Hybridization Techniques of Fruits and Flower Crops

1. HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUES OF
FRUITS AND FLOWERS
COURSE NO.-PBG-324
SUBMITTED BY-SOUMYA PRUSTY
ADM NO.-48C/14

2. MEANING OF HYBRIDIZATION
 Individual produced as a result of cross between two genetically
different parents is known as hybrid. The natural or artificial
process that results in the formation of hybrid is known as
hybridization.
 The production of a hybrid by crossing two individuals of unlike
genetical constitution is known as hybridization. Hybridization is
an important method of combining characters of different plants.
Hybridization does not change genetic contents of organisms but
it produces new combination of genes.

3. OBJECTIVES OF HYBRIDIZATION
1. To artificially create a variable
population for the selection of types
with desired combination of
characters.
2. To combine the desired characters
into a single individual.
3. To exploit and utilize the hybrid
varieties.

4. TYPES OF HYBRIDIZATION
:
 (i) Intra-varietal hybridization:
 The crosses are made between the plants of
the same variety.
 ii) Inter-varietal or Intraspecific
hybridization:
 The crosses are made between the plants
belonging to two different varieties.
 (iii) Interspecific hybridization or
intragenric hybridization:
 The crosses are made between two different
species of the same genus.

5. Procedure of Hybridization:
It involves the following steps:
(i) Selection of parents.
(ii) Selfing of parents or artificial self-pollinat
(iii) Emasculation.
(iv) Bagging
(v) Tagging
(vi) Crossing
(vii) Harvesting and storing the F, seeds
(viii) Raising the F1 generation.

6. Hybridization techniques for
different fruits

7. HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUES IN MANGO
 Unlike many annual crops, mango hybridization presents special
problems and is relatively a more difficult material to handle. The
plants cannot be raised in large number, the genetic composition is
unknown and the knowledge of inheritance of their characters is
meagre. Segregation of distinct types is retarded because pure lines
are not readily obtainable. Moreover, there is the time factor as it
normally takes six years or even more for a seedling to come in
bearing, and in case the optimum yield of a tree is to be assessed
one has to wait for another 15 years or so.Planned hybridization
work has been reported from various parts of the country . Mango
hybridization at the Horticultural Research Institute, Saharanpur,
was started in 1951 and few promising hybrids have been reported
by Singh (7) and Singh (8). In the present paper, further progress of
the work is given. Intervarietal crosses made during the period 1964-
69 and the results obtained

8. BREEDING METHODS IN MANGO
 Breeding methods
 1. Introduction
 2. Selection
 3. Hybridization
 4. Mutation breeding
 1. Introduction:
 Name of the variety Country from where introduced
 Sweet -Thailand
 Sensation- USA
 Tomy- Atkins Brazil
 Early Gold- USA

9. 2. Selection:
a. Chance seedlings:
Mango was previously propagated through seeds and hence the old
orchards in India were mostly of seedling origin. Some seedling progenies
gave rise to varieties such as 'Chinnaswarnarekha' and 'Mundappa'. The
popular, salt tolerant rootstock (13-1) was identified in Israel by this
technique.
b. Clonal selection:
· Extensive survey of Dashehari orchards around Maliabad in Uttar Pradesh
has resulted in the isolation of best clone viz Dashehari -51 with higher yield
and regular bearer
. 3. Hybridization

10. CONSTRAINTS IN MANGO HYBRIDIZATION
 The constraints encountered in mango hybridization are:
 1. High fruit drop: In early stages, many young fruits drop after pollination and
fertilization.
 2. Only one seedling can be obtained from one fruit (since the varieties are
 monoembryonic).
 3. The heterozygous nature and cross fertilization makes it difficult to predict the
qualities
 of the hybrids.
 4. Complex nature of panicle and flower and excessive fruit drop.
 5. Large area of land is required for hybrid seedlings.
 6. Polyembryony - Difficulty in accurately identifying the zygotic seedling:
polyembryonic
 varieties in Israel show that weight of zygotic seedling is higher than the nucellar
 seedling. Use of polymorphic enzyme systems (isozyme) has been used to
identify
 zygotic seedling since the nucellar seedlings have the same isozyme alleles as
in the
 maternal parent.

11. HYBRIDIZATION IN GUAVA
 Guava tree (Psidium guajava L.) has its origin in the American
tropics and is today
 distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the world
(Kwee and
 Chong 1990; Gonzaga Neto and Soares 1994; Medina 1988). It
belongs to the
 Myrtaceae family, comprising a large number of fruit yielding species
(Pereira and
 Nachtigal 2002; Ray 2002; Kwee and Chong 1990; Subramanyam
et al. 1992). The
 guava fruit is important for fresh consumption and for substantial
industrial preser-vation (Maia et al. 1988). The fruit contains vitamin
A and B, and are exceptionally
rich in vitamin C (ascorbic acid), superior to that present in the citric
juices

12. BREEDING METHODS IN GUAVA
 Breeding methods
 1. Clonal selection
 Propagation by seeds "during early days gave rise to
considerable variation in the form and size of fruit, the
nature and flavour of pulp, seediness and other
morphological character such as spreading or erect
growth habit of the tree. At Horticultural Research Station,
Saharanpur, evaluation of seedling types resulted in a
superior selection, S-I, having good fruit shape, few
seeds, sweet taste and high yield.
 At IIHR, Bangalore, from 200 open pollinated seedlings of
variety Allahabad Safeda collected from Uttar Pradesh,
one seedling selection, Selection-8, was found to be
promising.

13. 2.HYBRIDIZATION-At Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy (Andhra
Pradesh), inter-varietal hybridization
resulted in the isolation of two superior hybrids. .
a) Safed Jam: This is a hybrid between Allahabad Safeda and Kohir (a
local collection from
Hyderabad-Karnataka region). It is similar to Allahabad Safeda in growth
habit and fruit quality.
The fruits are bigger in size with good quality and few soft seeds.
b) Kohir Safeda: It is a hybrid between of Kohir x Allahabad Safeda.
Tree is vigorous, the fruits
are larger with few soft seeds and white flesh.
Haryana Agri. University, Hisar has released two hybrid varieties.
Hisar Safeda: It is a cross between "Allahabad Safeda" x 'Seedless,'
which has upright growth with a compact crown. Its fruits are round,
weighing about 92g each, pulp is creamy - white with
less seeds, which are soft, TSS is 13.4% and ascorbic acid 185 mg / 100g.

14. 3. Polyploidy Breeding
Producing triploids will be futile since the fruit shape in triploid is highly
irregular and misshapen because of differential seed size. However in order
to evolve varieties with less seeds and increased productivity, crosses were
made at the IAR!, New Delhi, between seedless triploid and seeded diploid
variety Allahabad Safeda. Of the 73 F. hybrids raised, 26 were diploids, 5
double trisomies and 13 tetrasomics. Distinct variation in tree growth habit
and leaf
and fruit characters were observed.

16. HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUES IN FLOWERS

17. Breeding objectives of rose
1. Continuous blooming – free flowering or recurrent blooming
2. Brilliant and fragrant flower
3. Uniform flower shape, form and size
4. Growth should be vigorous – Improved appearance of plant
5. Floriferous nature
6. Winter hardiness
7. Evergreen plant type and foliage attractiveness
8. Long shelf life with less `petal shedding.
9. Resistance to pests and diseases (powdery mildew, black spot,
scale insect)
10. Thronless nature
11. Developing blue and purple coloured varieties as they are in
great demand.
12. Head tolerance i.e. breeding varieties for tropical conditions.

18. Breeding objectives of marigold
1. Compact and dwarf growth habit
2. Uniform response to environment
3. More flower yield.
4. Free from diseases and pests
Breeding Objectives of Gerbera
Taking into account the importance of Gerbera as a cut flower and for
garden purposes the following objectives are suggested in breeding of
Gerbera.
1. Uniformity and compactness of growth of plants
2. Earliness in flowering
3. More number of flowers / plant
4. Development of double coloured flowers
5. Uniform long and sturdy stalks
6. Yield, period of flowering
7. Vase life and
8. Resistance to pests and diseases.

19. Soon after pollination, fruits are labelled and protected with water repellant
paper bags. Harvest should be accomplished when fruits reach the stage of maturity
because the seeds turn physiologically ripe before completely ripe. The seeds should
be dried in shade, treated with fungicide and conserved in paper bags. Sowing can
be made in 3 liter plastic bags, with two or three seeds per unit.
BREEDING TECHNIQUES
When the flower buttons reach their maximum development, the sepals begin
breaking up in several points, signalling the beginning of anthesis. The following
day, at around 6 a.m., for approximately an hour, the gradual opening of almost
all the buttons begins. (Soubihe Sobrinho 1951). The hour at the beginning is vari-
able and depends on diurnal temperature. Ray (2002) stated that anthesis starts at
4.00 a.m. and continues till 10.00 a.m.,

20. To make a hybrid flower grow, you have to put two flowers of the same variety
(such as two roses, or two cosmos, etc.) next to each other. There is a small
chance that a new flower of that type will appear next to them. A new flower can
only appear if there are empty spaces next to the pair of flowers. The new
flower might be a unique color that can't be purchased in the garden shop and
can't randomly appear in your town.
Increase the Likelihood of New Flowers
The following actions might improve your chance of having new flowers appear:
The orientation of your flowers might have an effect. In previous Animal Crossing
games, having the flowers touch diagonally was better, but in other games, having
them in straight rows was better.
Water flowers even if they don't need it
Plant large patches of the same type of flower to have multiple flowers next to
each other

21. Desired Color Combinations
Pink Carnation
* You will receive a pink
carnation in a letter on
Mother's Day.
•Red and White
Carnation
* You will receive a red
carnation in a letter on
Father's Day.
•Pink and Red Carnation
* You will receive a red
carnation in a letter on
Father's Day.
•Pink and White
Carnation
White Carnation •Pink and Pink Carnation
•Pink and White
Carnation
CARNATION

22. Desired Color Combinations
Pink Cosmos •Red and White Cosmos (Best
combination)
•Yellow and Red Cosmos
•White and Orange Cosmos
Orange Cosmos •Yellow and Red Cosmos
•Red and White Cosmos
•Yellow and Black Cosmos (Best
combination)
Cosmos
Desired Color Combinations
Pink Lilies •Red and White Lilies
•Red and Red Lilies
•Yellow and Red Lilies
Orange Lilies •Yellow and Red Lilies
•Yellow and Yellow Lilies
•Red and Red Lilies
Lilies
LILIES

23. Pink Roses •Red and White Roses
•Yellow and Red Roses
•White and White Roses
Purple Roses •White and White Roses
•Red and White Roses
•Purple and Purple Roses (Best
combination)
Orange Roses •Yellow and Red Roses
•Red and Red Roses
•Yellow and Yellow Roses
ROS
ES
Black Roses •Red and Red Roses
•Red and Orange Roses
•Blue and Red Roses
•Black and Black Roses (Best
combination)
Golden Roses Wait for black roses to wilt, then water
them with the golden watering can. They
will be golden the next day. Golden roses
never wilt, but they can be destroyed by
trampling if you run through them.