Sonia is a new child in the author's program who has Spina Bifida and uses a wheelchair. She is bilingual in English and French. Her family is new to Toronto and is interested in sports and recreation programs. They asked the author for advice on services available in the area to help Sonia and children with special needs.

1. Meeting the Needs of Children and Families
Dajeong Kim
ECEP 233 – 063
Lisa McCaie-Watters
April 4th 2013

2. • Sonia
is
new
child
in
my
program
• Sonia
has
Spina
Bifida
and
she
need
to
use
a
wheel
c
hair
• “She
also
has
a
shunt
to
lessen
fluid
on
the
brain”
• She
is
brilliant,
and
extrovert
• Her
parents
are
bilingual,
so
Sonia
can
speak
English
and
French
• Her
family
is
new
in
Toronto,
and
they
want
to
get
so
me
advice
from
me
about
services
in
this
area
• They
are
interested
in
sports
and
recreation
program
s
(Meeting
the
Needs
of
Children
with
Special
Needs
Assignment-­‐Case
Studies)

3. • Identifying
Sonia’s
specific
symptom
with
her
parents
• Changing
the
environment
(Setting)
for
Sonia’s
convenience
(Wheel
Chair)
• Giving
help
Sonia
to
adapt
to
new
environment,
and
get
along
with
the
children
• Planning
some
activities
for
Sonia
• Providing
some
agencies
to
help
new
comers
• Providing
some
agencies
that
can
help
child
with
Spina
Bifida
• Providing
some
agencies
that
Sonia’s
family
can
do
sports
and
recreation

4. Normally
embryo’s
b
oth
side
of
spine
bon
es
close
within
the
fir
st
four
weeks
of
preg
nancy.
However,
if
d
uring
this
period,
the
spine
does
not
close
completely,
it
is
caus
e
of
birth
defect.
(Spina
Bifida
Information
)

5.
Spina
Bifida
Segment(Video)

6. “Infants
born
with
spina
bifida
may
have
an
open
lesion
on
their
spine
where
significant
damage
to
the
nerves
and
spinal
cord
occurs.
Although
the
spinal
opening
is
surgically
repaired
shortly
after
birth,
the
nerve
damage
is
permanent.
This
results
in
varying
degrees
of
paralysis
of
the
lower
limbs,
depending
largely
on
the
location
and
severity
of
the
lesion.
Even
with
no
visible
lesion,
there
may
be
improperly
formed
or
missing
vertebrae,
and
accompanying
nerve
damage.”
(Spina
Bifida
Information)

7. “Spina
bifida
is
the
most
common
of
a
group
of
birth
defects
kno
wn
as
newuraltube
defects,
which
affect
the
central
nervous
syst
m(brain
and
spinal
cord).”
(Spina
Bifida)
There
are
three
most
common
types
of
Spina
Bifida,
which
are
O
cculta,
meningocele,
and
myelomeningocele.
Each
type
has
differ
ent
level
of
severity,
and
symptoms.

8. Occulta
means
“hidden”
in
Latin,
and
Spina
B
ifida
Occulta
is
the
mildest
form
and
the
mos
t
common
form
of
spina
bifida.
“In
spina
bifid
a
occlta,
one
or
more
vertebrae
are
malform
ed.”
(Types
of
Spina
Bifida)
The
skin
on
the
s
urface
may
be
normal.
Otherwise,
There
are
some
hair
growing
or
dimple
on
the
skin.
(Spi
na
Bifida
Information)
“SBO
is
common;
10
to
20
percent
of
healthy
people
have
it.
Normal
ly
is
safe
and
people
often
find
out
they
have
it
through
an
X-­‐ray.
Spina
Bifida
Occulta
usual
ly
doesn’t
ause
nervous
system
problems.”
(
Spina
Bifida
Occulta)

9. Even
though
there
is
nothing
wrong
with
the
spine,
people
can
ha
ve
Spina
Bifida
Occulta.
People
could
have
neurological
complicati
on
relate
to
SBO.
There
are
some
possible
symptoms
of
neurologi
cal
complication.
(Spina
Bifida
Occulta)
“
•
Pain
in
the
back
or
legs;
•
Weakness
in
the
legs;
•
Numbness
or
other
changes
in
feeling
in
the
legs
or
backs;
•
Deformed
legs,
feet
and
back;
and
•
Change
in
bladder
or
bowel
function.
People
who
could
have
a
spinal
cord
problem
should
see
a
health
care
provider
right
away.”
(Spina
Bifida
Occulta)

10. Meningocele
spinal
cords
develop
normally,
but
o
nly
problem
is
that
meninges
juts
out
from
the
op
ening.
It
is
created
by
damaged
or
missing
vertebr
ae
and
perhaps
can
be
exposed.
(Spina
Bifida
Infor
mation)
“The
membrane
that
surrounds
the
spinal
cord
may
enlarge,
creating
a
lump
or
“<cyst.”
This
is
often
invisible
through
the
skin
and
causes
no
p
roblems.
If
the
spinal
canal
is
cleft,
or
“bifid,”
the
c
yst
may
expand
and
come
to
the
surface.
In
such
c
ases,
since
the
cys
does
not
enclose
the
spinal
cor
d,
the
cord
is
not
exposed.
The
cyst
varies
in
size,
but
it
can
almost
always
be
removed
surgically
if
n
ecessary,
leaving
no
permanent
disability.
This
is
a
n
uncommon
type
of
spina
bifida.”
(Spina
Bifida)

11. “In
this
rare
form,
the
p
rotective
membranes
a
round
the
spinal
cord
(
meninges)
push
out
thr
ough
the
opening
in
th
e
vertebrae.
Because
th
e
spical
cord
develops
normally,
these
membr
anes
can
be
removed
b
y
surgery
with
little
or
no
damage
to
nerve
pa
thways.”
(Symptoms)

12. “A
section
of
the
spinal
cord
and
the
nerves
that
stem
from
the
c
ord
are
exposed
and
visible
on
the
outside
of
the
body.
Or,
if
ther
e
is
a
cyst,
it
encloses
part
of
the
cord
and
the
nerves.
This
conditi
on,
which
was
documented
4000
years
ago,
accounts
for
94%
of
cases
of
true
spina
bifida.”
(Spina
Bifida)
Myelomeningocele
is
the
m
ost
omplex
and
intense
for
m
of
spina
bifida.
Its
protect
ive
covering
and
the
menin
ges
protrude
from
the
spilt
spine.
(Spina
Bifida
Informa
tion)

13. “A
new
born
may
have
a
sac
sticking
out
of
the
mid
to
lower
back.
Th
e
doctor
cannot
see
through
the
sac
when
shining
a
light
behind
it.
Sy
mptoms
include:
•
Loss
of
bladder
or
bowel
control
•
Partial
or
complete
lack
of
sensation
•
Partial
or
complete
paralysis
of
the
legs
•
Weakness
of
the
hips,
legs,
or
feet
of
a
newborn
Other
symptoms
may
include:
•
Abnormal
feet
or
legs,
such
as
club
foot
•
Build
up
of
fluid
inside
the
scull
(hydrocephalus)
•
Hair
at
the
back
part
of
the
pelvis
called
the
sacral
area
•
Dimpling
of
the
sacral
area”
(Myelomeningocele)

14. Researchers
said
that
there
are
effe
cts
of
heredity,
lack
of
folic
acid,
an
d
environment
could
influence
to
S
pina
Bifida.
However,
it
is
not
been
i
dentified
yet
exactly.
(Spina
Bifida
I
nformation)
“Having
a
child
with
Sp
ina
bifida
increases
the
chance
that
another
child
will
also
have
Spina
bi
fida
by
8
times.
In
about
95%
of
case
s
of
Spina
bifida,
however,
there
is
no
family
history
of
neural
tube
def
ects.”(emedicinehealth)

15. Spina
Bifida
is
able
to
diagnosed
during
pregn
ancy
or
after
the
baby
is
born.
However,
Spin
a
bifida
occulta
could
not
be
diagnosed
even
after
the
baby
grows
up,
or
might
never
be
di
agnosed.
(Fact)

16. During
pregnancy
there
are
screening
te
st
(
prenatal
tests)
to
check
for
spina
bifi
da
and
other
birth
defects.
“
•
AFP
–
AFP
stands
for
alpha-­‐fetoprotein,
a
protein
the
unborn
baby
produces.
This
is
a
simple
blood
test
that
measures
how
much
AFP
has
passed
into
the
mother’s
bloo
dstream
from
the
baby.
A
high
level
of
AFP
might
mean
that
the
baby
has
spina
bifid
a.
An
AFP
test
might
be
part
of
a
test
called
the
“triple
screen”
that
looks
for
neural
t
ube
defects
and
other
issues.
•
Ultrasound
–
An
ultrasound
is
a
type
of
picture
of
the
baby.
In
some
cases,
the
doct
or
can
see
if
the
baby
has
spina
bifida
or
find
other
reasons
that
there
might
be
a
hig
h
level
of
AFP.
Frequently,
spina
bifida
can
be
seen
with
this
test.
•
Amniocentesis
–
For
this
test,
the
doctor
takes
a
small
sample
of
the
amniotic
fluid
surrounding
the
baby
in
the
womb.
Higher
than
average
levels
of
AFP
in
the
fluid
mig
ht
mean
that
the
baby
has
spina
bifida.”
(Fact)

17. “In
some
cases,
spina
bifida
might
not
be
diagnosed
until
after
the
ba
by
is
born.
Sometimes
there
is
a
hai
ry
patch
of
skin
or
dimple
on
the
ba
by’s
back
that
is
first
seen
after
the
baby
is
born.
A
doctor
can
use
an
i
mage
scan,
such
as
an,
X-­‐ray,
MRI,
or
CT,
to
get
a
clearer
view
of
the
b
aby’s
spine
and
the
bones
in
the
ba
ck.
Sometimes
spina
bifida
is
not
diagnosed
until
after
the
baby
is
born
b
ecause
the
mother
did
not
receive
prenatal
care
or
an
ultrasound
did
not
show
clear
pictures
of
the
affected
part
of
the
spine.”
(Fine)

18. There
is
not
treatment
exactly.
However,
medical
care
or
surg
ical
treatments
will
help
to
prevent
occurring
secondary
condi
tions
throughout
an
individual’s
life.
Through
the
surgery,
the
opening
in
the
spine
can
be
closed
and
this
will
reduce
its
effe
cts
on
the
body.
(Spina
Bifida)
“Since
spina
bifida
causes
injur
y
to
the
spinal
cord,
treatment
consists
of
managing
the
symp
toms
that
the
person
has,
such
as
difficulty
standing,
walking,
or
urinating.
Some
people
will
be
able
to
walk
with
crutches
o
r
leg
braces;
others
may
need
a
wheelchair
to
get
around.
Chil
dren
and
adults
with
myelomeningocele
will
have
the
most
m
edical
complications
and
need
the
most
medical
care.”
(Spina
Bifida)
“Just
fifty
years
ago,
only
10%
of
babies
born
with
spina
bifida
survived
their
first
year.
Today,
with
research
and
adva
nces
in
medical
technology,
90%
survive
and
thrive!”
(Spina
Bi
fida
Information)

19. 1. Physical
Space
/
Removal
of
Barriers
• Providing
free
space
Sonia
needs
to
use
wheelchair,
so
she
needs
free
space
to
use
wheelchair
freely.
• Tables
that
have
an
openly
for
children
in
wheelc
hair
By
setting
open
tables,
Sonia
can
easy
to
access
t
he
tables
and
do
a
variety
activities
at
the
table.
• Easy
access
I
need
to
set
wheelchair
accessible
facilities
for
S
onia.
She
will
be
able
to
come
to
classroom
or
m
ove
in
the
classroom
easily.
Table
height
should
b
e
suitable
level
for
the
child.
• Child’s
eye-­‐level
When
Sonia
uses
wheelchair,
I
have
to
change
th
e
environment
that
she
can
access
with
wheelch
air.
(ECEP
223)

20. 2. Adaptive
Devices
for
greater
independence
“Children
with
spina
bifida
may
need
to
use
assisted
devices
for
walking.”
(E
CEP223,
W3)
Because
their
spinal
cords
are
damaged,
and
it
influences
on
the
ir
body.
Mobility
device
can
help
a
child
to
crawl,
stand,
or
walk.
“
• Crawling:
Scooter
boards
can
be
propelled
by
the
child’s
arms
as
he
lies
across
the
board.
• Standing:
Many
children
with
balance
issues
are
unable
to
stand
indepe
ndently
but
can
lay
if
they
are
supported
in
a
standing
position.
Sometim
es
children
who
cannot
hold
their
heads
up
while
lying
down
are
able
to
hold
their
heads
up
when
they
are
in
a
sitting
or
standing
position.
• Walking:
A
child
with
weak
leg
muscles
may
require
braces
to
help
supp
ort
the
joints.
Even
with
bracing,
a
child
may
require
a
walker
for
trunk
b
alance.
Young
children
usually
require
walkers
with
front
wheels
as
they
require
less
energy
to
use
than
walkers
without
wheels.”
(ECEP223,
Rea
ding
Package)

21. • Providing
adaptive
devices
such
as
poisoning
systems,
fidget
kits,
walker
s,
canes,
and
crutches.
Poisoning
systems
can
help
to
foster
exercise
the
rapy
and
general
positioning.
It
will
help
Sonia
to
move
and
use
her
bod
y.
Also,
she
needs
to
balance
when
she
practices
walking,
so
walkers,
ca
nes,
and
crutches
can
be
additional
support
to
maintain
balance
or
stabil
ity
while
Sonia
is
walking.
One
of
Sonia’s
weaknesses
is
attention,
and
fi
dget
kits
will
help
her
to
focus
and
maintain
attention
during
learning
in
the
class.
These
kits
contains
sensory
items
that
help
Sonia
to
focus
on
h
er
work.
(ECEP
223,
W8)
The Importance of Physical Activity (Video)

22. Children
with
Spina
Bifida
have
some
wea
knesses
such
as
perceptual
motor
proble
ms,
comprehension,
attention,
hyperactivi
ty/impulsivity,
memory,
organization,
sequ
encing,
and
decision
making/problem
solvi
ng.
(Learning
Among
Children
with
Spina
Bifida)
Based
on
the
child’s
weaknesses,
I
can
change
some
teaching
strategies.
(ECEP
223
Reading
Package)
1. Work
from
where
you
are,
not
from
where
you
want
to
be
As
an
ECE,
I
should
consider
six
developmental
areas
such
as
cognitive,
social
and
e
motional,
gross
motor,
fine
motor,
language
and
communication,
and
self-­‐help
skil
ls.
-­‐
Cognitive
skills:
The
child
with
spina
bifida
feels
hard
to
decision
making/problem
solving.
I
will
help
Sonia
to
understand
cause
and
effect
through
brainstorming
an
d
give
her
opportunity
to
practice
problem
solving.
-­‐
Social
and
emotional
skills:
Sonia
is
new
child
in
my
program,
so
she
might
feel
str
ange.
I
need
to
help
her
to
get
along
with
other
children.
I
will
ask
her
about
her
fe
eling
,
and
teach
her
how
to
express
her
feeling.

23. (ECEP
223
Reading
Package)
-­‐
Gross
motor
skills:
Sonia
has
problem
to
walk,
so
I
will
provide
some
physical
acti
vities
to
use
her
body.
Before
nap
time,
I
can
help
her
to
crawl
over
a
pillow.
-­‐
Fine
motor
skills:
Sonia
needs
to
use
her
body
with
balance.
I
will
provide
her
cra
yon
to
hold
and
write
down
something.
Or
she
can
practice
to
squeeze
a
sponge.
-­‐
Language
and
communication
skills:
Sonia
can
speak
both
English
and
French.
I
will
ask
her
frequently
about
objects,
and
provide
visual
things
that
she
could
ma
tch
pictures
and
languages.
It
will
be
provided
in
both
English
and
French.
-­‐
Self-­‐help
skills:
I
will
give
opportunities
to
try
something
by
herself.
For
example
,
she
can
put
on
her
clothes,
and
she
can
eat
by
herself
with
tools.
2.
Choose
a
single
area
to
focus
on
By
observing
Sonia,
I
need
to
decide
what
she
needs
now.
Then,
I
will
focus
on
one
area
such
as
physical
development,
and
help
her
to
complete
new
skills.
After
she
will
be
able
to
do
it,
I
will
find
out
another
area
that
she
needs
to
improve.

24. 3.
Break
the
skill
into
smaller
steps
-­‐
Every
skill
has
steps,
but
I
should
break
the
skill
into
smaller
steps
until
she
can
underst
and
and
complete
by
herself.
I
will
combine
this
strategy
with
‘chaining’,
so
when
I
teac
h
new
skill,
I
repeat
the
steps
until
she
can
do
it
on
her
own.
4.
Decide
how
to
teach
-­‐ All
learners
are
different,
and
I
should
provi
de
different
teaching
strategies.
Before
tea
ching
the
child,
I
should
think
what
I
want
t
o
teach
to
her
and
what
she
needs
to
know.
Sonia
is
bight
and
outgoing
person,
so
I
will
help
her
to
learn
in
interesting
way
such
as
combining
vision
and
movement.
She
can
s
ee
the
visual
objects,
and
express
what
she
saw
by
making
objects
with
clay.
(ECEP
223
Reading
Package)

25.
4.
Decide
how
to
teach
-­‐ All
learners
are
different,
and
I
should
provide
di
fferent
teaching
strategies.
Before
teaching
the
c
hild,
I
should
think
what
I
want
to
teach
to
her
an
d
what
she
needs
to
know.
Sonia
is
bight
and
out
going
person,
so
I
will
help
her
to
learn
in
interest
ing
way
such
as
combining
vision
and
movement.
She
can
see
the
visual
objects,
and
express
what
she
saw
by
making
objects
with
clay.
5.
Build
your
child’s
confidence
-­‐ She
is
new
child
in
my
program,
and
she
needs
to
know
other
children.
Maybe
it
is
hard
to
play
wit
h
other
children
at
first
time.
I
will
encourage
her
to
interact
with
one
other
child
first,
and
help
her
to
join
in
large
group
gradually.
Then,
I
will
prepar
e
some
activities
that
Sonia
and
other
children
ca
n
play
together.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)

26.
6.
Motivate
and
reinforce
-­‐ I
will
observe
Sonia
and
try
to
find
her
interests.
And
I
should
consider
how
to
give
appropriate
reinforcement.
When
I
give
her
more
natural
forms
of
reinfor
cement,
Sonia
could
better
success
learning
new
skills.
I
should
consider
her
c
omprehension
skill,
so
it
will
be
helpful
to
teach
her
based
on
her
personal
exp
eriences
or
special
interests.
7.
Set
short
deadlines
-­‐
When
I
give
a
new
skill
to
Sonia,
I
need
to
set
the
time.
I
will
check
the
time
h
ow
long
does
it
take
that
Sonia
gets
new
skills,
and
I
will
work
with
other
teach
ers
together.
Setting
time
is
important
because
I
will
be
able
to
observe
her
de
velopment
process
based
on
how
long
she
needs
to
get
the
new
skills.
8.
Keep
track
-­‐ Whenever
I
give
to
Sonia
new
skill,
I
need
to
write
down
her
status.
Then,
I
ca
n
see
that
she
can
follow
the
instruction
well
or
not.
If
Sonia
is
struggling,
it
m
eans
that
she
feels
difficult
to
learn
it
at
this
time.
Then,
I
can
find
other
skills
f
or
her.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)

27.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)
9.
Generalize
the
skill
-­‐ When
I
teach
new
skills
to
Sonia,
I
should
encourage
her
to
use
that
skills
in
m
any
different
places,
with
many
people,
and
many
situations.
“To
encourage
the
use
of
new
skills
in
as
many
ways
and
places
as
possible,
a
f
ew
tips
include:
•
Use
similar
but
different
items
to
teach
the
same
skills
•
Have
other
caregivers
teach
the
same
skill
BUT
be
certain
that
they
kno
w
what
steps
are
being
taught
and
how
you
are
teaching
them
• Teach
the
skill
in
several
different
locations
• Teach
the
skill
during
different
times
of
the
day,
if
possible.”
(ECEP233,
R
eading
Package)
Generalize
the
skill
is
important
because
one
of
their
major
difficulties
is
transf
erring
skills
to
a
new
environment.
(Teaching
Strategies
to
improve
Classroom
Performance)

28.
10.
Include
others
-­‐
Working
with
others
is
important.
Every
teacher
has
different
thought,
and
I
c
annot
tell
that
which
one
is
the
best.
I
will
ask
to
other
teachers
to
join
to
teac
h
Sonia
a
new
skill.
Then,
they
could
help
her
in
their
best
way.
Also,
I
can
get
s
ome
advices
from
her
if
I
am
not
sure
of
my
strategies
and
next
steps.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)

29. Sprit
Breakthrough
&
Hope
“The
mission
of
the
Spina
Bifida
and
Hydro
cephalus
Association
is
to
build
awareness
and
drive
research,
support
and
advocacy
t
o
help
find
a
cure
while
continuing
to
impr
ove
the
quality
of
life
of
all
individuals
with
spina
bifida
and/or
hydrocephalus.
The
association
is
also
committed
to
educa
ting
the
public
about
the
important
role
fol
ic
acid
plays
in
the
prevention
of
neural
tub
e
defects,
which
includes
spina
bifida.
SB&
H
receives
no
government
funding.
Its
ope
rating
budget
comes
directly
from
fundraisi
ng
and
donations.”
(Spina
Bifida
and
Hydro
cephalus
Association
SB&H)

30. Sprit
Breakthrough
&
Hope
http://www.sbhao.on.ca/
P.O.
Box
103,
Suite
1006
555
Richmond
Street
West
Toronto,
Ontario
M5V
3B1
Toronto
&
GTA:
416-­‐214-­‐1056
Toll
Free:
800-­‐387-­‐1575
(Ontario
Only)
Fax:
416-­‐214-­‐1446
Email:
provincial@sbhao.on.ca

31. Holland
Bloorview
Holland
Bloorview
Kids
Rehabilitation
H
ospital
(formerly
Bloorview
Kids
Rehab)
is
Canada’s
the
biggest
children’s
rehabil
itation
hospital.
They
provides
treatmen
ts,
technologies,
therapies
and
real-­‐worl
d
programs
to
children
with
special
nee
ds.
They
help
children’s
development,
s
upport
children
participation,
and
compl
ex
continuing
care.
Also,
they
provide
s
ome
special
programs
for
children
with
special
need.
(Holland
Bloorview
Kids
R
ehabilitation
Hospital
–
An
Overview)

32. Holland
Bloorview
http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/index.php
Holland
Bloorview
Kids
Rehabilitation
Hospital
150
Kilgour
Road
Toronto,
Ontario,
Canada
M4G
1R
Tel:
416-­‐425-­‐6220
Toll
Free:
1-­‐800-­‐363-­‐2440
Child
Development
Program
Tel:
416-­‐425-­‐6220
ext.
7050

33. Our
Kids
http://www.ourkids.net/disability-­‐camps.php
This
website
helps
to
find
camps
for
kids
with
special
needs.
“Di
sability
Camps
provide
summer
recreation
for
children
with
vari
ous
types
of
disabilities.
Camps
are
conducted
for
a
variety
of
di
sabilities
that
may
include
cerebral
palsy,
muscular
dystrophy,
s
pina
bifida,
brain
injury,
autism,
multiple
sclerosis,
epilepsy,
qua
driplegia,
paraplegia,
arthritis,
hearing
and/or
visual
impairment
s,
Down's
syndrome,
schizophrenia,
heart
problems,
strokes,
at
tention
deficit
disorders,
fetal
alcohol
syndrome,
diabetes
and
A
lzheimer’s
disorder.
Some
camps
are
especially
for
children
with
learning
disabilities
like
dyslexia.
There
are
also
many
disability
camps
covering
only
a
specific
type
of
disability.”
(Disability
Ca
mps)
This
website
is
designed
to
find
the
camp
easily.
Parents
c
an
find
camp
by
region,
and
purpose.
Also,
they
can
compare
th
em
easily.
Each
camp
includes
contact
information,
and
parents
can
contact
with
them
after
deciding.

34. Toronto
Community
Foundation
Helps individual or family who
want to live, work, and get ed
ucation in Toronto. This comm
unity is one of largest Canada
's community foundations. "Th
e Toronto Community Founda
tion connects philanthropy wit
h community needs and oppo
rtunities in order to make Toro
nto the best place to live, wor
k, learn, and grow." (About To
ronto Community Foundation)
They provides a professional
advisor for helping people.

35. Toronto
Community
Foundation
http://www.tcf.ca/
Toronto Community Foundation
Xerox Centre
33 Bloor Street East, Suite 1603
Toronto ON M4W 3H1
Tel: 416-921-2035
Fax: 416-921-1026
General Inquiries: info@tcf.ca

36. • "Spina Bifida." emedicinehealth. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <www.emedicinehealth.com/spina_b
ifida_causes>
• "Spina Bifida Information | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus." Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Associati
on of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://www
.sbhao.on.ca/spina-bifida>.
• "Types of Spina Bifida." Nervous System Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://nervou
s-system.emedtv.com/spina-bifida/types-of-spina-bifida.html>.
• "Spina Bifida Occulta." Spina Bifida Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <www.spinabifidaass
ociation.org/site/c.evKRI7OXIoJ8H/b.8277205/>
• "Spina bifida: Symptoms - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://ww
w.mayoclinic.com/health/spina-bifida/DS00417/DSECTION=symptoms>.
• "Myelomeningocele: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Insti
tutes of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/0
01558.htm>
• "CDC - Spina Bifida, Facts - NCBDDD."Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 2
0 Mar. 2013. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/ spinabifida/facts.html>
• "Spina Bifida." About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <spinabifida/facts.html>.
• "Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Association SB&H :: Toronto Charity Events." Toronto Charity Even
ts 2013 | Fundraising & Volunteer in Toronto, ON. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.toron
to-charities.ca/page.aspx?dt=259>.
• "Disability Camps." Our Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <www.ourkids.net/disability-camps.php
>.
• "Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital." Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. N.p.
, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/index.php>.
• "Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus." Sp
ina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus. N.p., n.
d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.sbhao.on.ca/>.
• "Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus." Sp
ina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus. N.p., n.
d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.sbhao.on.ca/>.

37. • http://byebyedoctor.com/spina-bifida/
• http://sbhawa.com.au/?page_id=164
• http://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=9338
• http://body-disease.com/neural-tube-defects-spina-bifida-meningocele-and-myelomeningocele/
• http://www.faqs.org/health/Sick-V4/Spina-Bifida-Diagnosis.html
• http://daddytypes.com/2011/07/01/dt_friday_freakout_neuroscience_edition.php
• http://www.maps.google.ca/
• http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=10196
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/spinabifida/research.html
• http://goaupairprovidence.wordpress.com/2012/11/05/develop-hand-washing-skills-at-a-young-ag
e/
• http://pureshpower.blogspot.ca/2012/03/violent-assaults-on-disabled-children.html
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/spinabifida/nsbprregistry.html
• http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?system/hnep/neural_tube.htm~right
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/spinabifida/school-age.html
• http://www.tcf.ca/