The document provides an overview of major events and developments in European history from the Middle Ages through the Industrial Revolution. It discusses the fall of Rome and rise of feudalism, the Crusades, the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the rise of nationalism and industrialization. Key figures mentioned include Charlemagne, Martin Luther, Galileo, Voltaire, Napoleon, and Marx.

1. World History 1 Final Review - Europe (Middle Ages - Industrial Revolution) Middle Ages - Scientific Revolution Charlemagne - Enlightenment Feudalism - French Revolution Crusades - Napoleon Medieval Society - Industrial Revolution Renaissance Reformation Absolutism

2. Middle Ages Rome falls Feudalism and the Catholic Church provide stability during this period Rome is Replaced by lots of small kingdoms, most notably… - Frankish kingdom, including present-day France, largest - Charlemagne becomes leader of the Franks in 768

3. Charlemagne, 771-814 Strengthened royal power and limited power of nobles Supported Church and crowned “Roman Emperor” Encouraged learning by surrounding himself with scholars and founding schools

4. Charlemagne’s Empire

5. Age of Feudalism Europe is attacked from 850-950 by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims In exchange for protection, vassals living on manors , were granted fiefs , by lords Peasants paid tithes to church Gave rise to the Age of Chivalry

6. Crusades In 1093, Pope Urban II calls for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land First Crusade, 1096-1099, succeeds in recapturing Jerusalem Second Crusade, 1147-1149, launched to regain control, after it is conquered by the Turks Third Crusade, 1189-1191 ends in a truce Fourth Crusade, 1204, fails to capture Jerusalem, and knights instead loot Constantinople

7. Effects of Crusades Expansion in trade and increase in cultural exchanges between Europe and Middle East Power of Pope decreases Power of Kings increases Legacy of bitterness between Christians and Muslims

8. Medieval Society Growing Food Supply Formation of Guilds Increase in trade Growth of business and banking Towns grow Rise of a merchant class Growth of learning

9. Beginnings of Modern Democracy Nobles force King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215 Common law Court systems Parliament (England) Estates General (France)

10. Other changes in Medieval Society Bubonic plague strikes, killing 1/3 of population of Europe Longbow changes warfare Nationalism emerges in France and England Hundred Years’ War between France and England ends 1453

11. Renaissance Why it begins in Italy City-States Merchant Class Humanism Secularism

12. Impact of the Renaissance Art draws on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome Due to the invention of the printing press, books become more widely available People question political structures and religious practices

13. Reformation Problems within the Church Most priests were poorly educated Growing wealth and increased corruption Practice of selling indulgences Martin Luther responds with 95 Theses in 1517 and says that “salvation comes through faith alone” Henry VIII breaks away in 1534 and becomes the head of the Church of England because the Pope would not grant him a divorce

14. Catholic Response Council of Trent (1545-1563) Church’s interpretation of Bible is final Bans false selling of indulgences Both faith and works are necessary for salvation Order of Jesuits

15. Age of Absolutism Absolutism - the belief that one ruler should hold all of the power within the boundaries of a country. Ruled by Divine Right . “ L état, c’est moi”

16. Scientific Revolution What led to it Age of Discoveries Printing press Need for new geographic instruments

17. Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory of the universe Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler develop the scientific method

18. Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes - Social Contract John Locke - natural rights Montesquieu - separation of powers Voltaire - freedom of speech

19. French Revolution Causes Enlightenment ideas Economic troubles Dissatisfied Third Estate Weak leadership of Louis XVI Extravagant living of Louis and Marie Antoinette

20. Napoleon Restores order Creates lycées Establishes Napoleonic Code Signs Concordat with Pope Expands Empire Finally defeated at Waterloo

21. Congress of Vienna (1815) Restore balance of power to Europe Restore European royal families to their thrones Prevent future French aggression

22. Rise of Nation-State Nationalism - belief that people should be loyal to their nation Bonds that create a Nation-State: - History - Language - Territory - Nationality - Religion - Culture

23. Industrial Revolution Begins in England… - Enclosure Movement - System of crop rotation - Extensive natural resources - Human resources and capital New Inventions - Steam engine, railroads, spinning jenny

24. Effects on the Middle Class - Long hours, harsh working conditions, crowded cities - Growing middle-class - Began to organize Capitalism, Socialism, Marxism - Adam Smith & laissez-faire - Marx, Engels & Marxism