Indian space science has progressed significantly since independence. Key developments include: 1) ISRO was established in 1969 to advance India's space program, launching its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975 aboard a Soviet rocket. 2) India developed its own launch vehicles like SLV, ASLV, and PSLV to independently launch satellites in the 1970s-1980s. The successful PSLV became India's workhorse launch vehicle. 3) Major satellites included the INSAT series for communication, broadcasting, and meteorology and the IRS series for remote sensing applications in agriculture, resources, disaster management and more. 4) GSLV was successfully developed to launch heavier satellites into

1. Development of Indian Space Science since
Independence
Kiran Hanjar S
M.Tech
MSRIT

2. • To know how Indian Space Science has been emerged
• What are the satellites has been launched
• Applications of those satellites

3. 1950-1970:
* Though ancient Indians were known to have knowledge about
rocket science, It was only after independence that the process
of exploring space really accelerated.
* Indian scientists and politicians recognized the potential of
rocket technology in defence applications, and for research and
development.
* Dr. Vikram Ambalai Sarabhai was the architect of the Indian
space program
* Then established the Indian National Committee for Space
Research (INCOSPAR) with Dr. Sarabhai as Chairman in 1962.
* The RH-75, the first sounding rocket developed by India, was
launched from TERLS on November 20, 1967
* On August 15th 1969 the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) was created from the INCOSPAR programme

5. 1970-1980:
* Once feasibility of using satellites for applications as wide as direct
television broadcasting was known and this study had found that it was
the most economical way of transmitting such broadcasts
* ISRO set about designing and creating an independent launch vehicle,
capable of launching into orbit
* India about to build the technology and infrastructure for the Satellite
Launch Vehicle (SLV)
Aryabhata- India’s first satellite
* Aryabhata was launched on April 19, 1975 by an Intercosmos Rocket of
erstwhile USSR
* It carried Instruments for X-ray astronomy, Solar Physics and Aeronomy
Experiments

6. INDIAN LAUNCH VEHICLES
* By 1979 the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) was ready to be
launched from a newly-established second launch site, the Satish
Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
* The first launch in 1979 was a failure
* The first indigenous launch vehicle SLV-3 was tested successfully
in 1980
* India developed two experimental satellite launch vehicles SLV-3
and ASLV
SLV-3
ASLV

8. 1980-1990:
* The ASLV was flight tested in 1987, but this launch was a failure. After
minor corrections, another launch was attempted in 1988, this launch
again failed
* Design of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) was soon underway
Indian National Satellite System (INSAT):
* The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest
domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region.
*
INSAT System established in 1983, is a multi-purpose system for
telecommunications, television broadcasting and radio networking,
meteorology and disaster warning.
* The satellites of INSAT system, which are in service today, are INSAT-2F,
INSAT-3A, INSAT-3B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, GSAT-2, EDUSAT
and INSAT-4D was launched recently.

9. * Telecommunications
* A total of 590 telecommunication terminals
* 10,070 two-way speech circuits
* 354 BSNL VSATs
* 57 high speed VSAT networks
* Mobile satellite service
* TV Broadcasting
* Covers over 90% of the Indian population and 65% of the Indian
landmass
* 40 Doordarshan TV channels and 47 private TV channels
* Cyclone warning services
* Through 350 receivers in coastal regions
* Meteorological
* INSAT Meteorological data for weather forecasting
* 300 Meteorological data collection platforms
* Search and rescue operations

10. * India has the largest constellation of Remote Sensing Satellites,
which are providing services both at the national and global levels
* The satellites of IRS system which are in service today are IRS-1C,
IRS- ID, IRS-P3, OCEANSAT-1, Technology Experimental Satellite
(TES), RESOURCESAT-1, and the recently launched CARTOSAT-1
capable of taking stereo pictures.
* The latest Remote Sensing Satellite are Cartosat-2, RISAT (Redar
Imaging Satellite) and Oceansat-2.

11. *
Under National Natural Resources Management System(NNRMS), projects at national level are carried
out by NRSA Hyderabad, SAC Ahmedabad, RRSSCs located at
Bangalore, Dehradun, Jodhpur, Kharagpur, Nagpur and NE-SAC Shillong.
*
Agriculture
*
*
*
Surface water mapping
Run-off forecasting
Reservoir sedimentation and drainage congestion studies
Ground water potential zone mapping
Environment
*
*
*
*
Crop condition assessmen
Water Resources
*
*
*
*
*
Crop acreage and production estimation
Atmospheric constituents and aerosols
Land-air-ocean interaction
Past climate data modeling
Geoscience
*
*
*
Geological mapping
Geomorphological mapping
Mineral targeting

12. *
Disaster warning and management
*
*
*
*
*
Flood damage management
Flood risk zone mapping
Monitoring of volcanic eruption and underground coal fire
Forest fire and risk mapping
Ocean applications
*
*
*
*
Potential Fishing Zone(PFZ) mapping
Monitoring of navigational channels
Coastal zone mapping
Coral reef mapping

13. 1990-2000:
* In 1992 the first successful launch of the ASLV took place. At this point
the launch vehicle, which could only put very small payloads into
orbit, had achieved its objective
*
In 1993 the time had come for the maiden flight of the PSLV. The first
launch was a failure
* The first successful launch took place in 1994, and since then, the
PSLV has become the workhorse launch vehicle – placing both remote
sensing and communications satellites into orbit, creating the largest
cluster in the world, and providing unique data to Indian industry and
agriculture
*
Continual performance upgrades have increased the payload capacity
of the rocket significantly since then.
Typical Parameters of PSLV
Lift-off weight
295 tonne
Pay Load
1600 kg in to 620 km Polar
Orbit,
1060 kg in to Geosynchronous
Transfer Orbit (GTO)
Height
44 metre

14. A Timeline 1990-2000
* June 12, 1990: INSAT-1D
* July 10, 1992: INSAT-2A launched
* July 23, 1993: INSAT-2B
* December 7, 1995: INSAT-2C
* June 4, 1997: INSAT-2D
* April 3, 1999: INSAT-2E launched by Ariane from Kourou French
Guyana
* May 26, 1999: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT),
launched by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C2) along with Korean
KITSAT-3 and German DLR-TUBSAT from Sriharikota

15. 2000-2010:
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle:
* The GSLV was successful on its very first test flight. After its successful
second flight on 8 May 2003, it was commissioned
* This was followed by the success of its third flight on 20 September
2004
* The GSLV is capable of launching 2,000 kg class satellites into
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)
* The development of Indigenous cryogenic stage to be used as the third
stage of GSLV made further progress during the year
* The cryogenic engine which forms part of this stage, has already been
successfully qualified
*
GSLV-Mk III, a new version of GSLV and capable of launching spacecraft
weighing upto 4 tonnes to GTO is under development.
Typical Parameters of GSLV Mark III
Lift-off weight
630 Tonne
Pay Load
4 Tonne in to Geosynchronous
Transfer Orbit (GTO)
Height
42.4 metre

18. Satellites launched from 2000-2010
* October 22, 2001: PSLV-C3 successfully launched three satellites — Technology
Experiment Satellite (TES) of ISRO, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of Belgium.
* September 12, 2002: PSLV-C4 successfully launched KALPANA-1 satellite from
Sriharikota
* 2004: Maiden operational flight of GSLV (GSLV-F01) launched EDUSAT from
SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota (September 20, 2004)
* 2005:
PSLV-C6 carries CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT satellites from Sriharikota on
May 5, 2005 into orbit.
*
Launch of INSAT-4A by Ariane from Kourou French Guyana, (December
22, 2005).
* 2007:
* ISRO launches India’s CARTOSAT-2 and Space Capsule Recovery Experiment
(SRE-1) and Indonesia’s LAPAN-TUBSAT and Argentina’s PEHUENSAT-1 at one go
on January 10, 2007.
*
Successful recovery of SRE-1 from Bay of Bengal after it reenter the earth’s
atmosphere on January 22, 2007 – a crucial operation that will help India in
mastering the know how of reentering earth atmosphere from space.

19. * 2008:
* • PSLV-C10 successfully launches TECSAR satellite under a commercial
contract with Antrix Corporation on January 21, 2008.
* • PSLV-C9 successfully launches CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and 8 foreign satellites
from Sriharikota on April 28.
* Chandrayaan-1 launched by a modified version of the PSLV XL on 22 October
2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at
06:23 IST
* Moon Impact Probe lands on Moon`s south pole on November 14, 2008
* 2009:
* On April 20 PSLV-C12 successfully launches RISAT-2
* Earth observation satellite named Oceansat-2 was successfully launched by
PSLV-C14 on September 23

20. 2010-2012:
* 2010:
* Geo-Stationary satellites such as GSAT-4 and GSAT-5P were launched
by GSLV
* STUDSAT, an experimental small satellite was launched on July 12
* 2011:
* Megha-Tropiques which is an Earth observation satellite was
successfully launched by PSLV-C18 on November 12
* 2012:
* On April 26 PSLV-C19 successfully launched RISAT-1
* Ariane-5 VA-209 carried GSAT-10 on September 29 and launched into
Earth’s orbit

21. International Cooperation
* India has cooperative agreements with several countries/space agencies
* Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station established in 1963 was dedicated to UN in
1968
* Satellite instructional television experiment (SITE) using ATS-6 satellite of NASA(1975-76)
* Satellite telecommunications experiment project (STEP) using Franco-German symphonie
satellite(1977-79)
* Launch of India’s communication satellite APPLE by European space agency on board
Ariane(1981)
* German MOS payload on board IRS satellite(1996)
* Megha-Tropiques, a collaborative satellite mission with France to study tropical
atmosphere and climate related aspects
* TAUVEX, an ultraviolet astronomical telescope from Israel to fly on board GSAT-4
* India is a member of international charter for space and major disasters
* Establishment of UN-sponsored centre for space science and technology education for
Asia Pacific in India
* India’s first scientific mission to moon, Chandrayaan-1, to carry European space
agency, US and Bulgarian payloads
* This apart, an Italian scientific instrument will be included onboard India’s OCEANSAT
* An Indian scientific instrument to study solar physics and solar-terrestrial sciences will be
flown onboard Russia’s CORONAS-PHOTON satellite.

22. THANK YOU