17. The Transformation of the West
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This document provides an overview of major developments in Western Europe between the 14th and 18th centuries. It covers the Italian Renaissance and its spread north, the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, the rise of absolute and parliamentary monarchies, the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, and changes in commerce, manufacturing, and political thought. Key events and figures discussed include Petrarch, Michelangelo, the Protestant Reformation sparked by Luther, the Thirty Years War, Galileo, Newton, Louis XIV of France, and Adam Smith.
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The Protestant Reformation during the 16th century established divergent Christian beliefs that led to the emergence of Protestantism. Dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church's control over religious interpretations and practices grew across Europe. Figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin criticized the Church and proposed alternative interpretations that broke away from Catholicism. The Reformation transformed Christianity and had widespread political, economic, and social impacts, including increasing literacy and challenging social class structures. It established religious freedom and separation of church and state.
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing L.docx
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK
and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.
Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.Oxford, UKHISTHistory0018-2648© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.July 2005903Original Article
INTELLECTUAL LIFE UNDER THE SPANISH INQUISITIONDAVID GOODMAN
Intellectual Life under the Spanish Inquisition:
A Continuing Historical Controversy
DAVID GOODMAN
The Open University
Abstract
The effects of the Spanish Inquisition on Spain’s intellectual life have long been a topic
of heated historical controversy. This article surveys the arguments dating from the late
eighteenth century to the present. It illustrates the extreme views held by opposing sides,
views often sustained more by passion and prejudice than by sound historical research.
The results of recent research over the last three decades, explicitly conducted with the
intention of eliminating prejudice, show not only surprising conclusions but also the
complexity and intractability of some of the questions posed relating to the influence of
the Inquisition on Spain.
‘
S
pain is perhaps the most ignorant nation in Europe. What else can
be expected of a people who wait for a monk to give them freedom to
read and to think.’
1
This infamous outburst, resounding with con-
tempt for Spanish intellectual life, was widely disseminated in print in 1783
through the most ambitious publishing venture of the French Enlighten-
ment, the
Encyclopédie méthodique
, a mammoth universal encyclopaedia
that reached to 196 volumes in quarto (and even then was unfinished).
The caustic words came from Nicolas Masson de Morvilliers, lawyer and
geographer, in his extended article on Spain for the subsection of volumes
of the
Encyclopédie méthodique
entitled ‘Géographie moderne’.
Masson’s contribution consisted of descriptions of Spain’s rivers,
mountains and climatic zones, dispassionate descriptions, interspersed
with volleys of stinging condemnation of Spanish society. Why did Spain
have such an astonishingly low population density? The causes identified
by Masson were emigration to the New World, smallpox and a prodigious
crowd of celibate clergy, whom he designated the useless sector of society.
Above all, Masson blamed the influence of the Spanish Inquisition:
‘Wherever this odious tribunal is established, it restrains liberty of action
This article is an expanded version of an inaugural lecture given at the Open University on
18 March 2004.
1
Nicolas Masson de Morvilliers, ‘Espagne’,
Encyclopédie méthodique
, section
Géographie Moderne
,
i (Paris, 1783), pp. 554 – 68, at p. 565.
376 INTELLECTUAL LIFE UNDER THE SPANISH INQUISITION
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
and thought, stifles all great and useful vision, forms a population of
slaves and hypocrites,.
Contemporary philosophy
This document discusses the evolution of philosophy from the late 19th century through the 20th century. It describes how 19th century philosophy shifted away from metaphysics and epistemology towards ideologies influenced by advances in science. Significant historical events of the late 19th century included the industrial revolution and rise of secularism. The theory of evolution profoundly impacted conceptions of humanity. The early 20th century saw the collapse of the old world order through world wars and economic crises. While these events transformed history, 20th century philosophy focused on reexamining the nature of human knowledge and understanding the human condition in a non-religious universe.
Renaissance by Kassara Selenia
The Renaissance was a period between the 14th and 17th centuries where art, science and intellectual inquiry flourished in Europe. This era bridged the gap between the Middle Ages and modern times. During the Renaissance, artists strived for realism by studying principles like anatomy. Architects and scientists also collaborated, with figures like Da Vinci and Galileo making influential discoveries. The Renaissance also saw major explorations that expanded geographic and cultural knowledge of the world.
Europe presentation
Europe has an area of 10,180,000 km2 and a population of 710 million people. It has a long and diverse history, from prehistoric human settlements to the rise and fall of ancient empires like Rome and Byzantium. Major developments include the Renaissance, Age of Discovery, industrial revolution, and two world wars in the 20th century. Today, Europe is composed of independent nation states with close economic and political cooperation between members of the European Union.
The age of renaissance
The document discusses several key aspects of the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in the 14th century as a renewed interest in classical Roman culture. During the Middle Ages, a feudal system had developed to replace Roman rule, establishing a hierarchy governed by serfdom. The Black Death pandemic significantly impacted society and weakened the established feudal order. The Magna Carta established limits on royal power and affirmed rights and liberties. The Great Schism divided the Catholic Church. The Renaissance period saw advances in thought, science, and the emergence of human-centered values.
The age of renaissance
The document discusses several key aspects of the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in the 14th century as a cultural movement characterized by a renewed interest in classical Roman art and history. During the Middle Ages, a feudal system had developed to replace the old Roman system in the wake of its collapse. The Black Death pandemic ravaged Europe in the 14th century, killing millions and weakening the economy. The Magna Carta established limits on royal power in 1215. The Great Schism divided the Catholic Church between eastern and western factions. The Renaissance period saw advances in science, philosophy, and a new humanist worldview.
H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages
The document summarizes three key themes in Western humanities from the late Middle Ages to the modern age: 1) The growth of rational, scientific inquiry. 2) The persistent tension between Judeo-Christian religious ideals and social realities. 3) The emergence of constitutional forms of government. It then provides details on various aspects of these themes, including developments in science, theology, philosophy, literature, art, architecture, and political systems.
Modern Ages
Presentación en Inglés realizada en el aula por los alumnos de 6º de E.P. en el área de "Science". Resumen de la Edad Moderna .
Similar to 17. The Transformation of the West (20)
Rayhan world history and civilization renessance 4-b
Rayhan world history and civilization renessance 4-b
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing L.docx
© 2005 The Historical Association and Blackwell Publishing L.docx
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- 1. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman