Chantenay, and Pusa Yamadagni.
This document provides information on the sweet gourd plant. It is a perennial vine native to Asia and Africa. The sweet gourd has high nutritional value with protein, vitamin C, and edible flesh. It can be propagated through seeds, tubers, or stem cuttings. The sweet gourd grows best in warm, humid climates with adequate drainage. Pests and diseases that affect the sweet gourd include anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, epilachna beetle, and fruit fly. Genetic resources are being collected and evaluated to improve yield and other traits of this underutilized crop.
1. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a herbaceous biennial plant cultivated for its thick fleshy edible red roots. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has 2n=18 chromosomes.
2. The roots vary in shape, size, and color depending on variety but store large amounts of food. The leaves are dark green and develop in a close spiral pattern.
3. Beetroot is wind or insect pollinated and produces small, inconspicuous flowers in spikes. The fruits are dry seed balls containing 1-3 seeds each that can remain viable for 5-6 years.
This document provides information on the oriental pickling melon, including its botanical classification, origin in Asia, appearance, varieties developed in Kerala, India, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It is an annual vine grown for its pale green fruits which are crisp, mildly sweet and sour, and used for pickling or cooking. Major varieties include Mudicode, Arunima and Saubhagya, which differ in growth habit and fruit characteristics.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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3. Introduction
Common name: Bristly Balsam Pear, Prickly
Carolaho, Teasle gourd, Kantola
Botanical name: Momordica dioica
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome no: 2n=28
Spine gourd is a perennial, dioecious cucurbit
found growing wild in forest areas.
It is often cultivated for its fruits which are used
as a vegetable.
Fruits of spine gourd are available from July to
Sept.-Oct. in North India
4. Uses
Fruits and other plant parts posses several
medicinal properties.
Roots are applied in bleeding piles, bowels and
urinary complaints.
The root is pasted and applied over the body of a
sedative in fevers.
5. Origin and distribution
Spine gourd is probably native of India, Plants are
distributed from Himalayas to Sri Lanka; up to an
altitude of 1500 m.
Plants of spine gourd are found naturally growing in
hilly tracts of Rajmahal, Hazaribagh and Rajgir of
Jharkhand and in wet hills of Maharashtra, Assam and
W. Bengal (Rathi et al.,2002).
6. Botanical description
Spine gourd belongs to the genus Momordica and species
dioica Roxb. ex Willd.
Its chromosome number (2n) is 28.
It is a dioecious climber, stem glabrous, leaves broadly
ovate, entire, deeply 3-5 lobed; flowers solitary, yellow, fruits
ovoid or ellipsoidal, 2.5-6.3 cm long, shortly beaked, densely
echinate with soft spines; seeds slightly compressed, 6.0-7.0
mm long, irregularly corrugated.
8. Soil and climate
Spine gourd is a plant of warm season
For prolific growth of vine, high humidity and 25-30°C temperature are required.
It can successfully be raised in area where average rainfall is 150-250 cm.
Plants of spine gourd remain in dormant conditions during winter months.
Being a hardy crop, it can be grown in different kinds of soil; however, sandy soil
rich in organic matter with provision of good drainage are considered ideal.
Soil pH should be in range of between 6 and 7.
Before planting, field should be deeply ploughed 3-4 times and thereafter
harrowing is done to remove the pieces of perennial weeds.
9. Propagation
Spine gourd is propagated by seed as well as by vegetative means.
Seed propagation
Seeds of spine gourd rest in dormant conditions, hence, freshly extracted seeds
should not be sown for 5-6 months.
Seed dipping in tap water for 24 h before sowing stimulates germination process.
Ali et al. (1991) observed enhanced germination of spine gourd seeds at 30°C but
not at 20 or 25°C, when the seed coat was removed.
There was no effect of gibberellic acid on germination of the intact seeds.
The major problem of seed propagation is 1:1 ratio of male and female plants and
delay in fruiting.
10. By tubers
Tuberous roots do not have dormancy and plants raised through tubers are healthy.
Tubers are obtained from 2- 3 years old plant and 80-120 g pieces are made for
planting.
Every planting piece of tubes must have at least 2 buds for sprouting.
Panda et al. (1994) obtained enhanced sprouting of tuberous root cuttings (87.5%)
following dipping in 1 percent thiourea whereas untreated tubers had only 18.3 per
cent sprouting.
Planting may be done in month of early Sept.-Oct. or Feb-March. Ram et al. (2002)
reported the best time for planting tubers is February under irrigated conditions and
June-July in rainy season.
Tuberous roots are planted at spacing of 3 m intervals.
11. By stem cuttings
For raising plants through this method, cuttings are made from
terminal portions, however, Sahu et al. (1995) did not observe any
significant effects due to type of cutting (basal or terminal).
The number of nodes did not influence percentage rooting.
Tripathy et al. (1993) reported that terminal cutting produced more
nodes per plant and leaves, leaf area and inter nodal length than
basal cuttings.
Ahmad et al. (1992) obtained highest percentage of rooting (93) and
number of roots per cutting (17) by cut tings comprising one
auxiliary bud and a mature diploid leaf treated 5 s in 1500 ppm IBA
and planted in a mixture of soil: sand: compost (1:2:1).
12. Grafting
Spine gourd was grafted on rootstocks of Cucurbita moschata, C
trifolia or F1 hybrids of C. maxima x C. moschata.
Control of M. dioica was grown on their own roots.
Physiological measurements were made for mature leaves between
5th and 9th nodes under irradiances of 0, 50, 100, 200, 500, 700,
900, and 1200 and 1500 (natural solar irradiation) µ mol m-2, s-1 at
283°C and 45% RH.
The net photo synthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal
conductance and intercellular CO2, concentrations were similar for
grafted and control plants in response to irradiance.
In grafted plants, total DM production was 2-3 times higher than in
control at both vegetative and flowering stage of growth.
The root stocks had marked influence on scion (Mian et al., 1992).
13.
14. Varieties
Indira Kankad 1
Spine gourd genotype RMF 37 identified as variety
“Indira Kakoda 1” by Central Variety Release
committee (CVRC) for 5 states i.e. Chhattisgarh,
Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Maharashtra.
It is resistant to all major pests, green fruit are
attractive dark, green and contain 12-14 % protein.
Its fruits are dark green colored. It yields 0.8-1.0
q/ha during 1st year, 1.0-1.5 q/ha in 2nd year and
1.5–2.0 t/ha in third year after planting.
15. Arka Neelachal Sree
Developed through clonal selection at CHES,
Bhubaneswar.
High yield (4–5 kg/ plant) and high market preference.
Its vines are thin and spreading which grows well on 3-
line wire-trellis system
Moderately resistant to anthracnose and downy mildew in
fields, and moderately susceptible to angular leaf blight
and pumpkin caterpillar
16. Manures and fertilizers
Recommendations based on experimental basis of nutrient
requirements of spine gourd are not available.
In general, 200-250 quintals per hectare FYM are mixed in soil at
the time of field preparation.
During the March April, 20-30 g urea per plant is applied and the
same amount is repeated at the time of fruit formation.
Tripathy et al. (1993) recommended 30 kg per hectare each of N, P
and K for higher yield and fruit size.
K rates had no effect on fruit ascorbic acid content but this was
highest when P was applied @ 40 kg P205 per hectare.
17. Intercultural operations
Just after planting, a light irrigation is required for proper establishment of
cuttings.
During summer months, frequent watering is desired.
In rainy season, care should be taken for proper drainage as plant is quite
sensitive to waterlogged conditions.
During early stage of vine growth, 2-3 hand weeding may be followed to
reduce the infesting weed population.
Crop of spine gourds does well on bushes or hedges.
For staking of the vines, bower may be made at height of 4-5 feet above the
ground.
Training must be started just after 30 cm of vine length from the ground level.
18. Anthesis
In spine gourd both staminate and pistillate flowers borne solitary and have light
yellow color.
Pistillate and staminate buds took 9 and 11 days, respectively to reach anthesis.
Anthesis in both types of flowers commenced at 19.00 h and completed by 20.00
h with a peak at 19.40 h.
Dehiscence began at 18.00 and continued up to 19.00 h with a peak at 18.40 h.
Pollen viability was 97.88 per cent initially and then decreased with increasing
room temperature and RH.
Stigma was receptive from 12 h before and 18 h after anthesis with peak at a time
of anthesis (Shikhalia et al., 1990).
Islam and Khan (1998) also observed decreased pollen grain viability with
increasing duration of storage.
19. PGR for sex expression
Foliar spray with 400 ppm AgNO3, at the pre-flowering stage
induced 70 -90 per cent hermaphrodite flowers on strictly
gynoecious vines, whereas androecious vines were insensitive to
AgNO3, treatments. (Rajput et al., 1994).
Hossain et al. (1996) also reported that application of 200-800
mg/litre AgNO3, to the female spine gourd was effective in inducing
hermaphrodite flowers.
Pollen grain viability of the hermaphrodite flowers was as high as
that of normal male flowers.
20. Parthenocarpy
A high parthenocarpic fruit set (70%) was observed in an inter-
specific hybrid between M. dioica and M. cochinchinensis when the
F1 was pollinated with pollen from M. cochinchinensis. –Bharathi
et al. (2012)Induction of parthenocarpy in M. dioica with pollen of
related taxa (M. charantia and Lagenaria leucantha) and mixture of
the pollens from these two species. - Singh (1978)
The parthenocarpic fruit setting was higher with the stimulus of
extraneous pollen (66% against 36%), compared to natural
pollination Parthenocarpy
21. Harvesting
In spine gourd fruits take 25-27 days to reach maturity.
Marketable fruits are obtained 12 days after fruit set.
Green fruits at proper stage of maturity should be harvested.
Delay in harvesting causes yellowing of fruits.
Colour of the pedicel, pericarp and spine remain green until 12-13
days after flowering and thereafter the colour changes.
Mili et al. (2006) suggested that pedicel colour, spine colour, specific
gravity, respiration rate, chlorophyll content and dry weight may be
considered as the suitable maturity indices of spine gourd.
Harvesting is done at frequent interval. A good crop of spine gourd
yields 75-100 quintals fruit per hectare
22.
23. Genetic resources
Being a minor crop, very less attention have been paid toward its collection,
documentation and utilization in improvement programme.
Ram et al. (2002) reported that eight collections of spine gourd were evaluated
at the IIVR, Varanasi.
Maharana et al. (1995a) collected 34 genotypes of spine gourd at
Bhubaneswar (Orissa) and generated information on variability and heritability
in respect of internodal length, petiole length, leaf area, fruit weight, total
number of fruits per plant and yield per plant.
Mishra and Sahu (1983) reported that wild form of spine gourd which occurs
in Bihar, Maharashtra and Rajasthan is diploid with a chromosome number of
2n=28; the form that grows in Assam is tetraploid with 2n=56. Compared with
the diploid, the tetraploid has larger leaves, flowers and fruits and is more
vigorous and earlier. The flowers of the tetraploid open in the morning, those
of the diploid at night.