presentation on oogenesis of fertilisation process full details about it u will never find it anywhere else have full details about the ovum formation polar bodies and everything . so explore here
presentation on oogenesis of fertilisation process full details about it u will never find it anywhere else have full details about the ovum formation polar bodies and everything . so explore here
A brief account of different parts of sperm and its constitutions and,ovum parts and different envelops.all things are explained by a simple attractive diagram.
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
The term implantation is used to describe the attachment of the developing embryo to the endometrium.
After fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus in the blastocyst stage. Then attached to the wall of the uterus. Though the implantation may occur at any period between the sixth to the tenth day after the fertilization generally it occurs on the seventh day after fertilization.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
A brief account of different parts of sperm and its constitutions and,ovum parts and different envelops.all things are explained by a simple attractive diagram.
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
The term implantation is used to describe the attachment of the developing embryo to the endometrium.
After fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus in the blastocyst stage. Then attached to the wall of the uterus. Though the implantation may occur at any period between the sixth to the tenth day after the fertilization generally it occurs on the seventh day after fertilization.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
Insects Reproductive System & Organs of CopulationAqsaZakaria
Insects possess specialized reproductive organs that are integral to their reproductive processes. Here is a detailed description of the main reproductive organs in both male and female insects:
Male Reproductive Organs:
1. Testes:
- Location: Typically located in the abdomen.
- Function:Testes are responsible for producing sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.
2. Vas Deferens:
- Structure:A duct that connects the testes to other reproductive structures.
- Function: It serves as a conduit for transporting mature sperm from the testes to other parts of the reproductive system.
3. Seminal Vesicle:
- Location:Found near the junction of the vas deferens and ejaculatory duct.
- Function: It acts as a storage organ for sperm, and in some species, it may contribute additional substances to the ejaculate.
4. Accessory Glands:
- Types:Depending on the insect species, accessory glands may vary in number and function.
- Function:These glands produce substances that mix with sperm to form the ejaculate. The components of the ejaculate can vary, ranging from nourishing substances for sperm to chemicals that influence female receptivity.
5. Genitalia:
- Variety:Male genitalia exhibit considerable diversity among insect species.
- Function:Genitalia are structures used during copulation to transfer sperm to the female. This can involve specialized appendages, claspers, or other structures that facilitate the mating process.
Female Reproductive Organs:
1. Ovaries:
- Location:Typically located in the abdomen.
-Structure: Ovaries consist of clusters of egg tubes called ovarioles.
-Function: Ovaries are responsible for producing eggs through oogenesis.
2. Oviduct:
- Structure:A duct connected to the ovaries.
- Function: It serves as a conduit for transporting mature eggs from the ovaries to other reproductive structures.
3. Spermatheca:
- Location:Often found near the junction of the oviduct and vagina.
- Function: The spermatheca is a storage organ for sperm received during copulation. It allows females to fertilize eggs over an extended period.
4. Accessory Glands:
- Types:Similar to males, females may have accessory glands.
- Function:These glands produce substances that contribute to the composition of the eggs or provide nourishment for developing embryos.
5. Vagina:
- Function:The vagina is the final part of the female reproductive tract and plays a role in receiving and storing sperm during copulation.
The reproductive system of insects is a fascinating and intricate biological mechanism crucial for the continuation of their species. Insects, being a highly diverse group, exhibit variations in their reproductive strategies, but certain common features characterize their reproductive anatomy.
the insect reproductive system consists of both male and female organs. In males, the primary reproductive organs are the testes, responsible for producing sperm cells.
Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...D. B. S. College Kanpur
The process where the sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse to begin the creation of a new individual whose genome is derived from both parents
Fertilization accomplishes
Sex (the combining of genes derived from two parents)
Reproduction (Creation of a new organism)
First function
to transmit genes from parent to offspring
Second function
is to initiate in the egg cytoplasm those reactions that permit development to proceed
Four Major Events
Contact and recognition between sperm and egg. In most cases, this ensures that the sperm and egg are of the same species
Regulation of sperm entry into the egg. Only one sperm nucleus can ultimately unite with the egg nucleus. This is usually accomplished by allowing only one sperm to enter the egg and actively inhibiting any others from entering.
Fusion of the genetic material of sperm and egg
Activation of egg metabolism to start development
The egg activates the sperm metabolism that is essential for fertilization, and the sperm reciprocates by activating the egg metabolism needed for the onset of development
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the Dutch microscopist who co-discovered sperm in the 1670s, first believed them to be parasitic animals living within the semen (hence the term spermatozoa, meaning "seed animals“)
Vectors part 2 | molecular biology | biotechnologyatul azad
In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed (e.g.- plasmid, cosmid, Lambda phages). A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids.[1] Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker.
The vector itself is generally a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the "backbone" of the vector. The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell. All vectors may be used for cloning and are therefore cloning vectors, but there are also vectors designed specially for cloning, while others may be designed specifically for other purposes, such as transcription and protein expression. Vectors designed specifically for the expression of the transgene in the target cell are called expression vectors, and generally have a promoter sequence that drives expression of the transgene. Simpler vectors called transcription vectors are only capable of being transcribed but not translated: they can be replicated in a target cell but not expressed, unlike expression vectors. Transcription vectors are used to amplify their insert.
The manipulation of DNA is normally conducted on E. coli vectors, which contain elements necessary for their maintenance in E. coli. However, vectors may also have elements that allow them to be maintained in another organism such as yeast, plant or mammalian cells, and these vectors are called shuttle vectors. Such vectors have bacterial or viral elements which may be transferred to the non-bacterial host organism, however other vectors termed intragenic vectors have also been developed to avoid the transfer of any genetic material from an alien species.[2]
Insertion of a vector into the target cell is usually called transformation for bacterial cells,[3] transfection for eukaryotic cells,[4] although insertion of a viral vector is often called transduction.[5]
The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction.
The reproductive events in human includes formation of gametes (gametogenesis) i.e sperms in males and ovum in females leading to the formation of zygote.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. GAMETOGENESIS
It is the process of formation and
differentiation of haploid gametes (
sperms and ova ) from the diploid primary
germs cells, gametogonia ( spermatogonia
and oogonia ) present in primary sex organs
called gonads ( testes in male and ovaries in
female respectively ).
4. 1 SPERMATOGENESIS
Definition :-
It is the formation of haploid,
microscopic and functional male
gametes, spermatozoa, from the
diploid reproductive cells,
spermatogonia, present in the testes of
male organism.
5. Period : In the seasonally breeding animals, the testes
undergo testicular cycle in which the testes and their
spermatogenic tissue become functional only in the
specific breeding season. So in some seasonally breeding
mammals like bat, otter, llama, testes enlarge, become
functional and descend into the scrotum in the breeding
season while become reduced , non-functional and
ascend into the abdomen in other seasons. But in
human male, lion, bull, horse etc. the testes lie
permanently in the scrotum and spermatogenesis
occurs throughout the year. But in some mammals like
elephant , echidna, dolphin, whale, seal etc. testes lie
permanently in the abdomen.
Spermatogenesis is a continuous process and is
completed in about 74 days.
7. IT IS DIVIDED INTO
THREE PHASES
Formation of
spermatid
Multiplicative
phase
Growth
phase
Maturation
phase
8.
9. Structure of
spermatid
1. Nucleus
2 Golgi body
3 Distal centriole
4 Mitochondria
5 Cytoplasm
Changes in the
sperm
Shrinks and elongated
Changes to acrosome
Forms axial filament of sperm
tail
Form mitochondrial spiral of
sheath called nebenkern
Generally lost except a thin
sheath called manchette
CHANGES IN SPERMATID TO FORM SPERM DURING
SPEERMIOGENESIS
10. OOGENESIS
Definition: it involves the formation
of haploid female gametes called
ova, from the diploid egg mother
cells, oogonia of ovary of female
organism.
15. STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
A. Sermatzoan ( Sperma = seed, zoon = animal )
Definition: A spermatozoan is a haploid male gamete whose primary
function is to fuse with ovum to restore diploidy and to transmit
paternal characters to the offsprings.
Structure. A mammalian sperm is minute, microscopic, flagellated and
motile gamete with no nutritive material, protective envelopes and
most of cell – organelles like ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. The
whole body of sperm is enveloped by plasma membrane only.
1. Head : Shape of head varies in different mammals. It is generally oval
and flat ( in man, bull, rabbit ). Basically the head is formed of two
parts.
Acrosome :small cap-like pointed structure present at the tip of nucleus.
During the sperm entry, the acrosome secretes a lytic enzyme, called
Hyaluronidase, which helps in the penetration of ovum.
16.
17. Nucleus: It is generally long, narrow and pointed but is flat
and oval in human sperm. It is formed by condensation of
nucleus chromatin of spermatid and lo of RNA, nucleolus and
acidic proteins.
2. Neck : It is the smallest part of spermatozoan and may be
indistinct. It is formed of two centrioles perpendicular to each
other and is formed from the centrosome of spermatid.
3. Middle piece : It lies behind the neck and is cylindrical in the
human sperm. It is formed of a mitochondrial spiral. The
mitochondrial are the carriers of the oxidative enzyme and the
enzymes which are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation.
So the middle piece is the powerhouse of a sperm.
18. 4. Tail: It is the longest part of sperm. It is slender
and tapering part. It is formed of two parts: central,
contractile and microtubular part called axoneme or
axial filament , and outer protoplasmic sheath.
Tail shows lashing movements which provide
forward push to the sperm.
19. B. OVUM
Ovum is a maternal haploid gamete and is primarily
concerned with receiving the sperm and is determined to
develop into a fully developed multicellular organism after
fertilization ( syngamy) or without fertilization
( parthenogenesis).
20. Structure
An ovum is generally spherical, non- motile gamete
with yolky cytoplasm and enclosed in one or more egg
envelops. Size of ovum varies from 10 µm to a few cm.
Egg Envelop: Human ovum is surrounded by a number
of egg envelop:
1. Vitelline membrane. It is inner, thin, transparent
and is secreted by ovum itself.
2. Zona pellucida. It is middle, thick, transparent and
non cellular.
3. Corona radiata. It is outer, thicker coat formed of
radially elongated follicular cells
