The document summarizes Spain's history in the 20th century, including the Spanish Civil War, Franco's dictatorship, and the country's transition to democracy. It discusses whether Franco led a fascist regime, noting the repression after the war but also the regime's authoritarian rather than totalitarian nature. The transition to democracy starting in the 1970s is described as consensus-based. The document also examines policies of historical memory during and after the transition, including the controversial Law of Historical Memory.

1. Spain in XX century
Francoism and policies
of memory
Samuel Perrino Martinez1

2. Index
 Civil War (1936-1939)
 Was Spain a Fascist regime during
Francoism?
 The Democratic Transition
 Policies of memory during Democracy.
Samuel Perrino Martinez2

3. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
 It is considered the prelude of the II World
War
 Bipolaraized environment previous to the
War
 Victory of the “Conservative” side
Samuel Perrino Martinez3

4. Civil War: “National” side
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5. Civil War: Repubican side
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6. Results of Civil War
 Victory of “National” side after 3 years of war
(1936-1939)
 New political regime ruled by the general
Franco
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7. Was Spain a Fascist regime
during Francoism?
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8. According the Republicans…
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9. according the Nationals…
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10. …and according the UK press
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11. Was Spain a Fascist regime?
 Extreme high an terryfing repression after
War.
 Fascist simbology.
 Blue Division during II WW.
Samuel Perrino Martinez11

12. Repression
 Anthony Beever
(around 200.000 deaths
in concentration camps
after and during war)
 Episodes of extreme
violence and “policy of
terror” (Badajoz)
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13. Fascist simbology
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14. Blue Division
 Group of volunteers
who fought against
Russia in the II WW,
with the Nazi side
(theory of “Two wars”
inside the War)
 Neutralism regarding
United Kingdom or
France
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15. …But, it is not as simple
 Different groups inside the regime
(Monarchist, Fascist, Catholics …)
 Permanent balance between the forces.
Authoritarian rather than Totalitarian
 Fascism as a “symbol of modernity” rather
than a real ideology
 The regime wants the social paralysis of the
population rather than its movilization
Samuel Perrino Martinez15

16. Authoritarian or Totalitarian?
 Different groups inside
the regime (restricted
pluralism)
 Share power with other
groups (Church, Army,
landowners)
 “Soft censorship” during
last years
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17. So…
 Different periods during Francoism
depending on international context (1936-
1975)
 Extremelly authoritarian and conservative
regime with Fascist influences
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18. Spanish Transition (1975-1982)
 Period in which the country go forward to a
democratic regime after Franco,s death
 Based in consensus between the “old regime
forces” and the “opposition forces”
 Model of ideal Transition to democracy.
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19. The “agreed break”
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20. Policies of memory during the
Transition
 Forget the period of the war ( Fear to the
“Two Spains” idea)
 Law which forbid judge events in the past
 The message of “looking to the future”
Samuel Perrino Martinez20

21. The example of Germany during the
Transition
 “There is a set of similarities between how
democracy was shaped in Western Germany and
how is in Spain (…) the Christian-Democrats arose
from a new coalition, even if inside them there are
personalities from the old regime. Also, its name is
Christian-Democrat, the same acronym as UCD. The
Socialist are also, the olddest political force in the
country, with most of its leaders in prison or in the
exile (…) a Nation with big mortgages, a new
constitution to make, the problem of the regions, the
economy in trouble…”
 ABC (25/06/76)
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22. The polemic “Law of Historical
Memory”
 Attempt to foster the
recoverance of the places
where they were buried the
prisioners during war as
“places of memory”
 Progressive removal of
streets and places with the
name of persons linked with
Francoism
 The Garzon case
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23. Against
 Create division among Spanish (myth of 2
Spains)
 Both sides were equally responsible for the
war (Anti-Republic narrative)
 “It,s just History”
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24. For
 It is an act of justice
 There are similar laws in countries such as
Germany or Italy
 Franco did a coup d´etat against a
democratic regime
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25. Law of Historical Memory
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26. So, what do you think???
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