Soy Protein

May 9, 2017
Mark Cope, PhD
Applied Nutrition Manager
DuPont N&H
Soy Protein
MUSCLE HEALTH BENEFITS: FOR SPORTS
NUTRITION RECOVERY AND DURING AGING

Copyright © 2017 DuPont N&H. All rights reserved.
Blending Proteins to Provide Better Muscle Health
Importance of Muscle Health
The Benefits of Soy Protein
Hypothesis for Blending Proteins
Pre-clinical Study
Recovery and Muscle Synthesis in Active Adults
Improved Muscle Synthesis and Reduced Muscle
Breakdown in Older Adults
Summary and Take Away Message

Why blend proteins?
Beverages Made with Blends of Soy &
Dairy Are Preferred for Taste
DuPont Sensory Research findings support flavor
advantages of blending soy and dairy proteins.
Of the top 7 scoring beverages, 6 were
formulated with soy and dairy proteins.
High Quality Protein Sources that
Deliver Essential Amino Acids,
including Leucine
Blending soy, casein, whey proteins
may increase the anabolic window
for increased muscle growth
G. Paul: The Rationale for Consuming Protein Blends in Sports Nutrition.
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2010
Combining unique attributes of soy & dairy proteins

Copyright © 2017 DuPont N&H All rights reserved.
• What is the optimal protein blend
that can stimulate muscle protein
synthesis over a prolonged period of
time compared to a single protein
• Using proteins of varying digestion and
absorption rates
• Whey, soy & casein
• Using an unexercised rat model of
muscle protein synthesis
Study Aim:
Clin Nutr. 2013 Aug;32(4):585-91
Pre-Clinical Animal Study
Blend 1 Blend 2
WheySoy
ab
ab
a
b
Time
FractionalSyntheticRate(%/day)
Blend 2 (25:25:50 – soy:whey:caseinate) showed the greatest FSR
& extended muscle synthesis in this combination

PRO (g) EAA (g) LEU (g)
Blend1 19.3±1.1 8.7±0.5 1.8±0.1
Whey 17.7±0.9 9.0±0.4 1.9±0.1
1The PB was 50% sodium caseinate, 25% WPI, and 25% SPI
Healthy, young adults (n=19)
Reidy, et al. J Nutr. 2013
Reidy et al. J Appl Physiol. 2014
Study Design

Whey rapidly increased
BCAAs early, although
dropped after 2 hours.
Soy-dairy blend modestly
elevates BCAAs early &
maintains a steady level of
BCAAs up to 4 hours.
Only the soy-dairy blend
maintained higher muscle
protein synthesis during
the last 2 hours measured.
Soy-dairy blend extends muscle protein synthesis
Acute Study in Young Adults
Reidy et al., J Nutr. 2013. 143(4): 410-6
Soy-dairy blend vs. whey protein alone provides a prolonged delivery of amino acids
to the muscles, making it optimal for consumption following resistance exercise

Time Post-Ingestion (min)
† Net balance significantly more positive at 1 & 2 hrs post-ingestion compared to whey
Post-exercise muscle anabolism
prolonged with soy-dairy blend
Net Balance =
(Arterial Phe – Venous Phe ) x Leg Blood Flow
+
-
Acute Study in Young Adults
Reidy et al., J Appl Physiol. 2014. 116(11):1353-64

Study Aims
• To determine the effect of soy-dairy protein blend supplementation
during resistance exercise training on lean body mass, muscle
thickness, and strength in young, active men.
Extended Study in Young Adults
Effect of soy-dairy blend supplementation on
metabolic & muscle adaptations during resistance
exercise training
Double-blind, parallel-design, randomized clinical trial

Protein supplements
Maltodextrin Placebo
(MDP)
Maltodextrin
Protein Blend (PB)
25% whey protein isolate, 25%
SUPRO® soy protein, 50% caseinate
Whey Protein (WP) 100% whey protein isolate
Supplemental Table 1 Composition of the nutritional treatments
1
PB WP MDP PB WP MDP
g/100g product per serving
Serving g 25.2 26.2 25.2
% g
Protein 87.0 82.1 <0.10 21.9 21.5 0.0
Fat 2.8 2.5 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.1
Ash 3.7 2.5 <0.2 0.9 0.7 0.0
Moisture 5.9 7.0 5.4 1.5 1.8 1.4
Carbohydrate 0.6 5.8 94.2 0.2 1.5 23.7
Calories 95 98 96
mg mg
Sodium 874.0 174.0 59.3 220.2 45.6 14.9
Potassium 545.7 631.7 10.4 137.5 165.5 2.6
Calcium 141.7 390.0 <0.01 35.7 102.2 0.0
Magnesium 32.2 75.8 4.8 8.1 19.9 1.2
Phosphorus 614.0 259.7 <0.01 154.7 68.0 0.0
g g
Alanine 3.45 4.54 - 0.87 1.19 -
Arginine 3.74 1.95 - 0.94 0.51 -
Aspartic Acid 7.92 9.17 - 2.00 2.40 -
Cysteine 1.02 2.20 - 0.26 0.58 -
Glutamic Acid 18.27 15.90 - 4.60 4.17 -
Glycine 2.11 1.48 - 0.53 0.39 -
Histidine
2
2.28 1.51 - 0.57 0.40 -
Isoleucine
2
4.72 5.64 - 1.19 1.48 -
Leucine
2
7.95 8.81 - 2.00 2.31 -
Lysine
2
6.77 7.78 - 1.71 2.04 -
Methionine
2
2.05 1.92 - 0.52 0.50 -
Phenylalanine
2
4.14 2.65 - 1.04 0.70 -
Proline 7.23 5.55 - 1.82 1.45 -
Serine 4.63 4.22 - 1.17 1.11 -
2
Serving g 25.2 26.2 25.2
% g
Protein 87.0 82.1 <0.10 21.9 21.5 0.0
Fat 2.8 2.5 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.1
Ash 3.7 2.5 <0.2 0.9 0.7 0.0
Moisture 5.9 7.0 5.4 1.5 1.8 1.4
Carbohydrate 0.6 5.8 94.2 0.2 1.5 23.7
Calories 95 98 96
mg mg
Sodium 874.0 174.0 59.3 220.2 45.6 14.9
Potassium 545.7 631.7 10.4 137.5 165.5 2.6
Calcium 141.7 390.0 <0.01 35.7 102.2 0.0
Magnesium 32.2 75.8 4.8 8.1 19.9 1.2
Phosphorus 614.0 259.7 <0.01 154.7 68.0 0.0
g g
Alanine 3.45 4.54 - 0.87 1.19 -
Arginine 3.74 1.95 - 0.94 0.51 -
Aspartic Acid 7.92 9.17 - 2.00 2.40 -
Cysteine 1.02 2.20 - 0.26 0.58 -
Glutamic Acid 18.27 15.90 - 4.60 4.17 -
Glycine 2.11 1.48 - 0.53 0.39 -
Histidine
2
2.28 1.51 - 0.57 0.40 -
Isoleucine
2
4.72 5.64 - 1.19 1.48 -
Leucine
2
7.95 8.81 - 2.00 2.31 -
Lysine
2
6.77 7.78 - 1.71 2.04 -
Methionine
2
2.05 1.92 - 0.52 0.50 -
Phenylalanine
2
4.14 2.65 - 1.04 0.70 -
Proline 7.23 5.55 - 1.82 1.45 -
Serine 4.63 4.22 - 1.17 1.11 -
Threonine
2
4.37 6.24 - 1.10 1.63 -
Tryptophan
2
1.14 1.32 - 0.29 0.34 -
Tyrosine 3.97 2.53 - 1.00 0.66 -
Valine
2
5.40 5.20 - 1.36 1.36 -
Total EAA 38.83 41.07 - 9.78 10.76 -
Supplemental Table 1 Composition of the nutritional tre
PB WP MDP PB
g/100g product per serv
Serving g 25.2
% g
Protein 87.0 82.1 <0.10 21.9
Fat 2.8 2.5 0.3 0.7
Ash 3.7 2.5 <0.2 0.9
Moisture 5.9 7.0 5.4 1.5
Carbohydrate 0.6 5.8 94.2 0.2
Calories 95
mg mg
Sodium 874.0 174.0 59.3 220.2
Potassium 545.7 631.7 10.4 137.5
Calcium 141.7 390.0 <0.01 35.7
Magnesium 32.2 75.8 4.8 8.1
Phosphorus 614.0 259.7 <0.01 154.7
g g
Alanine 3.45 4.54 - 0.87
Arginine 3.74 1.95 - 0.94
Aspartic Acid 7.92 9.17 - 2.00
Cysteine 1.02 2.20 - 0.26
Glutamic Acid 18.27 15.90 - 4.60
Glycine 2.11 1.48 - 0.53
Histidine
2
2.28 1.51 - 0.57
Isoleucine
2
4.72 5.64 - 1.19
Leucine
2
7.95 8.81 - 2.00
Lysine
2
6.77 7.78 - 1.71
Methionine
2
2.05 1.92 - 0.52
Phenylalanine
2
4.14 2.65 - 1.04
Proline 7.23 5.55 - 1.82
Serine 4.63 4.22 - 1.17
Serving g 25.2
% g
Protein 87.0 82.1 <0.10 21.9
Fat 2.8 2.5 0.3 0.7
Ash 3.7 2.5 <0.2 0.9
Moisture 5.9 7.0 5.4 1.5
Carbohydrate 0.6 5.8 94.2 0.2
Calories 95
mg mg
Sodium 874.0 174.0 59.3 220.2
Potassium 545.7 631.7 10.4 137.5
Calcium 141.7 390.0 <0.01 35.7
Magnesium 32.2 75.8 4.8 8.1
Phosphorus 614.0 259.7 <0.01 154.7
g g
Alanine 3.45 4.54 - 0.87
Arginine 3.74 1.95 - 0.94
Aspartic Acid 7.92 9.17 - 2.00
Cysteine 1.02 2.20 - 0.26
Glutamic Acid 18.27 15.90 - 4.60
Glycine 2.11 1.48 - 0.53
Histidine
2
2.28 1.51 - 0.57
Isoleucine
2
4.72 5.64 - 1.19
Leucine
2
7.95 8.81 - 2.00
Lysine
2
6.77 7.78 - 1.71
Methionine
2
2.05 1.92 - 0.52
Phenylalanine
2
4.14 2.65 - 1.04
Proline 7.23 5.55 - 1.82
Serine 4.63 4.22 - 1.17
Threonine
2
4.37 6.24 - 1.10
Tryptophan
2
1.14 1.32 - 0.29
Tyrosine 3.97 2.53 - 1.00
Valine
2
5.40 5.20 - 1.36
Total EAA 38.83 41.07 - 9.78
• Supplements daily for 12 wks ingested with
300 mL water:
➢ Immediately following workout 3x / wk
➢ Between meals on non-workout days 4x / wk
Reidy et al J Nutr. 2016 Jul 27. pii: jn231803.

Results: Dietary protein intake
• The mean habitual energy and macronutrient intake
was not significantly different between treatments at
baseline.
• Protein intake was significantly greater for PB and
WP compared to MDP at 6 wk and 12 wk
Baseline 6 wk 12 wk
Protein Intake, g/day
PB 101 ± 7 129 ± 7a* 122 ± 7a*
WP 102 ± 7 126 ± 8a* 135 ± 8a*
MDP 95 ± 7 95 ± 8b 93 ± 8b
Protein Intake, g/kg BW per d
PB 1.33±0.10 1.68±0.10a* 1.54±0.10a*
WP 1.29±0.10 1.54±0.11a* 1.64±0.11a*
MDP 1.27±0.11b 1.22±0.10 1.23±0.11b

All groups increased lean body mass (LM) from baseline
No significant differences between groups, although the soy-dairy blend
group tended to have greater increases (p<0.10)
Reidy et al J Nutr. 2016 Jul 27. pii: jn231803. [Epub ahead of print]

Individual changes in
LM favor soy-dairy blend
▪ Subjects receiving soy-dairy
protein blend exhibited a trend for
increased LM compared to control
(p=0.09).
▪ There was no difference in LM
between whey protein isolate &
control (p=0.55).
▪ Inter-individual variability evident
Soy-dairy blend had a higher percentage of subjects who gained muscle over the
expected 1.5 kg gain from exercise

Results: Arm lean mass
Further analysis of the data suggest
that only the PB continued to
increase whole body, arm, and trunk
lean mass over the final 6 weeks of
the study.
Comparisons at 12 wk showed that
PB treatment trended (P=0.08) to
have higher arm lean mass than
MDP treatment.
This was not demonstrated with
WP vs. MDP treatment
PB treatment was not different
from WP treatment.
Majority of the effect of PB
supplementation on lean mass
occurs in the upper body.

Only the soy-dairy blend had a significant increase in lean body mass during
the last 6 weeks of resistance exercise training
Pre-Mid (0-6 wks) Mid-Post (6-12 wks)
ChangeinLeanMass(kg)
LM LM-Arms LM-Legs LM-Trunk LM-App LM LM-Arms LM-Legs LM-Trunk LM-App
ChangeinLeanMass(kg)
Soy-dairy blend continued to improve LM gains
beyond initial 6 weeks of training

All groups increased muscle thickness and 1-RM from
baseline, although no differences between groups
▪ Increase in muscle thickness
similar among groups
▪ All groups improved 1-RM for
squats, knee extensions, and
bench press.
▪ Gains observed were as expected
for a resistance training program

Results: Serum testosterone concentration
PB WP MDP
Baseline, ng/dL 376 ± 21b 394 ± 21b 405 ± 20b
6 wk, ng/dL 406 ± 21a 411 ± 22a 454 ± 20a
12 wk, ng/dL 385 ± 21b 390 ± 22b 439 ± 21b
Data are means ± SEM
Results similar at baseline among treatments
No significant treatment effect

Clinical design
Acute Study in Aging Adults
Borack et al. J Nutr Dec 2016,.
Group n Age BMI Lean Mass Fat
y kg/m2 kg %
Whey 10 69.3 ± 2.1* 26.5 ± 0.5 53.9 ± 1.2 31.5 ± 2.2
Blend 9 62.5 ± 1.6 25.1 ± 1.0 53.3 ± 3.0 27.2 ± 1.5
Data are mean ± SEM ; * Difference between groups (p< 0.05)
Subjects
• Men 55-75y, n=19
• Generally healthy, BMI< 30, no tobacco usage, no chronic diseases, no protein supplement
usage, recreationally active
• Participated in resistance exercise- 8 sets of 10 leg extensions at ~70% 1RM
Investigational products
• Whey or Protein Blend (25%
whey, 25% soy, 50%
casein) supplement (double
blind)
• Whey= 30g protein
(3.26g leucine)
• Blend= 30g protein
(2.78g leucine)

Muscle Synthesis Muscle Breakdown
Muscle
Maintenance
No difference between groups in muscle
protein breakdown.
No difference between protein treatments
for support of muscle protein synthesis.
Fractional Muscle Protein Synthesis in the Aging
Acute Study in Aging Adults
Borack et al, J Nutr Dec 2016.

In young adults, soy-dairy protein blend:
• Prolongs muscle protein synthesis
and muscle protein net balance.
• Provides marginal but probable
enhancement in total LBM and upper
body LM.
• Has no effect on serum testosterone.
• Improves blood lipid profile.
Summary and Take Away Message
In older adults, whey protein isolate
and soy-dairy protein blend:
• Similarly enhance post exercise:
mTORC1 signaling,
hyperaminoacidemia, muscle
protein synthesis, and attenuation
of muscle protein breakdown.
Use of a soy-dairy protein blend may be a useful nutritional strategy for
maintaining muscle mass and function through aging process potentially
reducing the disability associated with development of sarcopenia later in life.

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