The document summarizes changes in communication, architecture, clothing styles, education, and government throughout Western European history from the 1500s to 1900s. For communication, key developments included the printing press, newspapers, mail systems, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, and internet. Architecture shifted from Renaissance to Baroque to Neoclassical to Modernist styles. Clothing styles changed with the times and cultures. Education evolved from humanist schools to an increase in literacy during the Reformation to the rise of scientific thinking and secular subjects. Government moved from divine monarchy to increased centralization and secularization with a growing bureaucracy.

1. Changes in W. European History

2. The Evolution of Communication By Monica Mejia and Amanda Eiser

3. 1500s Mid 1400s: The printing press 1490: First paper mill in England 1500s: Printing in England, 35,000 books with 10 million copies Spread of education creates demand Also: the pencil, postal systems

4. 1600s New mediums of print formed: newspapers, etc. 1609: First regularly published newspaper appears in Germany 1659: Penny post appears in London 1696: England has over 100 paper mills Also: mail routes, classifieds, public libraries

5. 1700s More portability and ease of use desired; introduction of the mass market 1710: Three-color printing developed in Germany 1714: Henry Mill receives patent for typewriter 1790: In England, hydraulic press invented Also: the eraser, steel pen points, signaling systems, and transcontinental mail

6. 1800s Huge wave in advancements, especially during industrial revolution 1810: Electro-chemical telegraph constructed in Germany 1837: Electric telegraph patented in England 1839: Electricity runs a printing press 1841: The advertising agency 1851: Cable laid across the English Channel 1873: Theory of radio waves 1888: Public telephones Also: Photography, movies, x-ray photography

7. 1900s Waves and other innovations create new verbal forms of communication, and later global communication Known as the Age of Technology 1906: Voice and music broadcast in U.S. 1924: Radio sets widespread 1954: Regular color TV broadcasts 1969: Videotape on cassette 1981: The IBM PC 1996: Widespread internet use

8. Architecture By: Alexis Rubin and Cara Hutter

9. 1500 As the Renaissance revived Classical art, more Classical architecture was also restored. Renaissance architecture involved classical columns, and rounded arches, as well as use of the dome, a Renaissance staple.

10. 1600 After the religious revival of the 16th century Baroque architects desired to add spiritual accents to classical Renaissance architecture. St. Peter’s Basilica was completed in the Baroque style.

11. 1700 During the 1700’s the Rococo art style transferred to decorative architecture that worked well when paired with standing Baroque structures

12. 1800 Neoclassicism continued throughout the 1800s. This later phase is called Greek Revival Popular in Northern Europe and the United States Showed a rediscovery of Greek architecture.

13. 1900 Modernism reflected the rapid modernization and technological advancement of society. Functionalism was the idea that there was to be no unnecessary ornamentation Postmodernism mixed modernism with traditional architecture of the past.

14. Clothing Styles for Men, Women, and Children By: Lauren Finley and Kimberly Shankwitz, yo

15. 1500's - Renaissance The Italian city-states grew wealthy from commerce on the Mediterranean. They could afford better fabrics and fancier clothes to wear to the parties they held to show off said wealth. Trade on the Mediterranean brought Italy into contact with many more cultures, leading to different, foreign-inspired variations on dress. Arab styles were popular (though the Arabs themselves were not). A renewed interest in realistic beauty and classical art led to many people viewing fashion as an elaborate art form. The prevalence of Catholicism decreed that women's fashions would still be modest and unrevealing.

16. 1600's - Time of Ch-ch-ch-change Nation-states started to grow, with the settling of colonies in full swing. People started dressing more uniquely to show off their national pride. The religious conflicts had also become a way of life. Dress became a way to signify what religion someone was. For example, a Protestant might dress more soberly than a Catholic. The Scientific Revolution led to many uncertainties about the world. Fashion became more outlandish as people tried to deal with the new perception of the universe.

18. People believed that women were natural mothers. This kept them in their traditional clothes with long skirts and sleeves.

19. Children began to be considered children, and started wearing clothes that were more comfortable and more appropriate to their age.

20. Clothing Styles for Men, Women, and Children By: Lauren Finley and Kimberly Shankwitz, yo

21. 1500's - Renaissance The Italian city-states grew wealthy from commerce on the Mediterranean. They could afford better fabrics and fancier clothes to wear to the parties they held to show off said wealth. Trade on the Mediterranean brought Italy into contact with many more cultures, leading to different, foreign-inspired variations on dress. Arab styles were popular (though the Arabs themselves were not). A renewed interest in realistic beauty and classical art led to many people viewing fashion as an elaborate art form. The prevalence of Catholicism decreed that women's fashions would still be modest and unrevealing.

22. 1600's - Time of Ch-ch-ch-change Nation-states started to grow, with the settling of colonies in full swing. People started dressing more uniquely to show off their national pride. The religious conflicts had also become a way of life. Dress became a way to signify what religion someone was. For example, a Protestant might dress more soberly than a Catholic. The Scientific Revolution led to many uncertainties about the world. Fashion became more outlandish as people tried to deal with the new perception of the universe.

24. People believed that women were natural mothers. This kept them in their traditional clothes with long skirts and sleeves.

25. Children began to be considered children, and started wearing clothes that were more comfortable and more appropriate to their age.

27. The development of factories meant a new working environment. Workers had to adapt their clothes for the new, physically intensive work.

28. New products were soon developed and white collar jobs came with them. For white collar workers, fancy clothes became impractical.

30. Educational Changes Throughout European History By: Carly Hoilman and Mikenzie F.

32. Greek, Latin, Math, Sciences, and languages were all part of education during the Enlightenment period.

33. Chapter Books and brochures came about during this time. The material that was included in them was both spiritual and secular.

35. Primary School was no available for boys and girls between the ages of six through twelve.

36. Teachers were female because this was the only job they could hold even though it gave them lower wages.

37. Ch- Ch- Ch- Ch- Changes in Mike D’Antonio Kyle Schrader JT Hickman Government

38. Government in the 1500s Divine Right monarchy still in place. Religion was central to politics and the Church was very much intertwined with the state. To weed out potential enemies of the state, governments used a religious inquisition (most famous being the Spanish Inquisition). Colonial governments established small governmental bodies for themselves. Religion was central to many political and diplomatic decisions.

39. Government in the 1600s As a continuation, the upper class still basically dominated governments. Most countries were still run by a monarchy or some other indirect form of oligarchy, with the most wealthy and lavish citizens running the state. “The bureaucracy is growing to meet the needs of the expanding bureaucracy.” Governments increased centralization, curtailing the power of local authorities and opting for more control over the far-flung reaches of their empires. Countries made a move toward secularization – that is, they stopped focusing so heavily on religion in international affairs and began to focus more on what was best for the state. The Palace of Versailles represents the move towards secularizationby showing the power of the state and king over religion and God.

40. Government in the 1700s The Enlightenment brought revolutionary ideas to government, including the idea that people had natural rights Enlightened Absolutism- rulers put some of the natural rights into action Enlightened Absolutists were limited by the power of the nobility and old order French Revolution unleashed liberalism and nationalism in governments Catherine the Great was an Enlightened Absolutist but realized the power of the nobility and helped to preserve their positions.

41. Government in the 1800s Conservatives supported traditional institutions like monarchies Industrialization created a new liberal middle class that wanted representation Revolutions of 1848 caused governments to realize it was time to change Mass Politics-expansion of democracy through reform, prevailed in Britain and France Old order remained in the East The 19th century was a time of vast government change. Revolutions flared up across Europe and demanded representation for lower classes.

42. Government in the 1900s New government types arose to destroy the remaining proponents of the Old Order. Democracy and legislatures replaced single-person or small group rule, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, by the latter half of the 1900s. Communism, Fascism, and others rose out of the ashes of the old order as ‘viable’ government types. Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union: acted much like the US Congress. This government replaced the Tsarist Regime of Imperial Russia.

43. Literature Through the Ages Megan Valentine and Margaret Daubert

44. 16th Century: Religion in Literature Indulgences were catalyst for Martin Luther’s ideals. Publishing switched from Latin to the vernacular. Ninety-Five Theses On the Freedom of a Christian Man Pamphlets became popular: “Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants”

45. 17th Century: Theater and Science William Shakespeare known for plays, sonnets, dramas “Master of the English language” Spanish and French Theater- Lope de Vega Jean-Baptiste Racine Galileo’s The Starry Messenger Newton’s Principia

46. 18th Century: Enlightenment Travel Literature- James Cook Locke vs. Newton Jean-Jacques Rousseau- The Social Contract Denis Diderot- The Encyclopedia Mary Wollstonecraft- The Vindication of the Rights of Women Production of the novel- Pamela by Samuel Richardson Documentation of History

47. 19th Century: Romanticism and Realism Romanticism: nature, idealism, imagination, individualism Emphasis on emotion and sentiment Sorrows of a Young Werther- Von Goethe Ivanhoe- Walter Scott Gothic Literature Frankenstein- Mary Shelley “The Raven”- Edgar Allen Poe Poetry Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley Realism Madame Bovary- Gustave Flaubert

48. 20th Century: Modernism and Postmodernism Psychoanalysis Modernism: Naturalism and Symbolism “stream of consciousness” “Theater of the Absurd” Waiting for Godot- Samuel Beckett Postmodernism Magic realism

49. -Emphasis on education throughout the middle classes -Art -Many were illiterate Leisure Time

50. Religious values became a revived interest... -Education -The emergence of protestant schools

51. In the midst of religious turmoil... -Theater became popular among the wealthy as the patronized playwrights - Many also began to take interest in science as scientists began to redefine the field of science.

52. Education continued to be an important factor ... -Spread of literacy -Popular literature -Alcohol and taverns - Grand tours

53. Due to material prosperity and the hours created by the industrial system.... -New technology -Emergence of mass leisure -Music -Dance halls -Team sports -Tourism

54. Music from the 16th to 20th Centuries Jack Heiger and Gill Hanna

55. 1500s Madrigals became prevalent Written for five or six voices Used text painting Spread to England Eg: Deck the Halls

56. 1600s The opera, oratorio, sonata, concerto, and symphony were developed in Italy; spread across Europe Most musicians depended upon patrons Italy and Germany were musical leaders

57. 1700s Baroque era Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel Classical era started in 1750 Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart New instruments appeared, such as the piano; orchestral music became more popular

58. 1800s Ludwig van Beethoven was the bridge between the classical and romantic styles; used uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifting resolutions Era of Romanticism Hector Berlioz: used music to express emotions, stories, and personal experiences

59. 1900s Music became pop culture Blues, jazz, impressionism, rock-and-roll, punk, rap, hip-hop, serialism, minimalism Began to include social commentary It was able to spread faster and farther through technology Jazz and rock were based on African American styles; influenced later styles, especially as they crossed to Britain and back

60. Warfare Throughout The Ages Chadd David Heller and Kyle Alexander Deckman

62. Wars often started because of religious differences or territorial disputes

63. Ex. Habsburg-Valois War, Netherlands Revolt Habsburg- Valois War, 1551 to 1559

65. Military power considered essential to a ruler's reputation

66. A "military revolution occurs"

67. Introduction of squads and battalions - GustavusAldophis

68. Ex. Thirty Years War, Wars of Louis XIV, The Great Northern WarT Thirty Years War, 1618 to 1648

70. Popularization of firearms, muskets and rifles

71. Gunpowder based weapons such as cannons

72. Ex. War of Austrian Succession, Seven Years War, French and Indian WarF French and Indian War, 1754 to 1763

74. Ex. Napoleonic Wars, Crimean War, American Civil War, German Unification Wars (Danish, Austro-Purssian, etc)Crimean War, 1853 to 1856

76. Trench warfare used in WWI

77. Automatic rifles used in World War II, tactics become even more important

78. Ex. World War I, World War II, Korean WarWorld War I, 1914 to 1918