Learning disabilities are neurological conditions that affect how a person receives, processes, stores, or retrieves information. They cause difficulties for students to learn as quickly as their non-learning disabled peers. There are several types of learning disabilities that affect reading, writing, math, coordination, language processing, and organization. Learning disabilities are lifelong conditions that result from impairments in brain functioning and processing. They are not due to intellectual deficiencies or laziness. Genetics and environmental factors like prenatal exposure or head injuries can contribute to learning disabilities. Special education programs can help students cope and compensate, but learning disabilities persist throughout life.

3. A learning disability is a neurological condition
that affects a persons ability to receive , store ,
process , store or retrieve information . It causes
difficulty for a student to learn as quickly as a non
– learning disabled child does .

4.  Trouble in learning alphabet and connecting letters to their
sounds.
 Making many mistakes when reading aloud
 Inability to understand what one reads
 Trouble with spelling
Poor handwriting
 Late language learning
 Trouble remembering the letters and their sounds
 Wrong pronunciation of words
 Low self – esteem
 Inability to retell a story in order

5. DYSLEXIA
 DYSGRAPHIA
 DYSCALCULIA
 DYSPRAXIA
 DYSPHASIA

6. There are two main types of learning disabilities
in reading . One is the disability in basic reading . It
involves difficulty in understanding the relationship
between sounds , letters and words . It affects the
ability to read words .
The other type is the disability in reading
comprehension . It affects the leaners ability to
understand the meaning of words , sentences and
paragraphs . It involves the disability in connection
with complex thinking skills such as understanding
meaning of words , phrases and sentences.

7. Learning disability in writing involves difficulty in the
physical act of writing and the mental activity of
comprehending and synthesizing information . It is of two
types , i. e learning disability in basic writing skills and
expressive writing . Basic writing disorder refers to physical
difficulty in forming words and letters . Disability in basic
writing affects the learners ability to write words with
correct spelling , appropriate word choice and basic
mechanics such as letter formation , grammar and
punctuation

8. DYSCALCULIA (Learning disability in mathematics) :
This learning disability involves difficulty in
memorization and organization of numbers ,
operation signs and numbers . A child's ability to do
mathematics will be affected differently by a language
learning disability , a visual disorder or difficulty with
sequencing , memory and organization . He may also
have trouble with counting principles or have
difficulty in telling time .

9. This refers to the problems with movement and
coordination . They may be fine motor skills or gross
motor skills . It involves problems with coloring ,
cutting , writing , buttoning and tying shoes.

10. It implies the inability to understand and produce
spoken language . It involves problems with verbal
language skills , such as the ability to retell a story and the
fluency of speech , as well as the ability to understand the
meaning of words , parts of speech , directions etc.

11. Learning disabilities result from impairments in one or more process related to
perceiving , thinking , remembering or learning which changes the brains
functioning and processing of information . Children with learning disabilities
are not “dumb” intellectually deficient or “lazy” . The most probable casual
factors are the following .
organic Factors
 Heredity
 Environment Factors

12. Children with learning disabilities
generally suffer from some type of brain
injury dysfunction of the central nervous
system . Anomalies in the developing
brain , illness or injury , fetal exposure to
alcohol , low birth weight , oxygen
deprivation , premature birth ,
malnutrition and exposure to toxic
chemicals cause learning disability .

13. Children of persons with reading
disabilities have a slightly greater
than normal possibility of having
the same problems . There is
growing evidence that genetics
may account for at least some
family links with dyslexia .

14. Environmental factors are
very severe in causing
learning disability .
Environmental factors
consist of poor living
conditions and poor quality
of teaching .

15. There is no absolute cure for learning disabilities . They are life – long . Special
education programmes can help people cope with and compensate for these
disorders , but learning disabilities will last life time . Some useful measures
are given below .
 Give the student positive feedback .
 Give lost opportunities for practice .
 Review the students evaluation records to identify learning disability
area .
 Consult with specialists .
 provide proper instruction to address the students special needs .
 Teach organizational skills , study skills , and learning strategies .
 Work with the students parents to create an educational plan suitable
to meet the students needs .
 Establish a positive working relationship with the students parents .

16. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition of the
brain that affects a persons ability to pay attention , sit still and
control behavior . It is a neurobiological disorder . It is one of the
most common childhood brain disorders and can continue through
adolescence and adulthood .
ADHD consist three types of disorders , each with its own
pattern of behaviors . They are Inattentive type , Hyperactive-
Impulsive type and Combined type . The combined type involves the
symptoms of both the inattentive and Hyper- Impulsive types .

17.  Distractibility
 Frequent switching of attention from one activity to another
 poor concentration
 Become bored with a task after only a few minutes .
 Difficulty in organizing thing properly
 Difficulty in completing assignments in time
 day dreaming
 Struggling to follow instructions
 Tendency to lose things like toys , bag , note books , pen etc.

18.  Difficulty remaining seated
 Excessive running , climbing etc.
 Excessive talking
 Dash around , touching or playing with everything in
sight
 Be constantly in motion
 Difficulty playing quietly
 Difficulty doing quiet activities .

19.  Very impatient
 pass inappropriate comments
 Blurting out answers before hearing the question
fully
 Express emotions without control
 Act without regard for consequences
 Often interrupt others conversations and
activities .

20. The child must show the symptoms of any type of ADHD.
 The symptoms must be more severe than in other
children of the same age .
 The symptoms must last for at least six months .
 The disorders must adversely affect at least two areas of
a child's life such as school , home , daycare settings ,
and friendships .
 The disorders should not be due to stress , depression
and anxiety .

21.  keen observation
 Create a routine
 Organize well
 Avoid distractions
 Limit choices
 Give clear cut directions
Discipline effectively
 Set realistic goals
 Identify the child's talent
 Lessen seating distractions
 Break down assignments
 Give positive reinforcement
Teach good study skills