The document discusses safety procedures and reducing risks in the fertilizer industry. It outlines the urea and ammonia production processes and identifies several hazards like cake formation, electrocution, confined spaces, gas emissions, noise, and vibration. The goal is to analyze hazards present in fertilizer manufacturing and provide practical safety implementations like proper PPE, training, standard operating procedures, and policies to control risks.
1. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells aim to provide an abundant and low-cost photovoltaic solution compared to classical silicon solar cells.
2. OPV cells work by absorbing light which creates an exciton, an electron-hole pair, that is separated at the donor-acceptor interface.
3. The three main types of OPV cells are single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction, with bulk heterojunction having the highest efficiencies due to an intermixed donor-acceptor layer.
This internship report summarizes Muhammad Sajid's 4-week internship at Sitara Chemical Industries Limited (SCIL). SCIL produces caustic soda through an electrolysis process using brine from rock salt. The report describes the various sections of SCIL's caustic soda production process, including primary and secondary brine treatment, electrolysis in the cell room, dechlorination, evaporation, and solidification. It also provides details on SCIL's corporate social responsibility initiatives in healthcare, education, and skills training.
Development Of Non Aqueous Asymmetric Hybrid Supercapacitors Part INakkiran Arulmozhi
This document describes the development of a hybrid supercapacitor combining lithium-ion battery electrodes and carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes. Specifically, it discusses synthesizing lithium manganate and doped lithium manganate compounds as cathode materials, and using carbon nanofoam as the anode material. The hybrid supercapacitor is fabricated and undergoes electrochemical characterization through impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge/discharge testing to analyze its performance.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe but does not exist naturally on Earth. It has potential as a clean fuel for vehicles and devices. Currently it is mainly produced from methane, but can also be generated through electrolysis and other methods. Hydrogen is colorless, odorless and highly flammable. It can power vehicles and devices through combustion or in fuel cells, which generate electricity through electrochemical reactions with oxygen and have higher efficiency than combustion engines. Widespread use of hydrogen faces challenges including lack of infrastructure and need for cost reductions in production and fuel cells.
Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy SectorBasiony Shehata
Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.
The document is a presentation on hydrogen as a future fuel. It was presented by five MBA students to a professor. The presentation discusses hydrogen's history and development as a fuel worldwide and in India. It describes various methods of hydrogen production and storage. The presentation outlines government policies and initiatives in India to promote hydrogen use and provides an overview of research projects. It discusses benefits and challenges of hydrogen as a fuel and highlights applications. The conclusion is that hydrogen could be the fuel of the future with increased focus on extraction technologies and storage solutions.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
1. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells aim to provide an abundant and low-cost photovoltaic solution compared to classical silicon solar cells.
2. OPV cells work by absorbing light which creates an exciton, an electron-hole pair, that is separated at the donor-acceptor interface.
3. The three main types of OPV cells are single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction, with bulk heterojunction having the highest efficiencies due to an intermixed donor-acceptor layer.
This internship report summarizes Muhammad Sajid's 4-week internship at Sitara Chemical Industries Limited (SCIL). SCIL produces caustic soda through an electrolysis process using brine from rock salt. The report describes the various sections of SCIL's caustic soda production process, including primary and secondary brine treatment, electrolysis in the cell room, dechlorination, evaporation, and solidification. It also provides details on SCIL's corporate social responsibility initiatives in healthcare, education, and skills training.
Development Of Non Aqueous Asymmetric Hybrid Supercapacitors Part INakkiran Arulmozhi
This document describes the development of a hybrid supercapacitor combining lithium-ion battery electrodes and carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes. Specifically, it discusses synthesizing lithium manganate and doped lithium manganate compounds as cathode materials, and using carbon nanofoam as the anode material. The hybrid supercapacitor is fabricated and undergoes electrochemical characterization through impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge/discharge testing to analyze its performance.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe but does not exist naturally on Earth. It has potential as a clean fuel for vehicles and devices. Currently it is mainly produced from methane, but can also be generated through electrolysis and other methods. Hydrogen is colorless, odorless and highly flammable. It can power vehicles and devices through combustion or in fuel cells, which generate electricity through electrochemical reactions with oxygen and have higher efficiency than combustion engines. Widespread use of hydrogen faces challenges including lack of infrastructure and need for cost reductions in production and fuel cells.
Application of Nanotechnologies in the Energy SectorBasiony Shehata
Applications of nanotechnology for increasing efficiency of generated power at low cost and the other hand,increasing efficiency of storage energy and transmission power.
The document is a presentation on hydrogen as a future fuel. It was presented by five MBA students to a professor. The presentation discusses hydrogen's history and development as a fuel worldwide and in India. It describes various methods of hydrogen production and storage. The presentation outlines government policies and initiatives in India to promote hydrogen use and provides an overview of research projects. It discusses benefits and challenges of hydrogen as a fuel and highlights applications. The conclusion is that hydrogen could be the fuel of the future with increased focus on extraction technologies and storage solutions.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
This document discusses polymeric materials used in organic solar cells. It explains that organic solar cells use organic polymers and small molecules to absorb light and transport charges. Common donor polymers mentioned include phthalocyanine and poly(3-hexylthiophene), while acceptor examples provided are perylene, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and buckminsterfullerene. The document outlines the charge transfer process in organic solar cells and advantages of using polymeric materials, such as low cost and flexibility. Hazards and properties are also noted for some mentioned materials.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a versatile class of advanced materials consisting of metal clusters connected by organic ligands to form crystalline porous structures. MOFs have tunable properties depending on the metal ions and ligands used, and high surface areas and pore volumes making them promising for applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, and sensing. The document provides an overview of MOF structure and synthesis methods, and discusses some common ligands and metal centers used as well as properties and applications of MOFs.
The document discusses quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs). QDSCs use quantum dots as the light-absorbing material instead of bulk semiconductors like silicon. Quantum dots have tunable bandgaps based on their size, allowing different energy levels to be harvested from the solar spectrum. This could enable higher efficiency multi-junction solar cells. The document outlines the history of QDSCs, describes how quantum dots exhibit quantum confinement effects, and discusses methods for fabricating quantum dots with different bandgaps through controlling their size and composition.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
Conducting polymers can conduct electricity when carbon atoms in the polymer backbone are linked by double bonds. Common conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene. They are prepared through various synthesis methods and their conductivity is affected by factors like mobility, doping, and temperature. Potential applications of conducting polymers include corrosion protection, solar cells, medical uses, and more. While doped polymers are conductors, conjugate polymers are semiconductors. Conducting polymers offer opportunities to replace metals in various devices due to properties like mechanical flexibility and low cost.
This document discusses nanocomposites, which are materials with nanoparticles added to improve properties. A nanometer is extremely small, around 100 nanometers or less. At the nanoscale, materials behave differently than at larger scales. Nanocomposites can have enhanced properties like electrical conductivity, optical properties, or mechanical strength. Examples given include using silicon-carbon nanocomposites to make faster charging batteries, using nanotube-polymer scaffolds to speed bone healing, and making strong but lightweight windmill blades from carbon nanotube-epoxy composites. The document also mentions using nanocomposites to create flexible paper batteries.
MOF is a new class of material with lots of opportunity for future work. It is a coordination compound. Obviously MOF is a attractive subject for a group of researcher.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Emulsion polymerization involves radical chain polymerization where monomers are dispersed as droplets in water and polymerize within micelles. It allows for high molecular weight polymers to form at high reaction rates. The process involves four main components: 1) monomers, 2) a dispersion medium (water), 3) an emulsifier, and 4) a water-soluble initiator. Polymerization occurs only within the micelles. The mechanism proceeds in three stages: initiation within the micelles, monomer diffusion into particles as conversion increases, and consumption of monomer droplets. Emulsion polymerization produces polymer latex particles and addresses heat transfer and viscosity issues relative to other polymerization methods.
This presentation provides basics of self healing polymers along with all the different types of polymers and mechanisms involved including a focus on new extrinsic and intrinsic technologies.It also discusses the applications of self healing polymers
Polymers become conducting when they have conjugated double bonds along their carbon backbone that allow for electron movement. There are two types of conducting polymers - p-type polymers that conduct positive holes and n-type polymers that conduct negative electrons. Important examples include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and PEDOT. Potential applications of conducting polymers include uses in batteries, solar cells, LEDs, electromagnetic shielding, and anti-static coatings due to their ability to combine electrical conductivity with plastic-like mechanical properties.
This document summarizes key information about polypropylene (PP), a linear polymer composed of isopropane repeating units. PP is prepared using Ziegler catalysts under nitrogen atmosphere and its molecular weight can be controlled with hydrogen. Commercially, PP is usually 90-95% isotactic. Isotactic PP has properties like chemical resistance, stability in boiling water, and good electrical properties. It has applications in automotive parts, packaging, and electrical/electronics due to its workability and resistance to chemicals and heat. The document discusses the structure, properties, processing, additives and applications of PP.
This document provides an overview of supercapacitors. It discusses what supercapacitors are, their history, basic design involving two electrodes separated by an ion permeable membrane, how they work by forming an electric double layer when charged, the materials used such as carbon nanotubes for electrodes and electrolytes, their features like high energy storage and charge/discharge rates, applications including use in buses and backup power systems, and advantages like long lifespan and eco-friendliness with disadvantages like low energy density and high cost.
This document discusses various techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles, including sol-gel synthesis, colloidal precipitation, co-precipitation, combustion technique, hydrothermal technique, high energy ball milling, and sonochemistry. It provides details on specific methods like the Frens method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles, co-precipitation reaction for iron oxide nanoparticles using FeCl3 and benzene tetracarboxylic acid, combustion synthesis using lithium nitrate and bismuth nitrate with urea and glycerol, and hydrothermal treatment for titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The advantages of these techniques in producing nanoparticles at low temperatures and with good control of properties are highlighted.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
Graphene is a single-atom thick layer of carbon that was discovered in 2004. It has unique electrical, mechanical, and optical properties including high electron mobility, strength stronger than diamond but flexible like rubber, and ability to transmit light. These properties make it promising for applications in electronics, composites, energy storage, and more. Graphene is still in early stages of research and development.
This document provides an overview of supercapacitors and metal-oxide materials used in them. It discusses their construction using two metal foils coated with an electrode material like activated carbon separated by a membrane. Supercapacitors store charge electrochemically via electric double layers at the electrode interfaces, allowing for higher energy storage than conventional capacitors. Metal oxides like ruthenium oxide, manganese dioxide and nickel oxide are described as alternative electrode materials that undergo fast redox reactions for higher pseudocapacitance. Applications include backup power systems, and advantages are high power density, long lifespan and eco-friendliness while disadvantages include high self-discharge and cost.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells, including their basic components and operation. It discusses how fuel cells work by separating hydrogen ions and electrons at the anode, with the electrons powering an external circuit before recombining with oxygen and ions at the cathode to form water. Two types of fuel cells are then described in more detail: phosphoric acid fuel cells, which were the first commercialized and use liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, and alkaline fuel cells, which use an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and react hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, heat and electricity.
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
Photocatalytsis_ significance and Applications.pptxAbdurRahman178064
Photocatalysis is a reaction where light activates a substance called a photocatalyst, which modifies the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed. When photocatalyst nanoparticles like TiO2 are exposed to UV light, electrons are excited and form electron-hole pairs that generate free radicals to degrade organic pollutants. Photosynthesis is a natural photocatalytic process where chlorophyll uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Applications of photocatalysis include water splitting for hydrogen production, self-cleaning surfaces, water disinfection, and artificial photosynthesis using semiconductor materials.
This document is a seminar paper submitted by Md. Parvez Kabir to several course instructors on the topic of nano-fertilizer for smart agriculture. The abstract indicates that the paper will discuss nano-fertilizer based smart agriculture, addressing scientific gaps and questions around the safe and effective use of nano-fertilizers for crop production. The paper contains sections on the objectives, approaches, literature review findings, summary and conclusions. The findings section defines nano-particles, nano-fertilizers, and discusses their advantages over conventional fertilizers including improved nutrient uptake efficiency and controlled release. It also discusses the concept of smart nutrient delivery systems using nano-fertilizers.
The document discusses a study on the effect of neem leaves and poultry manure on the growth and yield of cucumber. The study was conducted at Ohawu Agricultural College from December 2014 to February 2015 using a randomized complete block design with four treatments replicated three times. The treatments included a control, 5kg neem leaves/kg soil, 5kg poultry manure/kg soil, and a combination of 2.5kg neem leaves and 2.5kg poultry manure/kg soil. Parameters measured included vine length, number of leaves, fruit length, and fresh fruit weight. Results showed that poultry manure recorded the highest mean for fruit length and weight, while neem
This document discusses polymeric materials used in organic solar cells. It explains that organic solar cells use organic polymers and small molecules to absorb light and transport charges. Common donor polymers mentioned include phthalocyanine and poly(3-hexylthiophene), while acceptor examples provided are perylene, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and buckminsterfullerene. The document outlines the charge transfer process in organic solar cells and advantages of using polymeric materials, such as low cost and flexibility. Hazards and properties are also noted for some mentioned materials.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a versatile class of advanced materials consisting of metal clusters connected by organic ligands to form crystalline porous structures. MOFs have tunable properties depending on the metal ions and ligands used, and high surface areas and pore volumes making them promising for applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, and sensing. The document provides an overview of MOF structure and synthesis methods, and discusses some common ligands and metal centers used as well as properties and applications of MOFs.
The document discusses quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs). QDSCs use quantum dots as the light-absorbing material instead of bulk semiconductors like silicon. Quantum dots have tunable bandgaps based on their size, allowing different energy levels to be harvested from the solar spectrum. This could enable higher efficiency multi-junction solar cells. The document outlines the history of QDSCs, describes how quantum dots exhibit quantum confinement effects, and discusses methods for fabricating quantum dots with different bandgaps through controlling their size and composition.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
Conducting polymers can conduct electricity when carbon atoms in the polymer backbone are linked by double bonds. Common conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene. They are prepared through various synthesis methods and their conductivity is affected by factors like mobility, doping, and temperature. Potential applications of conducting polymers include corrosion protection, solar cells, medical uses, and more. While doped polymers are conductors, conjugate polymers are semiconductors. Conducting polymers offer opportunities to replace metals in various devices due to properties like mechanical flexibility and low cost.
This document discusses nanocomposites, which are materials with nanoparticles added to improve properties. A nanometer is extremely small, around 100 nanometers or less. At the nanoscale, materials behave differently than at larger scales. Nanocomposites can have enhanced properties like electrical conductivity, optical properties, or mechanical strength. Examples given include using silicon-carbon nanocomposites to make faster charging batteries, using nanotube-polymer scaffolds to speed bone healing, and making strong but lightweight windmill blades from carbon nanotube-epoxy composites. The document also mentions using nanocomposites to create flexible paper batteries.
MOF is a new class of material with lots of opportunity for future work. It is a coordination compound. Obviously MOF is a attractive subject for a group of researcher.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Emulsion polymerization involves radical chain polymerization where monomers are dispersed as droplets in water and polymerize within micelles. It allows for high molecular weight polymers to form at high reaction rates. The process involves four main components: 1) monomers, 2) a dispersion medium (water), 3) an emulsifier, and 4) a water-soluble initiator. Polymerization occurs only within the micelles. The mechanism proceeds in three stages: initiation within the micelles, monomer diffusion into particles as conversion increases, and consumption of monomer droplets. Emulsion polymerization produces polymer latex particles and addresses heat transfer and viscosity issues relative to other polymerization methods.
This presentation provides basics of self healing polymers along with all the different types of polymers and mechanisms involved including a focus on new extrinsic and intrinsic technologies.It also discusses the applications of self healing polymers
Polymers become conducting when they have conjugated double bonds along their carbon backbone that allow for electron movement. There are two types of conducting polymers - p-type polymers that conduct positive holes and n-type polymers that conduct negative electrons. Important examples include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and PEDOT. Potential applications of conducting polymers include uses in batteries, solar cells, LEDs, electromagnetic shielding, and anti-static coatings due to their ability to combine electrical conductivity with plastic-like mechanical properties.
This document summarizes key information about polypropylene (PP), a linear polymer composed of isopropane repeating units. PP is prepared using Ziegler catalysts under nitrogen atmosphere and its molecular weight can be controlled with hydrogen. Commercially, PP is usually 90-95% isotactic. Isotactic PP has properties like chemical resistance, stability in boiling water, and good electrical properties. It has applications in automotive parts, packaging, and electrical/electronics due to its workability and resistance to chemicals and heat. The document discusses the structure, properties, processing, additives and applications of PP.
This document provides an overview of supercapacitors. It discusses what supercapacitors are, their history, basic design involving two electrodes separated by an ion permeable membrane, how they work by forming an electric double layer when charged, the materials used such as carbon nanotubes for electrodes and electrolytes, their features like high energy storage and charge/discharge rates, applications including use in buses and backup power systems, and advantages like long lifespan and eco-friendliness with disadvantages like low energy density and high cost.
This document discusses various techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles, including sol-gel synthesis, colloidal precipitation, co-precipitation, combustion technique, hydrothermal technique, high energy ball milling, and sonochemistry. It provides details on specific methods like the Frens method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles, co-precipitation reaction for iron oxide nanoparticles using FeCl3 and benzene tetracarboxylic acid, combustion synthesis using lithium nitrate and bismuth nitrate with urea and glycerol, and hydrothermal treatment for titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The advantages of these techniques in producing nanoparticles at low temperatures and with good control of properties are highlighted.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
Graphene is a single-atom thick layer of carbon that was discovered in 2004. It has unique electrical, mechanical, and optical properties including high electron mobility, strength stronger than diamond but flexible like rubber, and ability to transmit light. These properties make it promising for applications in electronics, composites, energy storage, and more. Graphene is still in early stages of research and development.
This document provides an overview of supercapacitors and metal-oxide materials used in them. It discusses their construction using two metal foils coated with an electrode material like activated carbon separated by a membrane. Supercapacitors store charge electrochemically via electric double layers at the electrode interfaces, allowing for higher energy storage than conventional capacitors. Metal oxides like ruthenium oxide, manganese dioxide and nickel oxide are described as alternative electrode materials that undergo fast redox reactions for higher pseudocapacitance. Applications include backup power systems, and advantages are high power density, long lifespan and eco-friendliness while disadvantages include high self-discharge and cost.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells, including their basic components and operation. It discusses how fuel cells work by separating hydrogen ions and electrons at the anode, with the electrons powering an external circuit before recombining with oxygen and ions at the cathode to form water. Two types of fuel cells are then described in more detail: phosphoric acid fuel cells, which were the first commercialized and use liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, and alkaline fuel cells, which use an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and react hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, heat and electricity.
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
Photocatalytsis_ significance and Applications.pptxAbdurRahman178064
Photocatalysis is a reaction where light activates a substance called a photocatalyst, which modifies the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed. When photocatalyst nanoparticles like TiO2 are exposed to UV light, electrons are excited and form electron-hole pairs that generate free radicals to degrade organic pollutants. Photosynthesis is a natural photocatalytic process where chlorophyll uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Applications of photocatalysis include water splitting for hydrogen production, self-cleaning surfaces, water disinfection, and artificial photosynthesis using semiconductor materials.
This document is a seminar paper submitted by Md. Parvez Kabir to several course instructors on the topic of nano-fertilizer for smart agriculture. The abstract indicates that the paper will discuss nano-fertilizer based smart agriculture, addressing scientific gaps and questions around the safe and effective use of nano-fertilizers for crop production. The paper contains sections on the objectives, approaches, literature review findings, summary and conclusions. The findings section defines nano-particles, nano-fertilizers, and discusses their advantages over conventional fertilizers including improved nutrient uptake efficiency and controlled release. It also discusses the concept of smart nutrient delivery systems using nano-fertilizers.
The document discusses a study on the effect of neem leaves and poultry manure on the growth and yield of cucumber. The study was conducted at Ohawu Agricultural College from December 2014 to February 2015 using a randomized complete block design with four treatments replicated three times. The treatments included a control, 5kg neem leaves/kg soil, 5kg poultry manure/kg soil, and a combination of 2.5kg neem leaves and 2.5kg poultry manure/kg soil. Parameters measured included vine length, number of leaves, fruit length, and fresh fruit weight. Results showed that poultry manure recorded the highest mean for fruit length and weight, while neem
This document describes the development and testing of an organic fertilizer production machine. The machine consists of four main components: a shredder, mixer, pelletizer, and conveyor system. Materials like crop residues and animal waste are shredded and mixed to produce organic manure. Testing showed the highest pelletizing efficiency (76%) at a mesh size of 6 mm. Characterization of the produced organic manure found a carbon to nitrogen ratio of around 30 and a pH of 7, indicating it is a rich nutrient source for soil rejuvenation. The machine was designed to efficiently and cost-effectively produce organic fertilizer to restore soil fertility as an alternative to expensive chemical fertilizers which can degrade the environment.
Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad Dist...ijtsrd
- The document discusses organic farming and organic food products. It provides background on organic certification standards and production methods that avoid synthetic chemicals, fertilizers, and GMOs.
- The main objectives of the study presented are to examine consumer awareness and satisfaction regarding organic food products in Palakkad District, Kerala. It aims to analyze factors influencing organic purchases and identify problems consumers face.
- The methodology section outlines that the study uses a sample of 680 respondents surveyed using stratified random sampling in six taluks of Palakkad District. Both primary and secondary data are collected to analyze awareness, attitudes, and consumption of organic products.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
IRJET- Urban based Agriculture using Aeroponic TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document discusses urban-based agriculture using aeroponic technology. Aeroponics involves growing plants in a soil-free environment by misting the plant roots with nutrient solution. It uses LED lights to provide the energy needs of plants instead of natural sunlight. Aeroponics uses 10% of the water and consumes fewer nutrients than conventional agriculture. It allows pesticide-free production of fruits and vegetables year-round in a controlled environment. The document outlines the history and development of aeroponics and compares it to other soilless agriculture techniques like hydroponics. It also describes the components of an aeroponic chamber, including nursery trays, irrigation systems, and LED lighting.
This document is an introduction and preface to the IFOAM Training Manual for Organic Agriculture in the Tropics. It was compiled by IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) and edited by Frank Eyhorn, Marlene Heeb, and Gilles Weidmann. The manual aims to facilitate organic agriculture training by providing suitable material and approaches. It was developed through collaboration between various international organizations and acknowledges their contributions. The development of the manual was a lengthy process aimed at creating a comprehensive yet "living document" to support ongoing training.
This document summarizes a publication about using livestock manures for organic crop production. It discusses the advantages and challenges of using both raw and composted manures. For raw manure, it addresses problems like contamination, produce quality concerns, fertility imbalances, weed issues, and pollution risks. It provides solutions like composting manure, restrictions on application timing, and using cover crops. Composted manures reduce many drawbacks of raw manure by stabilizing nutrients and eliminating human pathogens.
This document outlines a course on Farming Systems and Sustainable Agriculture. It includes the course number, title, credit hours, and general and specific objectives. The general objective is to impart knowledge on fundamentals of farming systems and sustainable agriculture. Specific objectives include learning principles of farming systems and sustainable agriculture to improve farmer economic conditions. The course also includes theory lectures and practical exercises on topics like organic farming, farming systems, integrated pest management, and visits to different farms.
This document outlines a course on Farming Systems and Sustainable Agriculture. It includes the course number, title, credit hours, and general and specific objectives. The general objective is to impart knowledge on fundamentals of farming systems and sustainable agriculture. Specific objectives include learning principles of farming systems and sustainable agriculture to improve farmer economic conditions. The course also includes theory lectures and practical exercises on topics like organic farming, farming systems, integrated pest management, and visits to different farms.
This document discusses opportunities and constraints of organic agriculture for food security. It finds that organic agriculture has the potential to meet global food needs based on models showing sufficient calorie production. Organic yields are comparable to conventional in some areas and higher in others, especially developing countries. Organic systems use less energy and fossil fuels by substituting natural inputs. Maintaining soil nutrients through closed nutrient cycles can be challenging. Overall, organic agriculture shows potential to sustainably intensify food production and secure global food availability.
A Review Paper on Design and Fabrication of Manure SpreaderIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and fabrication of a manure spreader. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goals of reducing farmers' manual labor in spreading manure and providing a more efficient and cost-effective method. It then reviews previous literature on manure spreaders. The objectives are listed as achieving uniform spreading, farmer control over the amount spread, a simple and efficient mechanism, avoiding external power sources, reducing costs, and reducing labor force size. The conclusion restates that the aims are to reduce farmers' efforts and provide a more convenient and affordable spreading method on farms, while reducing costs and obtaining a more uniform spread.
The document provides information about an international conference on the next generation of Indian agriculture to be held on October 4, 2009 in Coimbatore, India. The conference will include sessions on re-greening earth through vertical farming, the potential of pivot irrigation in Indian agriculture, organic waste management for bioproducts and bioenergy, modern farm implements, and Nokia Life tools for agriculture. Speakers include experts from Columbia University, Lindsay Corporation, the University of Georgia, and Nokia India who will provide presentations on these topics.
Canh tác lúa cải tiên_More rice-for-people-more-water-for-the-planet-sriVõ Minh Phúc
The document summarizes the benefits of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) compared to conventional rice production methods. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings in a spaced out pattern, keeping soil moist but not flooded, and incorporating organic soil amendments. This approach has been shown to increase yields by 47% on average while reducing water use by 40% and costs by 23%. Farmers adopting SRI achieve higher incomes with lower inputs. The document highlights experiences promoting SRI in Mali, Vietnam and India by Africare, Oxfam and WWF respectively, finding more resilient rural households and accelerated national adoption in countries where over two-thirds of rice is produced. SRI represents an opportunity to boost food security and
Hydroponics- Future farming as population increase.pdfmasumbukoweswa2
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1. REDUCE THE RISK AND TO IMPLEMENT THE
SAFETY PROCEDURE IN THE
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
Submitted by
PRINCEDANIEL.I
Reg.No. 920120423014
A INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted to the
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
Of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
BHARATH NIKETAN ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE
AUNDIPATTY-625 536
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI:: 620 025
JANUARY :: 2022
2. I
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this thesis titled “REDUCE THE RISK AND TO IMPLEMENT
THE SAFETY PROCEDURE IN THE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY” Is the bonafide
Work of PRINCEDANIEL.I (ROLL No: 920120423014) who carried out the work
under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the
work reported here in does not form part of any other project report or dissertation
on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on
this or any other candidate.
Submitted for the viva-voce examination held at Bharath Niketan Engineering College,
Aundipatty on ……
INTERNAL EXAMINAR EXTERNAL EXAMINAR
Signature of the HOD
Dr P.V.ARUL KUMAR M.E,M.B.A, Ph.D
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Bharath Niketan Engineering College,
Aundipatty.
Signature of the Supervisor
R.RAJASEKARAN .,M.E
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Bharath Niketan Engineering College,
Aundipatty.
3. II
DECLARATION
We affirm that the Project Report titled REDUCE THE RISK AND TO IMPLEMENT
THESAFETY PROCEDURE IN THE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY being submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Business Administration
is the original work carried out by us. It has not formed the part of any other project
report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier
occasionon this or any other candidate.
DATE: (SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE)
(PRINCEDANIEL.I)
4. III
ABSTRACT
Today agriculture is the back bone of our country in that to boost up the production we
tend to use of fertilizer ,so due demand of natural fertilizer ,weswitch over to chemical
fertilizer and simultaneously depend our country GDP.In that process also we can find
out the so many technique used on it in that we preferred HABER –BOSCH PROCESS
We preferred to take NEW UREA POLICY ,WHISTLEBLOWER POLICY and for the
bettermentof soil and yield production My project is also deal with find out the hazard
and risk present in the manufacture process and provide with practical implementation of
control risk and determine a certain and appropriate awareness ,SOP ,training provide
with proper PPE, policy ,code of conducton it
KEYWORDS:
PPE, HABER–BOSCH SOP ,TOTAL-RECYCLE
PROCESS,TRANING.
5. IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very much grateful to our Managing Chairman Shri. S. MOHAN for enabling me
to complete this work successful.
I am thankful to Dr. P.V. ARUL KUMAR, M.E., M.B.A., Ph.D., Principal, Bharath
Niketan Engineering College for his support and encouragement to complete my project
.
I extend my thanks to Dr. P.V. ARUL KUMAR, M.E., M.B.A., Ph.D., Head,
Department of Mechanical Engineering for his/her motivation and suggestion
which improved the quality of project work.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to my Supervisor Mr R.RAJASEKARAN M.E,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his/her able guidance
and support rendered to me during the semester successful completion of project work.
Finally, I express my hearty thanks to my Parents for their moral support.
PRINCEDANIEL.I
6. V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS CONTENTS PAGE
NUMBER
ABSTRACT (iii)
LIST OF FIGURE (VI)
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE 2
3 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM 4
3.1 UREA PROCESS 4
5
3.2 AMMONIA PROCESS
4 LIST OF HAZARD IN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY 6
5 LIST OF MAIN HAZARD
5.1 CAKE FORMATION
7
5.2 ELECTROCUTION
8
9
5.3 COINFINED SPACE
5.4 POOR POSTURE
10
5.5 GAS EMISSION 11
5.6 CARBAMYLUREA
FORMATION
12
5.7 NOISE
13
14
5.8 VIBRATION
6 SAFETY ALERT 15
7 CONCLUSION 18
8 REFERENCE 19
7. VI
LIST OF FIGURE
CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE NO
3 3.1 UREA PRODUCTION 4
3.1.1 UREA 4
3.2 AMMONIA PRODUCTION 5
3.2.1 AMMONIA 5
4 HAZARD LISTED 6
5 5.1 CAKE FORMATION 7
5.1.1 HARDERNCAKE 7
5.2 PASS OVER HT LINE 8
5.2.1CONTACT WITH LIVE WIRE 8
5.2.2 STAMPING IN LIVE WIRE 8
5.3.1ENTRY OF WORK) CONFINED SPACE WORK 9
5.3.2TESTING DONE IN CONFINED SPACE 9
5.4 SIGN FORPOOR POSTURE 9
5.4.1DISC PROBLEM 10
5.4.2 LIGAMENT DAMAGE 10
5.5 (GAS EMISSION)
11
5.5.1BLURRY VISION
11
5.5.2 LUNG DISORDER 11
5.6 BIURET 12
5.6.1 AQUEROUS SOLUTION BIURET 12
5.6.2 PROTEIN TEST 12
5.7 RINGING 13
5.7.1 TEMPORARY LOSS OF HEARING 13
5.7.2 SHOUTING 13
5.8.1 MSD 14
5.8.2 WHITE FINGER 14
5.8.3 DISC PROBLEM 14
6 6.1 FIRE ON GAS CYCLINDER 17
6.2 TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION 17
6.3 CLOSING POINT 17
8. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fertilizer, natural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements that
improve growth and productiveness of plants.Fertilizers enhance the natural
fertility of the soil or replace the chemical elementstaken from the soil by
previous crops The use of manure and composts as fertilizers is probably almost
as old as agriculture. Modern chemical fertilizers include one or more of the
three elements that are most important in plant nutrition: nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium. Of secondary importance are the elements
sulfur, magnesium, and calcium
Urea is the world's most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer and indeedmore urea is
manufactured by mass than any other organic chemical
Containing 46% N It is the most concentrated nitrogen fertilizer, and is readily
available as free-flowing prills (granules).
It is the cheapest form of nitrogen fertilizer to transport and it is also the least
likely to 'cake'.
It is therefore favored in developing countries.
While over 90% of urea produced is used as a fertilizer
Globally, approximately 88% of ammonia is used as fertilizers eitheras its salts,
solutions or anhydrously.
When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such asmaize and
wheat.
9. 2
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
Fertilizers are widely used in agriculture to maintain soil fertility and toincrease crop yields.
Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied
through soil or leaves to the plants to supply nutrients
It is essential to the growth and productivity. Before the Green Revolution, natural
and traditional farming methods were adopted for cultivation, which involved
natural methods of maintaining soil fertility and controlling crop pests
.Consequently, upon Green Revolution commendable agricultural production has
been achieved mainly due to increased use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and
farm machinery.
Fertilizers facilitated higher yields on less crop area than without the use of
fertilizers;
Therefore, they are considered important elements in worldwide foodproduction.
As the population continues to grow, more and more agricultural output
will be required, and fertilizers will play a vital role (Clark and Kelly, 2004).
Soil is vital natural resource on which life supporting system of a country and the
socio- economic development of its people depends.
Soils provide food, fodder and fuel to meet the basic needs of human and animal.
India is the seventh largest nation in the world with a geographical area of 328.7
million hectare and more than1000 million people
Agriculture is the foundation of the Indian economy, which contributesabout 22
percent of gross domestic product from 141 million hectare cultivated area
.Rapid increase in population of India has necessitated parallel increase in food
grain production.
Out of total geographical area of the India, about 50% is already undercultivation
(which is about five times more than the international average of 11%).
This indicates that in India, there is no more land to bring under cultivation and the
capacity of the Indian soil to produce is limited because of intrinsic
characteristics of soil and soil management.
10. 3
Food-grain production in India more than doubled itself during the post- Green
Revolution.
However, overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, especially invegetables and
fruit plants, resulted in residues above safety levels (Agnihotri, 1999)and showed
ill-effects; even drinking water is not spared (Anonymous, 2004)These ill effects
of modern agriculture forced people,
Especially in countries with high-income economies to demand food grown
without chemical l fertilizers and pesticides.
Growing awareness of health and environmental issues in agriculture has
demanded production of organic food, which is emerging as an attractive source
of rural income generation, and this paved the way for organic farming (Prasad,
2005).
Use of fertilizers and manures is a key factor to sustain fertility of the soil.
Fertilizers being a costly input, the scientific approach towards the profitable
agriculture would imply the supplemental use of plant nutrients according to the
actual need of the situation (Agboola and Ray, 1994)
On the other hand, foliar fertilizers as chelate should be easily absorbed by plants;
rapidly transported and should easily releasetheir ions to affect the plant growth
(Larue and Hohnson, 1989).
Amino acids are moderately strong chelating absorbed by plants agents,
micronutrients chelated using amino acids remain in solubleforms
11. 4
FEED( + + ₂ )
CHAPTER 3
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
UREA PRODUCTION:
FIG :3.1.1
(UREA)
PUMP
PRILLING TOWER
PRODUCT
(UREA)
FIG 3.1 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR UREA PRODUCTION
TANK OF MOLTEN MASS
EVAPORATOR
DISTILLATION TOWER
SYNTHESIS TOWER
12. 5
PRIMARY REFORMER
DESULPHURISATION
SHIFT CONVERSION
SECONDART REFORMER
METHANATION
CO₂ REMOVAL
AMMONIAPRODUCTION:
ZNO ZNS
H₂O FLUEGAS
AIR HEAT FIG 3.2.2
(AMMONIA)
HEAT
HEAT CONDENSATE CO₂
POWER
HEAT POWER/HEAT PURGE
FIG 3.2 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR AMMONIA
PRODUCTION
COMPRESSION
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
13. 6
CHAPTER 4
LIST OF HAZARD IN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
Noise Cake formation
Vibration Electrocution
Spill Prills formation
Feed rate Work at height
Poor posture Un guarded machinery
Gas emission High exposure to sunlight
Decrease in reflux rate Frequent lifting
Confined space Carbamylurea formation
Work place violence
FIG 4 HAZARD LISTED
14. 7
CHAPTER 5
LIST OF MAIN HAZARD
CAKE FORMATION :
Due to increase the load in the prilling tower can been negativeconsequences of
the prill quality
High moisture content and high temperature and increase the likelihoodof caking
problem
While caking which leads to decrease the quality of urea and alsoformation
of rusting develop inside the chamber
FIG 5.1(CAKING SAMPLE)
FIG 5.1.1(HARDERN CAKING)
15. 8
ELECTROCUTION:
Direct worker contact with energized equipment can occur in a varietyof
ways. Maintenance technicians might inadvertently contact overhead crane
runway conductors
Mostly electrocution which lead to Stopping the heart beating properly
Preventing the person from breathing
Causing muscle spasmsAnd leads to electrical burns , loss of muscle control, thermal
burns too
FIG 5.2 (PASS OVER HT LINE)
FIG 5.2.1(CONTACTWITH
LIVE WIRE)
FIG 5.2.2 (STAMPING IN LIVE WIRE)
16. 9
CONFINED SPACE :
A person carry out the work in the confined space ,without proper
measure should have taken means serious consequences should be
delivered to them
A toxic atmosphere may cause various acute effects, A toxic
atmosphere may occur due to the presence or ingress
of hazardous substances
The enclosed nature of a confined space can increase the risk of heat
stroke or collapse from heat stress, if conditions are excessively hot.
FIG 5.3(SIGH FOR FIG 5.3.1(ENTRY OF WORK)
CONFINED SPACE WORK)
FIG 5.3.2(TESTING DONE IN CONFINEDSPACE)
17. 10
POOR POSTURE:
Workers usually often done the work under pressure only so that they
much not consider about the posture of work
Their moto and organization vision towards the completing of
assignment duties only
They may not having adequate training towards the poor posture and
the exposure of work handling towards in works place
This may further attract your disc cord, muscular skeleton
disorder,work related upper limb disorder, ligament damage
FIG 5.4 (SIGN FOR FIG 5.4.1(DISC PROBLEM)POOR
POSTURE)
FIG 5.4.2 (LIGAMENT DAMAGE
18. 11
GAS EMISSION :
In the prill tower is the major of emission ,in the urea plant the
large volume of discharge of untreated cooling air contain
particular urea dust as well as NHз
And also seen in ammonia process we can obtained through it,
Gas emission must be covered in to toxic environment
around ,unlesswe take them in a careless way it will cause
several consequence should be face it
So that it can damage our liver and lung disorder and may it
even blurryvision
FIG 5.5 (GAS EMISSION) FIG 5.5.1(BLURRY VISION)
FIG 5.5.2 (LUNG DISORDER)
19. 12
CARBAMYLUREA FORMATION:
In the present in the urea in high concentration has a poisonous effecton
plant
Rate of which the biuret produced in the molten urea and in the conc.
Aqueous urea solution has been measured as the function of ammonia
concentration
Biuret is produced is mainly by a reversible reaction between the ureaand
iso cyanides
Biuret in the urea may decreases the high ammonia concentration
FIG 5.6 (BIUERT) FIG 5.6.1(AQUEOUS SOLN BIURET)
FIG 5.6.2 (PROTEIN TEST)
20. 13
workplace
NOISE:
In the fertilizer industry we can often predominantly occur loud noise
occur in the machinery section
Noise is realize only through repeated exposure to that area so that
when we exceed the limit of occurrence we can see the consequences
In ammonia production we can able to see in the shift
conversionprocess and the pump section we seen the loud noise occurrence
They should be experience in temporary hearing loss after leaving your
FIG 5.7(RINGING ) FIG 5.7.1(TEMPORARYLOSS
OF HEARING)
FIG 5.7.2(SHOUTING)
21. 14
VIBRATION:
The vibration is most common and dangerous hazard occur in the
manufacturing industry
In vibration we can obtain while doing repair and renovate works
undergoes we can seen it
In these also we can feel the effect only the continuous exposure and
frequent movement takes place through it
In these we can results we can feel our disc cord depreciation ,andalso
the feels vibration white finger
FIG 5.8.1 (MSD)
FIG 5.8.2(DISC PROBLEM)
FIG 5.8.3 WHITE FINGER
22. 15
CHAPTER 6
SAFETY ALERT
INCIDENT DESCRIPTION
A worker has been carried out gusset plate modification work on the ground to
erect bracing pipes , after completion of his job it was noticed a fire caught on the
Dissolved Acetylene Cylinder which he was worked with 30 minutes ago, Immediately
people near by has extinguished the fire using foam fire extinguishers ,wet fire blankets
and wet gunny bags
OBSERVATIONS DURING INVESTIGATION:
Hose got completely damaged from the fire
Evidenced both cylinders Oxy & DA knobs were not turned off to release the
pressure which was in the hose
No suitable fire extinguisher sighted nearby
Torch was not placed in the torch pocket
ROOT CAUSE
Worker not turned the torch nob completely off after completion of his job and line
pressure was not drained off from the hose
Hot surface torch was placed on the hose
Hose rolled to the pressurized cylinders
Leather hand gloves placed on the cylinders
Gas leak has been evidenced from the valve surface
CONTROL MEASURE
Gas nob and cylinder nob to be turned off after job completion, Line pressure
should be drained immediately
Torch to be placed in separate pocket after the job
Separate hose hangers provision to be provided to roll and hang the hoses
Do not place any kind of PPEs on the cylinders
Gas leakage test to be done before and after completion of job
23. 16
RECOMMENDATIONS
Daily inspections to be carried out
Fire blanket to be ready in place during gas cutting activities
After completion of work, inspection to be carried out for spark spatters in the
vicinity
Leakage test to be done by using soap solution, before and after the job
Safety awareness campaigns and mass TBT's to be organised to workers who ever
dealing with gas cylinders,
Fabrication works strictly not allowed except it is specific to the job , especially in
hand overed areas
Cylinders should be in upright position and secured to trolley with chains
LN key should be available with trolley to attempt any adjustments and secure to
valve
Pressure gauges should be in working condition
Cylinder and torches to be provided with working flash back arrestors
Sufficient and suitable fire extinguishers to be in place
Only standard hoses to be supplied and should be free from damage
Always use trolleys to shift cylinders from one place to another place
Fire watch to be in place all the time, and should inspect the job prior , during and
after
24. 17
ACCIDENT PHOTO CORRECTIVE ACTION
FIG 6.1 (FIRE IN GAS CYLINDER)
FIG 6.2( TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION)
FIG 6.3 (CLOSURE POINT)
25. 18
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION:
In these we can come to end as mostly hazard where involved with lack of
awareness and not given adequate training needed to them in the fertilizer
industry and also use of appropriate PPE’s
In Overall ratio, majority of the workers files their report on adverse effect on
health problems which can evidence by significant, in the blood immunization
level of the workers in fertilizer industry should compare their health with
general population
Planning and preparedness is the key to reduce the risk of injury and illness of
workers in this industry ,there should be prepare a framework ,thatignition for the
developing safety regulation and fixing prepared guides to the fertilizer industry
Also, fertilizer industry workers were increased risk of several physical and
mental problems ,they should often to be minor level and they should prefer
proper safety measures and should excel knowledge in the fertilizer industry,
strictly followed the laws and regulation and also acceptable safety practicesinside
the campus
26. 19
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCE
Heinrich W. Scherer. "Fertilizers" in Ullman’s Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 2000, Wiley-VCH, Wenham.
Jump up to:Dittmar, Heinrich; Drachm, Manfred; Voss Kamp, Ralf;
Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter(2009). "Fertilizers,
2. Types". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry..
"AESL Plant Analysis Handbook – Nutrient Content of Plant".
Aesl.ces.uga.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
H.A. Mills; J.B. Jones Jr. (1996). Plant Analysis Handbook II: A practical
Sampling, Preparation, Analysis, and InterpretationGuide.
J. Benton Jones, Jr. "Inorganic Chemical Fertilizers and Their Properties"
in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Manual, Second Edition. CRC Press,
2012. .
Jump up to Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
"Summary of State Fertilizer Laws"(PDF). EPA. Retrieved 14 March
2013.