Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an annual or biennial herb in the mustard family. It has a taproot that varies in size, shape, and color depending on cultivar. The edible portion is the swollen, fleshy taproot. Radishes can be globular, tapering, or cylindrical. Varieties are classified as Asiatic/tropical types or European/temperate types based on growth characteristics and seed production requirements. Popular Asian varieties include Pusa Chetki and Pusa Desi while European varieties like French Breakfast and Scarlet Globe are quicker maturing with smaller roots. Radishes are cross-pollinated and seed production methods vary between tropical and temperate
This document provides information on radish, including its botanical name, family, origin in Egypt, and chromosome number. It discusses radish taxonomy, cultivation, varieties, breeding objectives like early rooting and disease resistance. Key radish varieties are described like White Icicle, Scarlet Globe, and Japanese White. Breeding methods discussed include mass selection, pedigree breeding, hybrid breeding, and breeding for biotic stress resistance.
This document discusses advances in crop improvement of root and bulb crops such as carrot, radish, turnip, and onion. For carrot, it describes several new varieties developed in India including Pusa Vristi, Pusa Vasuda, Pusa Asita, and Pusa Meghali. For radish, new varieties discussed include Pusa Jamuni, Pusa Gulabi, and Pusa Mridula. For turnip, varieties mentioned are Pusa Chandrima, Pusa Swarnima, and Purple Top White Globe. Finally, for onion, varieties and hybrids from various public institutions across India are summarized, including Pusa Riddhi, Pusa Soumya, Arka Ujjwal
The document describes several varieties of garden pea, field pea, and french bean. For garden pea, it provides details on varieties such as Arkel, Meteor, Asauji, Bonneville, Sylvia, N.P. 29, Pusa Shree, Pusa Prabhat, Pusa Mukta, Pusa Panna, Arka Karthik, Arka Pramodh, Arka Ajit, Arka Priya, Arka Sampoorna, and more. It also provides information on field pea varieties and french bean varieties that are dwarf or bush types and climbing or pole types.
This document provides information on grapes (Vitis vinifera) including their botanical name, origin, uses, cultivation practices, varieties grown in India, and pest and disease management. Some key points:
- Grapes are one of the most nutritious and refreshing fruits, originating from the Mediterranean and Central Asia. They are rich in sugars and vitamins.
- In India, grapes are mainly used for table purposes (80%) with the remaining used for raisins (10%) and wine production (10%). The major grape growing regions are Nashik in Maharashtra and Sangli.
- Common grape varieties grown in India include Thompson Seedless, Anab-e-Shahi, and Cheema
production technology on leafy vegetables by MD. RAMAJNmohammad ramjan
This document provides information about the production of amaranth, spinach, and basella vegetable crops. It discusses the botanical details, climate and soil requirements, varieties, sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, and harvesting of these warm season crops. For amaranth, it highlights its use as a leafy green and grain crop. Several varieties are listed for both purposes. Spinach is described as an important cool season crop rich in nutrients, and ideal varieties for different regions of India are mentioned. Finally, basella is introduced as a summer vine crop with soft stems and leaves that can substitute for spinach, along with its cultivation practices.
Radish is a popular cool season vegetable grown for its edible root and leaves. It is easy to grow and provides high yields. There are two main types: Asian/tropical varieties that tolerate higher temperatures and European/temperate varieties best suited for cooler climates. Radishes have many health benefits and are a good source of vitamins and minerals. They are usually grown from September to March in northern regions and year-round in milder areas. Proper soil preparation, spacing, irrigation, and weed control are needed to produce high quality radish crops.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
This document provides information on radish, including its botanical name, family, origin in Egypt, and chromosome number. It discusses radish taxonomy, cultivation, varieties, breeding objectives like early rooting and disease resistance. Key radish varieties are described like White Icicle, Scarlet Globe, and Japanese White. Breeding methods discussed include mass selection, pedigree breeding, hybrid breeding, and breeding for biotic stress resistance.
This document discusses advances in crop improvement of root and bulb crops such as carrot, radish, turnip, and onion. For carrot, it describes several new varieties developed in India including Pusa Vristi, Pusa Vasuda, Pusa Asita, and Pusa Meghali. For radish, new varieties discussed include Pusa Jamuni, Pusa Gulabi, and Pusa Mridula. For turnip, varieties mentioned are Pusa Chandrima, Pusa Swarnima, and Purple Top White Globe. Finally, for onion, varieties and hybrids from various public institutions across India are summarized, including Pusa Riddhi, Pusa Soumya, Arka Ujjwal
The document describes several varieties of garden pea, field pea, and french bean. For garden pea, it provides details on varieties such as Arkel, Meteor, Asauji, Bonneville, Sylvia, N.P. 29, Pusa Shree, Pusa Prabhat, Pusa Mukta, Pusa Panna, Arka Karthik, Arka Pramodh, Arka Ajit, Arka Priya, Arka Sampoorna, and more. It also provides information on field pea varieties and french bean varieties that are dwarf or bush types and climbing or pole types.
This document provides information on grapes (Vitis vinifera) including their botanical name, origin, uses, cultivation practices, varieties grown in India, and pest and disease management. Some key points:
- Grapes are one of the most nutritious and refreshing fruits, originating from the Mediterranean and Central Asia. They are rich in sugars and vitamins.
- In India, grapes are mainly used for table purposes (80%) with the remaining used for raisins (10%) and wine production (10%). The major grape growing regions are Nashik in Maharashtra and Sangli.
- Common grape varieties grown in India include Thompson Seedless, Anab-e-Shahi, and Cheema
production technology on leafy vegetables by MD. RAMAJNmohammad ramjan
This document provides information about the production of amaranth, spinach, and basella vegetable crops. It discusses the botanical details, climate and soil requirements, varieties, sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, and harvesting of these warm season crops. For amaranth, it highlights its use as a leafy green and grain crop. Several varieties are listed for both purposes. Spinach is described as an important cool season crop rich in nutrients, and ideal varieties for different regions of India are mentioned. Finally, basella is introduced as a summer vine crop with soft stems and leaves that can substitute for spinach, along with its cultivation practices.
Radish is a popular cool season vegetable grown for its edible root and leaves. It is easy to grow and provides high yields. There are two main types: Asian/tropical varieties that tolerate higher temperatures and European/temperate varieties best suited for cooler climates. Radishes have many health benefits and are a good source of vitamins and minerals. They are usually grown from September to March in northern regions and year-round in milder areas. Proper soil preparation, spacing, irrigation, and weed control are needed to produce high quality radish crops.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWERAdhiyamaan Raj
This document provides information on various cabbage and cauliflower varieties grown in India. For cabbage, it discusses early, mid-season and late varieties and their characteristics like Golden Acre, Late Drum Head, Pusa Drum Head. For cauliflower, it outlines varieties categorized by season including early, mid-early and mid-late varieties like Early Kunwari, Pusa Deepali, Pusa Sharad and their key traits. It also shares details on hybrid varieties of both crops and their advantages.
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of India. Over the past decade, guava production has increased substantially. Common guava varieties grown in India include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49, and Lalit. Guava can be propagated through seed or vegetative methods like stooling, air layering, and grafting. Stooling involves taking shoots from the mother plant and rooting them to form new plants. Air layering is done by girdling branches and promoting root formation under moist soil or moss. Grafting techniques like approach grafting are also used to propagate new plants.
This document describes several legume crops including cowpea, lablab, horse gram, winged bean, lentil, and rice bean. It provides details on their origin, distribution, morphology, distinguishing features, uses, and economic importance. Key information includes that cowpea originated in Africa and is grown in India, lablab exists as garden and field types, horse gram is drought resistant and nutrient dense, winged bean has four winged pods, lentil is a bushy annual plant grown for its seeds, and rice bean is native to Southeast Asia and persists as landraces in some areas.
1. The document provides information on seed production techniques for cauliflower, including varietal selection, land preparation, spacing, fertilizer use, cultural practices, and pest and disease management.
2. Key steps in seed production include selecting healthy plants, removing curds to induce bolting, roguing to remove off-type plants, and disbudding and staking bolted plants to ensure proper seed development.
3. Major pests of cauliflower include cut worms and aphids, while common diseases are club root, leaf spot, leaf rot, black leg, and black rot. Proper cultural practices and following integrated pest management is important for effective seed production.
1. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a herbaceous biennial plant cultivated for its thick fleshy edible red roots. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has 2n=18 chromosomes.
2. The roots vary in shape, size, and color depending on variety but store large amounts of food. The leaves are dark green and develop in a close spiral pattern.
3. Beetroot is wind or insect pollinated and produces small, inconspicuous flowers in spikes. The fruits are dry seed balls containing 1-3 seeds each that can remain viable for 5-6 years.
This document provides information on the turnip plant. It discusses:
1. The botanical name of turnip is Brassica rapa Linn. It is a member of the Cruciferae family.
2. Turnip is a quick growing root vegetable cultivated for its roots and leaves. Major growing regions include Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana in India.
3. Common varieties include Purple Top White Globe, Pusa Kanchan, and Pusa Swarnima. Seed production involves selecting roots and replanting them to produce seed.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN FRENCH BEANAdhiyamaan Raj
This document describes several commercial varieties and hybrids of French bean and broad bean. It provides details on the botanical classification, origin, description and characteristics of varieties such as Giant Stringless, Contender, Pusa Parvati, Kentucky Wonder, Bayo, Blue Pod Medium, Brown Swedish, California Cream, Michigan Robust, Red Kidney, Premier, Bountiful, Jampa, Arka Komal, Pant Anupama, VL-Boni-1, Pusa Udit for French bean and broad bean respectively. It also summarizes a study on assessing genetic diversity among 57 French bean genotypes which found the first five principal components explained over 80% of variation, and identified clusters IV and VII as
Pomegranate breeding aims to develop varieties with desirable traits like small soft seeds, upright growth, thornlessness, disease resistance, and longer storage life. Breeding methods include selection from existing varieties, hybridization between varieties, and mutation breeding. Over 300 pomegranate genotypes are maintained as germplasm resources in India for breeding programs. Popular improved varieties from breeding programs include Ganesh, G-137, Bhagwa, and Mridula.
This document provides information on seed production of onions. It discusses the botanical details of onions and describes their origin and importance as a crop. It outlines the ideal climate and land requirements for seed production. Two main methods of seed production are described: seed-to-seed and bulbs-to-seed. Key steps like variety selection, planting, irrigation, rouging, and harvesting are summarized for each method. The document concludes by listing popular onion varieties grown in India.
Cultivation, Collection and T.S , Powder Character Wood (Quassia) Flower (Clo...GayatriPatra14
This document summarizes the key details of four plants - Quassia wood, clove flower, fennel fruit, and coriander fruit. It describes the biological source, morphological features, cultivation practices, chemical constituents, and uses of each plant. Quassia wood is obtained from the trunk of Picrosma excelsa and contains bitter compounds like quassin. Clove is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus and contains volatile oil (14-21%) and eugenol. Fennel fruit comes from Foeniculum vulgare and has an aromatic taste. Coriander fruit is cultivated throughout India and contains volatile oil (1%) including linalool.
Ridge gourd is a climbing vine grown for its edible fruit. It is commonly called Sirola in Gujarati, Dodka in Marathi, and Beerakaya in Telugu. It is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals that can aid in weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and improve digestion. Several commercial varieties of ridge gourd have been developed for cultivation in different parts of India, with yields ranging from 10 to 30 tons per hectare depending on the variety and growing conditions. Ridge gourd thrives in warm temperatures between 25-35°C and requires well-draining soil with ample sunlight for optimal growth.
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is a delicious juicy fruit of excellent quality. Botanically it
belongs to Sapindaceae family. Litchi fruit is famous for its attractive red colour, excellent
quality characteristics and pleasant flavor.
Soil and climate:
Litchi is a sub-tropical fruit and thrives best under moist sub-tropical climate. It usually
prefers low elevation and can be grown up to an altitude of 800 m. (m.s.l.). Deep, well drained
loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for the crop.
Litchi cannot tolerate frost during winter and dry heat in summer. The temperature should not
go beyond 40.5 0C in summer and below freezing point in winter. Prolonged rain may be harmful
especially at the time of flowering, when it interferes with pollination.
Cultivars:
A large number of varieties are grown in different parts of India. Bambia, Ellaichi,
Muzaffarpur, Seedless early, Seedless late, Shahi, Pottee, Rose scented, China, Purbi, and Kasab
are the suitable varieties for NE region.
Propagation:
Air layering is the most common method of propagation. Select healthy and vigorous one
year old twigs and remove 2 cm wide ring of bark just below a bud. IBA or Rooton may be
applied at cut portion for early and more rooting. The cut is surrounded by mud ball containing
moss (2 parts damp moss and 1 part of soil from the basin of old litchi tree) and wrapped with
polythene sheet. Both ends are tied with fine rope to make it air tight. When sufficient roots are
formed in about 2 months, the branch is cut below the soil or sphagnum moss and potted in a
nursery. July to October is the most appropriate time. About 6 months old air-layered plants
should be planted in permanent field in monsoon.
Planting:
Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cm in dimension are dug at the spacing of 8 – 10 m apart in square
system. Pits are filled with topsoil mixed with about 40 kg decomposed compost, 2 kg
neem/karanj cake, 1 kg bone meal/single super phosphate and 200-300 g muriate of potash.
Incorporation of about 2 baskets of soil from the root zone of old lychee trees encourages the
mycorrhiza growth. Planting is done during June to July. At the time of planting a hole the size
of ball of earth is made in the centre of the pit at the marked point where the plant is fixed and
the soil is pressed to remove air. Watering is done immediately after planting for proper
establishment. Subsequently the plant is regularly irrigated till it is properly established.
Training and pruning:
Training of the plant in the initial stage is essential to provide the required framework.
Unwanted branches should be pruned to provide definite shape and to promote growth of the
trunk and crown of the tree. Three to four branches 60-75 cm from ground opposite to each other
are allowed to form the proper frame of the tree. Further, crowded and crisscross branches are removed to facilitate better growth.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
the vegetables are grown more than two years. These are very rich in minerals and nutrient.THESE NOT GROWN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.some of the perrenial vegetable are drumstick,ivygourd,pointed gourd,artichoke,cassava,taro,chow chow
This document provides information about Amaranthus tricolor, a leafy vegetable commonly grown in India. It has the following key points:
1. Amaranthus tricolor is an annual herb that is widely cultivated for its tender leaves and stems. It is high yielding and nutrient dense, containing vitamins, minerals, and protein.
2. Several high-yielding varieties have been developed for different seasons, such as Co-1 and Co-2 for early harvest. Proper spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and weed control are needed to maximize yields.
3. The tender leaves and stems can be harvested repeatedly for about 3 months before the plant flowers. Total production costs are around 30,000 INR per
1. The document provides information about seed production techniques for cauliflower, including the selection of varieties, land requirements, cultural practices, pest and disease management.
2. It describes cauliflower botany, including its flowering nature and pollination, and lists important varieties such as Snowball, Pusa Synthetic and Giant Snowball.
3. Seed production methods like the seed-to-seed (in-situ) method are recommended, with steps like selection of healthy curds, sterilization, and providing nursing after curd removal.
Spine gourd, popularly known as kankad and kartoli.
Its vines are annual. The crop planted, once will give yield at least three to four years or so.
The tubers are left in situ and they over winter.
Spine gourd is underutilized vegetables of high nutritional, medicinal and economic value.
The document provides information on the Indian gooseberry or Aonla plant. Some key points:
- Aonla is a subtropical fruit native to tropical Asia that is rich in vitamin C and minerals. It is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine.
- The plant can tolerate a wide range of climates and soils. Major producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana.
- Common varieties include Banarasi, Kanchan, and Neelum. Propagation is primarily through budding, grafting, or seedlings.
- Pests include bark eating caterpillars and gall midges. Diseases include rust and soft rot fungus. Integr
- Radish is an edible root vegetable that originated in Europe and Asia, with a rapid growth habit.
- Major growing states in India include West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, and Assam.
- It prefers sandy loam soil with high organic matter and a pH between 5.5-6.8 for best growth.
- Varieties include Japanese White, Pusa Chetki, Pusa Himani, and Punjab Pasand.
This document provides information on the pointed gourd plant. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, management practices including fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease control. It notes that pointed gourd is high in nutrients and widely cultivated in parts of India. Varieties released include Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, and Kashi Alankar.
Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) is a climbing vine native to India. Its immature fruits and young shoots and leaves are used as vegetables. The ripe fruits contain lycopene and beta-carotene. Ivy gourd is propagated through stem cuttings and provides yields of 100-150 quintals per hectare. Major pests include pumpkin beetle and fruit flies, while diseases include anthracnose, powdery mildew, and fruit rot. Several high yielding varieties have been developed for commercial production.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWERAdhiyamaan Raj
This document provides information on various cabbage and cauliflower varieties grown in India. For cabbage, it discusses early, mid-season and late varieties and their characteristics like Golden Acre, Late Drum Head, Pusa Drum Head. For cauliflower, it outlines varieties categorized by season including early, mid-early and mid-late varieties like Early Kunwari, Pusa Deepali, Pusa Sharad and their key traits. It also shares details on hybrid varieties of both crops and their advantages.
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of India. Over the past decade, guava production has increased substantially. Common guava varieties grown in India include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49, and Lalit. Guava can be propagated through seed or vegetative methods like stooling, air layering, and grafting. Stooling involves taking shoots from the mother plant and rooting them to form new plants. Air layering is done by girdling branches and promoting root formation under moist soil or moss. Grafting techniques like approach grafting are also used to propagate new plants.
This document describes several legume crops including cowpea, lablab, horse gram, winged bean, lentil, and rice bean. It provides details on their origin, distribution, morphology, distinguishing features, uses, and economic importance. Key information includes that cowpea originated in Africa and is grown in India, lablab exists as garden and field types, horse gram is drought resistant and nutrient dense, winged bean has four winged pods, lentil is a bushy annual plant grown for its seeds, and rice bean is native to Southeast Asia and persists as landraces in some areas.
1. The document provides information on seed production techniques for cauliflower, including varietal selection, land preparation, spacing, fertilizer use, cultural practices, and pest and disease management.
2. Key steps in seed production include selecting healthy plants, removing curds to induce bolting, roguing to remove off-type plants, and disbudding and staking bolted plants to ensure proper seed development.
3. Major pests of cauliflower include cut worms and aphids, while common diseases are club root, leaf spot, leaf rot, black leg, and black rot. Proper cultural practices and following integrated pest management is important for effective seed production.
1. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a herbaceous biennial plant cultivated for its thick fleshy edible red roots. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has 2n=18 chromosomes.
2. The roots vary in shape, size, and color depending on variety but store large amounts of food. The leaves are dark green and develop in a close spiral pattern.
3. Beetroot is wind or insect pollinated and produces small, inconspicuous flowers in spikes. The fruits are dry seed balls containing 1-3 seeds each that can remain viable for 5-6 years.
This document provides information on the turnip plant. It discusses:
1. The botanical name of turnip is Brassica rapa Linn. It is a member of the Cruciferae family.
2. Turnip is a quick growing root vegetable cultivated for its roots and leaves. Major growing regions include Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana in India.
3. Common varieties include Purple Top White Globe, Pusa Kanchan, and Pusa Swarnima. Seed production involves selecting roots and replanting them to produce seed.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN FRENCH BEANAdhiyamaan Raj
This document describes several commercial varieties and hybrids of French bean and broad bean. It provides details on the botanical classification, origin, description and characteristics of varieties such as Giant Stringless, Contender, Pusa Parvati, Kentucky Wonder, Bayo, Blue Pod Medium, Brown Swedish, California Cream, Michigan Robust, Red Kidney, Premier, Bountiful, Jampa, Arka Komal, Pant Anupama, VL-Boni-1, Pusa Udit for French bean and broad bean respectively. It also summarizes a study on assessing genetic diversity among 57 French bean genotypes which found the first five principal components explained over 80% of variation, and identified clusters IV and VII as
Pomegranate breeding aims to develop varieties with desirable traits like small soft seeds, upright growth, thornlessness, disease resistance, and longer storage life. Breeding methods include selection from existing varieties, hybridization between varieties, and mutation breeding. Over 300 pomegranate genotypes are maintained as germplasm resources in India for breeding programs. Popular improved varieties from breeding programs include Ganesh, G-137, Bhagwa, and Mridula.
This document provides information on seed production of onions. It discusses the botanical details of onions and describes their origin and importance as a crop. It outlines the ideal climate and land requirements for seed production. Two main methods of seed production are described: seed-to-seed and bulbs-to-seed. Key steps like variety selection, planting, irrigation, rouging, and harvesting are summarized for each method. The document concludes by listing popular onion varieties grown in India.
Cultivation, Collection and T.S , Powder Character Wood (Quassia) Flower (Clo...GayatriPatra14
This document summarizes the key details of four plants - Quassia wood, clove flower, fennel fruit, and coriander fruit. It describes the biological source, morphological features, cultivation practices, chemical constituents, and uses of each plant. Quassia wood is obtained from the trunk of Picrosma excelsa and contains bitter compounds like quassin. Clove is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus and contains volatile oil (14-21%) and eugenol. Fennel fruit comes from Foeniculum vulgare and has an aromatic taste. Coriander fruit is cultivated throughout India and contains volatile oil (1%) including linalool.
Ridge gourd is a climbing vine grown for its edible fruit. It is commonly called Sirola in Gujarati, Dodka in Marathi, and Beerakaya in Telugu. It is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals that can aid in weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and improve digestion. Several commercial varieties of ridge gourd have been developed for cultivation in different parts of India, with yields ranging from 10 to 30 tons per hectare depending on the variety and growing conditions. Ridge gourd thrives in warm temperatures between 25-35°C and requires well-draining soil with ample sunlight for optimal growth.
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is a delicious juicy fruit of excellent quality. Botanically it
belongs to Sapindaceae family. Litchi fruit is famous for its attractive red colour, excellent
quality characteristics and pleasant flavor.
Soil and climate:
Litchi is a sub-tropical fruit and thrives best under moist sub-tropical climate. It usually
prefers low elevation and can be grown up to an altitude of 800 m. (m.s.l.). Deep, well drained
loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for the crop.
Litchi cannot tolerate frost during winter and dry heat in summer. The temperature should not
go beyond 40.5 0C in summer and below freezing point in winter. Prolonged rain may be harmful
especially at the time of flowering, when it interferes with pollination.
Cultivars:
A large number of varieties are grown in different parts of India. Bambia, Ellaichi,
Muzaffarpur, Seedless early, Seedless late, Shahi, Pottee, Rose scented, China, Purbi, and Kasab
are the suitable varieties for NE region.
Propagation:
Air layering is the most common method of propagation. Select healthy and vigorous one
year old twigs and remove 2 cm wide ring of bark just below a bud. IBA or Rooton may be
applied at cut portion for early and more rooting. The cut is surrounded by mud ball containing
moss (2 parts damp moss and 1 part of soil from the basin of old litchi tree) and wrapped with
polythene sheet. Both ends are tied with fine rope to make it air tight. When sufficient roots are
formed in about 2 months, the branch is cut below the soil or sphagnum moss and potted in a
nursery. July to October is the most appropriate time. About 6 months old air-layered plants
should be planted in permanent field in monsoon.
Planting:
Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cm in dimension are dug at the spacing of 8 – 10 m apart in square
system. Pits are filled with topsoil mixed with about 40 kg decomposed compost, 2 kg
neem/karanj cake, 1 kg bone meal/single super phosphate and 200-300 g muriate of potash.
Incorporation of about 2 baskets of soil from the root zone of old lychee trees encourages the
mycorrhiza growth. Planting is done during June to July. At the time of planting a hole the size
of ball of earth is made in the centre of the pit at the marked point where the plant is fixed and
the soil is pressed to remove air. Watering is done immediately after planting for proper
establishment. Subsequently the plant is regularly irrigated till it is properly established.
Training and pruning:
Training of the plant in the initial stage is essential to provide the required framework.
Unwanted branches should be pruned to provide definite shape and to promote growth of the
trunk and crown of the tree. Three to four branches 60-75 cm from ground opposite to each other
are allowed to form the proper frame of the tree. Further, crowded and crisscross branches are removed to facilitate better growth.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
the vegetables are grown more than two years. These are very rich in minerals and nutrient.THESE NOT GROWN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.some of the perrenial vegetable are drumstick,ivygourd,pointed gourd,artichoke,cassava,taro,chow chow
This document provides information about Amaranthus tricolor, a leafy vegetable commonly grown in India. It has the following key points:
1. Amaranthus tricolor is an annual herb that is widely cultivated for its tender leaves and stems. It is high yielding and nutrient dense, containing vitamins, minerals, and protein.
2. Several high-yielding varieties have been developed for different seasons, such as Co-1 and Co-2 for early harvest. Proper spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and weed control are needed to maximize yields.
3. The tender leaves and stems can be harvested repeatedly for about 3 months before the plant flowers. Total production costs are around 30,000 INR per
1. The document provides information about seed production techniques for cauliflower, including the selection of varieties, land requirements, cultural practices, pest and disease management.
2. It describes cauliflower botany, including its flowering nature and pollination, and lists important varieties such as Snowball, Pusa Synthetic and Giant Snowball.
3. Seed production methods like the seed-to-seed (in-situ) method are recommended, with steps like selection of healthy curds, sterilization, and providing nursing after curd removal.
Spine gourd, popularly known as kankad and kartoli.
Its vines are annual. The crop planted, once will give yield at least three to four years or so.
The tubers are left in situ and they over winter.
Spine gourd is underutilized vegetables of high nutritional, medicinal and economic value.
The document provides information on the Indian gooseberry or Aonla plant. Some key points:
- Aonla is a subtropical fruit native to tropical Asia that is rich in vitamin C and minerals. It is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine.
- The plant can tolerate a wide range of climates and soils. Major producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana.
- Common varieties include Banarasi, Kanchan, and Neelum. Propagation is primarily through budding, grafting, or seedlings.
- Pests include bark eating caterpillars and gall midges. Diseases include rust and soft rot fungus. Integr
- Radish is an edible root vegetable that originated in Europe and Asia, with a rapid growth habit.
- Major growing states in India include West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, and Assam.
- It prefers sandy loam soil with high organic matter and a pH between 5.5-6.8 for best growth.
- Varieties include Japanese White, Pusa Chetki, Pusa Himani, and Punjab Pasand.
This document provides information on the pointed gourd plant. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, management practices including fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease control. It notes that pointed gourd is high in nutrients and widely cultivated in parts of India. Varieties released include Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, and Kashi Alankar.
Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) is a climbing vine native to India. Its immature fruits and young shoots and leaves are used as vegetables. The ripe fruits contain lycopene and beta-carotene. Ivy gourd is propagated through stem cuttings and provides yields of 100-150 quintals per hectare. Major pests include pumpkin beetle and fruit flies, while diseases include anthracnose, powdery mildew, and fruit rot. Several high yielding varieties have been developed for commercial production.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a biennial plant grown as an annual root crop worldwide. It originated from Europe and Southwestern Asia. The edible taproot is rich in nutrients like carotenes, sugars, and minerals. China is the largest producer while Afghanistan is the center of diversity for purple carrots. There are many varieties classified based on root shape, color, and temperature response. Popular varieties include Pusa Kesar, Pusa Meghali, Nantes, Chantenay, and Pusa Yamadagni.
This document provides information on the sweet gourd plant. It is a perennial vine native to Asia and Africa. The sweet gourd has high nutritional value with protein, vitamin C, and edible flesh. It can be propagated through seeds, tubers, or stem cuttings. The sweet gourd grows best in warm, humid climates with adequate drainage. Pests and diseases that affect the sweet gourd include anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, epilachna beetle, and fruit fly. Genetic resources are being collected and evaluated to improve yield and other traits of this underutilized crop.
This document provides information on the spine gourd plant. It discusses the botanical name, family, uses, distribution, description, propagation methods, varieties, cultivation practices, flowering, and harvesting of spine gourd. Key details include that it is a perennial vine native to India with medicinal properties in its fruits and roots. Common propagation methods are through seeds, tubers, and stem cuttings. Varieties mentioned are Indira Kankad 1 and Arka Neelachal Sree.
This document provides information on the oriental pickling melon, including its botanical classification, origin in Asia, appearance, varieties developed in Kerala, India, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It is an annual vine grown for its pale green fruits which are crisp, mildly sweet and sour, and used for pickling or cooking. Major varieties include Mudicode, Arunima and Saubhagya, which differ in growth habit and fruit characteristics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
radishsmn-210917072000.pptx
1.
2.
3. RADISH
BOTANICAL NAME : Raphanus sativus L.
FAMILY : Cruciferae or Brassicaceae
CHROMOSOME NO : 2n = 18
ORIGIN PLACE : Europe and Western Asia
4. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
Habit: Usually Annual Or biennial herb.
Root :Taproot system.
The edible portion of radish root(fusiform) develops from both
primary root and hypocotyls.
Radish root varies in size, shape, and other external characters as
well as the length depending on cultivars.
They can grow more than 60cm long, but they tend to become
tough and fibrous when more than 30cm long.
5. Radishes are annual or biennial brassicaceous crops grown for their
swollen tap roots which can be globular, tapering, or cylindrical.
6. The root skin color ranges from white through pink, red,
purple, yellow, and green to black, but the flesh is
usually white.
The roots obtain their color from anthocyanins.
Red varieties use the anthocyanin pelargonidin as a
pigment.
Purple cultivars obtain their color from cyanidin.
7. BOTANY
Stem is herbaceous, erect,
branched.
It has rosette of leaves, which may
vary in size from 10-45cm
depending on the variety.
They have a lyrate shape, meaning
they are divided pinnately with an
enlarged terminal lobe and smaller
lateral lobes.
8. FLOWERS
The plants after the formation of roots if allowed stand,
the central bud elongates releasing the inflorescence
which is racemose type.
Flowers are white or pink or lilac coloured.
9. Calyx : Sepal 4,polysephlous,in
two whorls of two each imbricate
aestivation.
Corolla : Petals 4,arranged in
single whorl alternating with
sepals, polypetalous, often with
long claws and spread out to form a
cross.
10. Androecium: Stamen
6,polyandrous,arranged in two
whorls of 4 and 2 (tetradynamous)
outer 2 are short and inner 4 are
long, anthers bilobed.
Gynoecium :
Bicarpellary,syncarpous initially
unilocular and later bilocular,one or
more ovules or parietal
placentation,style short,stigma
bifid, ovary superior.
11. Radish is cross-pollinated (entomophilous) due to sporophytic
system of self-incompatibility.
It shows considerable inbreeding depression on selfing.
It is pollinated mainly by wild honey bees and wild-flower flies.
Anthesis occurs during 9.00-10.00 hr
Anther dehiscence is b/w 9.00 & 10 hr
Pollen fertility is maximum on the day of anthesis.
Stigma is receptive at the time of anthesis & lasts till 4 days after
anthesis
12. The fruits are small pods which can be eaten when young.
Fruit botanically called siliqua
Seeds are large irregular grayish pink in colour and endospermic.
13. ASIATIC VARITIES V/S EUROPEAN VARIETIES
ASIATIC VARITIES EUROPEAN VARIETIES
Requires slightly higher
temperature for successful
cultivation
Take more time from sowing
to maturity
Roots are longer in size &
tapering in shape
Produce good quality roots &
seeds in plains
Requires no chilling
temperature for seed
production
Relatively high yielding
Requires lower temperature
for successful cultivation
Take less time from sowing
to maturity
Roots are smaller in size &
stumpy in shape
Produce good quality roots
in plains but produce seeds
only in temperate areas.
Requires chilling
temperature for seed
production
Relatively low yielding
14. Asiatic Varieties European Varieties
Pusa Desi Pusa Himani (Radish Black * Japanese
White)
Pusa Reshmi ( Green Type *
Desi Type)
Rapid Red White Tipped:
Globular/Round Form
Pusa Chetki Scarlet Globe- Round Shaped Roots
Punjab Safed: White 5 *
Japanese White
Scarlet Long
Arka Nishanth –Multiple
Disease Resistant
Pusa Mridula-extra Early And Table
Purpose Variety
Chinese Pink – Dual Season
Variety (Hills And Plains)
White Icicle- Tender Variety
15. Asiatic or Tropical Type
Asiatic types don’t require chilling temperature for
bolting and set seed freely under tropical conditions.
Hence their seed can be produced under tropical
conditions.
16. Pusa Chetki:
Year of Release: 1988
It was developed by IARI, New
Delhi through selfing and massing
from the seed collected from
Denmark in 1966.
Roots are medium sized, pure white,
slim, mild pungent and soft with
blunt end.
Roots become ready for harvesting
in 40-45days after sowing.
17. Early maturing tropical type variety.
Suitable for growing in hotter months, i.e. middle of
March to middle of August when no other variety can
be grown successfully.
Leaves are dark green entire with slight lobing and upright.
18. Pusa Desi:
Developed at IARI, New Delhi through selection from a local
collection.
Roots are 30-35cm long, white, more pungent and tapering
with green stem end.
Ready for harvesting in 50-60 days after sowing.
Suitable for sowing from mid-august to early October.
19. Pusa Reshmi:
Developed by IARI, New Delhi.
Roots are 30-35cm long, mild
pungent ,white, slightly green with
tapering end.
Roots mature in 55-60 days after
sowing.
Tolerant to slightly higher
temperature.
20. Punjab Safed:
Developed at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab.
A derivative of the cross White 5 × Japanese White.
Year of release: 1975
Roots are long (30-40 cm), thick (3-5 cm), pure white, tapering,
smooth, mild in taste, medium pungent with good flavour and
free from forking.
It is a quick growing type with roots remaining edible for 10
days after attaining full size
21. Punjab Pasand
Developed at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab.
Year of release:1997
It is an early maturing variety.
Roots are long, pure white, semi-stumped and free from hairs.
It is suitable for sowing in main season.
Yield:214 q/acre
22. Punjab Ageti
Developed at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
Punjab.
Year of release:1996
Roots are red skinned at the top and white at the lower
half, tapering long (25.5 cm) medium thick (2.9 cm), less
pungent with smooth few hairs.
Yield:150q/acre
23. Kashi Sweta
Developed at IIVR, Varanasi
Recommended area :UP, Bihar, Punjab
Jharkhand.
This variety has been developed through
selection from Pusa Chetki population.
It is suitable for early harvesting (30-35 days
after sowing)
Roots are 25-30cm long,3.3-4 cm in diameter
,straight tapering with pointed end.Yield: 45-47
t/ha.
24. Kashi Hans
Developed at IIVR, Varanasi
Recommended areas: UP ,Punjab , Jharkhand.
This has been developed through selection.
It is suitable for September to febrauary planting and
harvesting can be done after 40-45 days after sowing.
It can stand in the field upto 10-15 days after commercial
maturity.
Roots are straight, tapering 30-35cm long,1.5-2 cm diameter.
Yield 43-45 t/ha.
25. Kalyanpur No. 1:
Developed at Vegetable Research Centre, Kalyanpur, Kanpur.
Year of release: 1982
Developed through selection from a local collection and was
recommended for commercial cultivation in U.P.
Root is 22-25cm long, smooth, crispy,white with green topped.
Resistance against mustard sawfly, aphid and white rust.
Yield: 300-350 q/ha
26. Hisar Mooli No 1:
Developed at, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
Roots are long, soft, white and straight.
It requires 50-55 days to mature.
Yield: 225 q/ha
27. CO 1
This variety is released by TNAU in 1981
It is a selection from germplasm type.
The crop duration ranges from 40 to 45 days and hence suitable for
cropping systems.
It yields 20-25 t/ha
This variety is suitable for growing all the year round under
different cropping systems.
It bolts and sets seeds in the plain and hence very easy for the
farmers to produce seeds themselves.
28. Arka Nishanth
Developed at IIHR, Bangalore
An improvement over a collection IIHR-
72 from Singapore after 10 cycles of
mass selection
Year of release: 1980 by SVRC
Recommended area : All Over
Karnataka
Roots are long marble white in colour
with crisp texture and mild pungency.
29. • Resistant to pithiness, premature bolting, root branching
and forking.
• Yield 35 – 40 t/ha
• Sets seeds freely in plains
30. Japanese White
It is a Japanese introduction made at IARI
Regional Station, Katrain (Kulu valley, H.P).
Roots are cylindrical ending in a stump and 25-
30cm long.
Flesh is pure white, crisp, smooth and mildly
pungent, harvested 60-65 days after sowing.
Produce seeds only in the hills and bolting is
very less.
Yield: 200-300 q/ha
31. Nadauni
This variety has been developed from a local germplasm
and notified by CVRC in 1975.
It is a popular variety of Himachal Pradesh.
Roots are long, tapering, smooth and light pink in colour
with tapering to a point.
The tops are dark green with cut leaves.
Yield: 175-225 q/ha.
32. Chinese Pink
An introduction identified at Solan
It has 12-15cm long pink coloured roots
with white towards tip
Roots are crisp and mildly pungent.
Semi to stumpy shaped roots
Roots mature in 50-55 days.
33. Ganesh Synthetic
Developed at Ganeshkhind Root Research Station, Pune
It is a synthetic variety
Comes to harvest after 30-40 days after sowing
Roots white colour
Yield:100-120 q/ha
34. EUROPEAN/ TEMPERATE TYPE
They are quick growing and short duration type (25-30
days).
Produce roots of good quality, less pungent and smaller
in size.
35. Pusa Himani:
Year of Release:1970
Developed at IARI Regional Station, Katrain by hybridization
between Black Radish and Japanese White
Roots are 30-35cm long, skin is pure white with green shoulder and
flesh is crisp and sweet flavored with mild pungency.
Ready in 55-60 days after sowing.
250-300 q/ha
It is the only variety which can be grown throughout the year in
hills barring 3 winter months(Nov-Jan)
36. Pusa Gulabi
Released from IARI, New Delhi in 2012
First entire pink flesh unique trait
nutritional rich radish variety.
High total Carotenoids, anthocyanin and
optimal ascorbic acid.
Medium root size ,cylindrical shape
optimal yield and consumer preference
over existing varities.
Average yield :60t/ha.
37. Pusa jamuni
Released from IARI, New Delhi in 2012
First purple fleshed unique trait
nutritionally rich radish variety having
high anthocyanins and ascorbic acid
Yield : 50t/ha
38. Pusa Mridula
Released from IARI,New Delhi in 2005
Can be grown throughout India
Yield : 13.5 t/ha
Kitchen garden or container garden variety
Roots globular in shape, bright red in colour,
size (2.9 x 4.1 cm), white flesh with soft
texture and mild pungent taste.
Maturity in 20-25 days after sowing. Suitable
for winter crop (September-February).
EXTRA EARLY AND TABLE PURPOSE
VARIETY.
39. Scarlet Globe:
Released from IARI, New Delhi
Roots are round, 2cm in diameter,
red in colour and flesh is crisp
and pure white.
It becomes ready for harvesting in
25-30 days after sowing.
Roots become pithy if they are not
harvested at maturity.
40. Rapid Red White Tipped:
It is an early variety and
produce short foliage.
Roots are small, round and
red in colour with green top
foliage. Matures 25 days after
sowing.
Flesh is white, crisp and
pungent.
41. White Icicle:
Roots cylindrical ending in a stump,
12-15cm long 2-3cm thick, skin
pure white with icy white flesh,
mildly pungent flavour, sweet and
free from green top.
A table variety becomes pithy if not
harvested in time
Ready for harvesting in 25-30 days.
42. Scarlet long:
Leaves are 15-20cm long and light
green in colour.
Roots are long and tapering to a
point, red with soft and white
flesh.
Ready for harvesting in 30-40 days
after sowing.
43. Palam Hriday
Roots are spindle shaped outer green
in colour and reddish pink when cut
open.
Leaves straight, roots round , core
pink, high vitamin C, good for table
purpose.
Ready in 45-50 days.
Average yield :20t/ha
44. Hill Queen
Sowing time : Suitable For May To November Sowing.
Root colour: Pure white, smooth without much of hair on root
surface.
Specifications : Roots are 12-15 inches long , tapering and semi
cylindrical on bottom on maturity, sweet in taste.
Maturity :45-50 days
Popular variety in North India
45. French Breakfast
These Radishes are round in root shape
but most are oblong and two to four
inches in length.
These Radishes are known for its
vibrant colour which graduates red to
white at tip.
These Radish are very crisp and offer a
mildly spicy flavour.
Availability: Available year round.
46. Jaunpuri Radish
Other names: Jaunpuri radish or Giant
radish or Newari
It is known as “Largest Radish in the
World”
Produces roots more than 1m long
This is the traditional variety grown in
jaunpuri district of Uttar Pradesh and
capable of reaching 10 kg in weight
and more!!!!
50. SEED PRODUCTION
A. TEMPERATE VARIETIES/ EUROPEAN TYPES:
These produce satisfactory seeds in the temperate hills by over
wintering.
These varieties flower very late in plains. Seeds of such varieties
are produced in hills only.
Those temperate varieties viz. White Icicle, Rapid Red White
Tipped, Pusa Himani, Scarlet Long and Scarlet Globe.
Autumn sown crop gives higher seed yield and mature earlier.
51. B. TROPICAL OR ASIATIC VARIETIES
These produce seeds freely in plains. (e.g Pusa Reshmi,
Pusa Chetki, Japanese White, Chinese Pink).
The seeds of these varieties are usually produced in plains,
but good quality seed of some of these varieties i.e.
Japanese White can only produced in hills.
52. Methods of seed production
1. Seed to seed method - for varieties which do not
stand transplanting (In-situ method)
2. Root to seed method (Transplanting method)
Stages of seed production
Breeder seed → Foundation seed → Certified
seed
Season
For hills - September-October and Plains - April-June.
53. TIME OF SOWING
For seed production purpose, adjust sowing time in such a way
that roots must get ready by the onset of winters for receiving
chilling stimulus particularly in European types.
For hills: Autumn sowing preferably may be done in early
October.
Spring sowing can also be done in March, as soon as land is
prepared.
However autumn sowing gives higher seed yield.
54. PREPARATION OF FIELD
Prepare the field to fine tilth by 2-3 ploughings and 3-4 harrowing
followed by levelling.
SPACING -45 cm X 45 cm
55. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
In addition to root crop, apply 200-250q/ha of well rotten
Farm Yard Manure at the time of preparation of land.
At the time of final levelling, also apply 35kg nitrogen,
50kg, phosphorous and 50kg potassium per ha as basal
application.
Another dose of 35 kg /ha nitrogen is top dressed, when
the roots just start growing.
56. IRRIGATION
Irrigate the crop at 8-10 days interval depending upon weather
conditions.
During early warm weather it is advisable to irrigate the crop at 4-
5days interval.
INTERCULTURE
One weeding and earthing up during the early stages of growth are
necessary for proper emergence of seed stalk.
57. SELECTION OF ROOTS
Uproot the plant when they have attained maturity (30-70days)
depending upon the variety.
After harvesting, each root is critically examined for foliage and root
characteristics namely, size, shape, colour, texture, sponginess etc.
Roots having off type foliage or roots not conforming to varietal
characteristic must be rejected.
The diseased, malformed, forked or any other undesirable types are
also rejected.
58. PREPARATION OF STECKLINGS FROM
SELECTED ROOTS
After selection, the top is cut off in such a way as to leave
small underdeveloped leaves together with about 2cm of
petioles of older leaves.
It is usual practice to cut 1/3rd of lower root portion in
Asiatic types but whole roots are used in European
varieties.
These are reset/replanted in well prepared fields at a
spacing of 60x45cm in Asiatic and 45x45cm in European
types.
59. Flowering and fruit setting
Honey bees are chief pollinating agents.
It has been demonstrated that seed yield in radish is greatly
influenced by number of honeybees visiting the flowers.
Nectar secretion, pollen formation and bee activity was influenced
by environment.
It has been proved that radishes grown for seed production should
not be located too close to field of major honey producing plants
such as clover because the bee tends to visit these plants in
preference to radish.
.
60. It is a cross pollinated crop due to the presence of self
incompatibility especially sporophytic self-incompatibility.
A temperature of 32º C or higher causes stigma to become dry and
pollen fail to germinate.
A period of dry weather might cause formation of underdeveloped
Pods
Combination of cold storage and GA spray (100ppm) after
replanting leads to highest percentage of flowering in White Icicle,
Pusa-Himani and Japanese White.
62. Isolation requirements
Radish is cross pollinated by insects, chiefly honeybees.
Seed field must be away from field of other radish varieties,
fields of same varieties not confirming to varietal purity
requirement for certification.
At least 1600 meters for foundation seed production and 1000
meter for certified seed production should be kept.
63. Rouging
Plants with off-type foliage and the direct bolters are
eliminated from the field prior to flowering and crop is left to
seed.
When roots are lifted, they are critically examined for true to
type, besides small sized, over sized stecklings, diseased,
forked and off types should be discarded.
64. Normally 3 rouging are done:
Mainly before maturity of roots for off types foliage.
At time for replanting for verifying root characteristic such
as size, shape, colour,texture etc.
Last at flowering stage for early and late plants affected by
designated diseases like black leg and black rot and
eliminate them.
65. Harvesting and threshing
The crop is cut when plants are fully matured.
Crop is cut with sickle and brought to threshing floor for
threshing.
There is more often difficulty in threshing the seeds from
pods.
Radish pod do not dehisce even after maturity.
66. It is therefore, important to thoroughly dry them before
commencing the threshing.
Threshing can be done by beating with the sticks.
Seeds afterwards should be dried to 6 per cent moisture
before storage.
67. Seed Yield
Asiatic types : 9-12q/ha
European types : 4-5q/ha
1000 seed weight is about 10g.
68. SEED CERTIFICATION STANDARDS
FIELD INSPECTION
A. MOTHER ROOT PRODUCTION STAGE
Minimum of two inspections should be made as follows:
Inspection should be done after 20-30 days of sowing in
order to determine isolation, volunteer plants, out crosses,
off types and other relevant factors.
Second inspection is done after mother roots have been
lifted to verify true characteristic of roots.
69. B. SEED PRODUCTION STAGE
A minimum of one inspection is done during flowering to
check isolation, off type and other relevant factors.
70. Specific Requirements
Factors Minimum (%)
Foundation
Permitted
limits
Certified
*Roots not conforming to the
varietal Characteristics including
for seed roots
0.10 0.20
**Off Types (Plants)
0.10 0.20
Plants infected by seed borne
diseases
0.10 0.50
72. SEED STANDARDS
Factors Foundation Certified
Pure seed (minimum) 98% 98%
Inert matter (maximum) 2% 2%
Other crop seed
(maximum) (no./kg)
5/kg 10/kg
Total weed seed
(maximum) (no./kg)
10/kg 10/kg
Germination (minimum) 70% 70%
Moisture (maximum)
(normal
container)
6% 6%
For VP
Container(maximum)
5% 5%
73.
74. FUNGAL DISEASES
WHITE RUST:
(Albugo candida)
It produces a white powdery substances
in patches on the under surface of the
leaves.
It mainly appears on the leaves and
flowering shoots which gets deformed
and bear only malformed flowers.
Fungus survives season to season in
plant debris, in soil and also mixed with
seeds
Moist cool (20-25oC) weather favours
the disease development.
75. Control measures:
Treat the seed with carbendazim @3g/Kg seed.
Apply copper oxychloride (0.3%) for effective control.
Obtain seed from healthy plants.
Destruction of diseased crop debris helps in the reduction
of inoculum
0.8% Bordeaux mixture or Dithane Z-78
76. Alternaria blight: Alternaria brassicicola
Symptoms appear on leaves, stem, pods
and seeds.
On leaves, round yellow spots are
formed.
Centre of spot dries and drop-off.
Disease is seed borne and also survives
from season to season on diseased crop
material.
Hot and moist weather conditions are
conducive.
77. Control measures:
Treat the seed with thiram 75WP @3g/kg seed.
Spray copper oxychloride @ 0.3 per cent or mancozeb @
0.25 per cent at 8-10 days interval.
78. Powdery mildew:
All plant parts are covered by white powdery growth.
Control measures:
Before observing symptoms, spray dinocap (0.05%) or wettable
sulphur (0.2%) at 10-15 days interval.
79. VIRAL DISEASES :Radish mosaic
Affected plants are stunted and their leaves are reduced in
size.
Disease is readily transmitted to radish by sap inoculation
but not through the seeds.
Vector for transmission of radish mosaic is aphid.
• Characteristic symptoms of this disease are mosaic and
mottling of young leaves often associated with interveinal
chlorotic area which gradually increase in size.
• Finally coalesce to form irregular characteristic patches.
80. Control measures:
Disease spread can be minimized by the application of
malathion @ 0.05 per cent twice or thrice at 10-15
days interval.
81. PESTS : Aphids
(Myzus persicae , Brevicoryne brassicae)
Aphididae Hemiptera
Adult: Aphids are small, soft-bodied, slow-
moving insects.
They are often found in large colonies on the
undersurface of leaves.
A colony consists of winged and wingless
adults and various sizes of nymphs.
Aphids may be black, yellow or pink,
82. DAMAGE
Aphids feed by sucking plant sap.
Saliva injected while feeding may carry plant viruses or may be
toxic to the host plant.
Feeding by large numbers discolors foliage, curls leaves, and
damages developing buds.
The plants may be covered by a sticky substance, honey dew,
which is excreted by the aphids.
The cloudy and humid atmospheric conditions are favourable for
rapid increase of aphid population.
83. Control measures:
Remove and destroy affected plant parts and spray
malathion (0.05%).
Harvesting should be done 7-10 days after application of
insecticides.
84. Flea Beetle : (Phyllotreta spp.)
Adult:
Flea beetle adults are 1.5 to 3 mm
long, black or bronze beetles.
Their hind legs are well developed
for jumping.
Eggs are laid on or near the roots
where larvae feed.
Mature larvae pupate in the soil
near the host plant.
The second appearance of adults is
in early August for single-
generation species
85. Damage
Adult flea beetles cause the most damage by feeding on the
leaves and stems.
They create shallow pits and small rounded, irregular holes
(usually less than 1/8th inch) in the leaves.
This type of damage is unique to flea beetles.
Grub stage is not harmful
86. Management
Collect and destruction of adult beetles.
Deep summer ploughing.
Chemically beetles are control by spray of chloropyriphos
2ml/lit
87. Mustard saw fly : (Athalia promixa)
ADULT:
Head and abdomen is black in
colour, but thorax is orange colour.
Wings are translucent, smoky with
black veins
Larva:
Greenish black with wrinkled body
and has eight pairs of pro-legs.
On touch the larva falls to ground
and feigns death
88. Damage
Initially the larva nibbles leaves, later
it feeds from the margins towards the
midrib.
The grubs cause numerous shot holes
and even riddled the entire leaves by
voracious feeding.
They devour the epidermis of the
shoot, resulting in drying up of
seedlings and failure to bear seeds in
older plants.
89. Management
Summer ploughing to destroy the pupa.
Early sowing should be done.
Maintain cleaness in field.
Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as on anti- feedant.
Spray the crop with malathion 50 EC @ 1000 ml/ha
quinolphos 25 EC @ 625ml/ha.