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Special education
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- 2. Meaning & definition •L.D is not children with minor or temporary difficulties in learning but with a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement in educational performance and such severed discrepancy cannot be explained by mental retardation, sensory impairment, emotional disturbance or lack of opportunity to learn. -S.A.KIRK (1971)
- 3. • Manifest aneducational discrepancy between mental capacity for learning and his actual level of functioning. (Love Harold, 1975 ) • Causes- intrinsic factors – Central nervous system dysfunction – Deficit in information processing ability. • Extrinsic factors • Mental retardation • Sensory impairment
- 4. • Emotional disturbance •Cultural differences • Lack of educational opportunities • Poverty
- 5. Nature and characteristics •Problems in acquisition and use of language (listening, speaking, reading and writing, reasoning, mathematical abilities, social skills). • Combination of behavioural traits – Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Symptoms of impulsivity • Perceptual motor deficits(writing, drawing, copying geometrical figures.)
- 6. • Demonstrate emotionalproblems through – Anxiety – Moodiness – Ups and downs – Not by I.Q scores – Neurological signs and EEG irregularities – Disorders in memory, thinking, attention, general coordination, perception, and motor functioning.
- 7. Causes of L.D •Genetic factors • Physiological factors • Environmental factors
- 8. Genetic factors • 20-25%hyperactive children- one parent • Reading disability , speech and language disorders in monozygotic twins. • Dyslexia • Emotional imbalances, memory and thinking disorders, speech and learning disorders
- 9. Physiological factors • Braindamage by accidents • Lack of oxygen during and after birth • injury in spinal cord nerves • Dysfunction in central nervous system – by bio chemical imbalances. • Artificial colouring and flavouring- hyperactivity, impulsivity, emotional imbalances. • Vitamin deficiency
- 10. • Intake ofteratogens (alcohol, cocaine and lead) – neurological dysfunctions. • Diabetes, meningitis – infection of brain. • Cardiac arrest, pediatric AIDS •
- 11. Environmental factors • Poornourishment, defective environment received by fetus • Premature delivery, uncongenial and improper environment setting. • Diet deficiency in the early age, severe disease, accidents, injuries • Insufficient early experiences.
- 12. • Lack ofmotivation, skill, emotional disturbances • Poor instruction • lack of concentration
- 13. Dyslexia (reading based) •Poor reading fluency • Slow reading rate • Lack of self-monitoring reading skills • Poor comprehension and/or retention • Difficulty identifying important ideas in context • Extreme difficulty building ideas and images • Difficulty integrating new ideas to existing knowledge • Weak vocabulary skills • Extreme difficulty understanding words or grammar • Difficulty recognizing high frequency words • Oral comprehension is noticeably stronger than reading comprehension • Extreme difficulty focusing attention on the printed marks • Difficulty controlling eye movements across the page • Wavy or shimmering pages not attributable to poor vision
- 14. Spelling Skills • Phonologicalawareness is noticeably stronger than spelling ability • Frequent spelling errors of high frequency words • Extreme difficulty with homonyms and/or regular spelling patterns • No understanding of the relationship of phonics to written language • No understanding of common spelling rules • Inadequate understanding of phonics even with instruction
- 15. Dygraphia (Written ExpressionSkills) • Poor writing fluency • Unable to compose complete, grammatical sentences • Difficulty organizing written information • Poor handwriting • Extremely poor alignment • Inability to take notes or copy information from a book or the board • Oral expression is noticeably stronger than written expression • Extremely weak proofreading skills
- 16. Language processing disordres •Inability to hear small differences between sounds, not attributable to a hearing loss, particularly vowel sounds • Difficulty articulating thoughts or ideas orally • Difficulty pronouncing words • Inability to blend sounds together to form words • Difficulty listening and responding to a series of directions • Disorganized recall of facts or details
- 17. Dyscalculia (Mathematical Skills) •Poor mathematical fluency • Difficulty memorizing multiplication tables • Difficulty identifying multiples and/or factors • Poor basic calculation skills • Difficulty understanding word or application problems • Poor understanding of mathematical concepts • Difficulty sorting out irrelevant information • Lower visual perceptual and visual-spatial ability • Inability to transfer basic mathematical concepts to solve problems with unpredictable information • Inability to use basic facts within more complex calculations
- 18. Visual perceptual/ visualmotor deficit • Extremely weak ability to store and retrieve information efficiently • Extremely weak ability to hold information for immediate use. • Extremely weak ability to solve problems, particularly when information or procedure is unfamiliar • Extreme difficulty recognizing, transforming, or using specific information to reach general conclusions
- 19. ADHD • Difficulty inpaying attention, controlling behaviour, hyperactivity • Impulsivity.
- 20. Dyspraxia • Exhibits poorbalance. • Difficulty with motor learning • Inability to coordinate both sides of the body • Poor hand-eye coordination • Inability to organize self and belongings • Distressed by loud noises. • Irritated by scratchy, rough, tight or heavy clothing.