The document discusses various sources of social and cultural change. It argues that technology is a major driver of change, citing developments like the Industrial Revolution, spread of electricity, and digital age/social media as transforming society. Globalization is also identified as a key factor since the 1990s by increasing interconnectedness and influencing political events worldwide. New communication technologies are shown to have enabled more rapid information sharing and helped facilitate political movements like the Arab Spring uprisings.

2. SOURCES OF
SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CHANGE

3. INTRODUCTION
KNOWN FOR HIS REFLECTIONS ON THE NATURAL
WORLD.
• UPON OBSERVING COLD THINGS TURNING HOT, WET
SURFACES TURNING DRY, AND DARK TURNING BRIGHT.
HE PUT FORCE THE IDEA THAT THE ONLY PERMANENT IN
THIS WORLD IS CHANGE.
• HE EQUATED NATURE TO THAT OF A RIVER: IT IS
CONSTANT MOTION OR CHANGE. AS SOCIETY AND
CULTURE ARE INCORPORATED WITHIN THE BROAD
CIRCLE OF NATURE, AN ARRAY OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS OCCURRED WITHIN
SOCIETY.

4. UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CHANGE
• SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGES HAVE A GREAT IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S LIVES.
INDIVIDUALS BORN IN THE 1960S AND 1970S HAD VERY DIFFERENT LIFESTYLES
COMPARED TO THOSE BORN IN THE 1990S AND THE NEW MILLENNIUM BECAUSE
OF SEVERAL FACTORS THAT SERVE AS CATALYSTS FOR CONSTANT SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CHANGE. FOR EXAMPLE, CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY CAN DEFINE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENERATIONS.
• COMPARED TO THE 1960S, THE NEW MILLENNIUM FEATURES GREATER
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION. THIS RESULTS IN
YOUNGER PEOPLE HAVING GREATER KNOWLEDGE ON THE USE OF THE LATEST
TECHNOLOGY THAN THE OLDER GENERATIONS. THE PRESENT GENERATION IS
ALSO WITNESS TO THE RAPID SPREAD OF IDEAS, PERSPECTIVES, AND VALUES
WHICH WAS NOT COMMON DURING THE PAST DECADES.

5. • THE WORDS "SOCIAL CHANGE" AND "CULTURAL CHANGE" ARE OFTEN USED
INTERCHANGEABLY SOCIOLOGISTS, HOWEVER, DEFINE THESE TERMS
DIFFERENTLY. THE SOCIOLOGISTS ROBERT MACIVER AND CHARLES PAGE
ARGUE THAT SOCIAL CHANGE REFERS TO TRANSFORMATIONS THAT ALTER
THE ROLES AND STATUS OF PEOPLE AS WELL AS THE STRUCTURE AND
ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY AND ITS INSTITUTIONS. CULTURAL CHANGE,
MEANWHILE, IS MUCH BROADER AND OF WHICH SOCIAL CHANGE IS AN
INTEGRAL PART.
• IT REFERS TO THE DYNAMIC PROCESS WHERE THE LIVING CULTURES
OTHER WORLD CHANGE AND ADAPT TO EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL FORCES.
IN HIS BOOK, “GREAT TRANSFORMATION” KARL POLANYI CITES THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AS EXAMPLES OF
SOCIAL CHANGE. HISTORY SHOWS THAT THE PROCESSES THAT ACCOMPANIED
THESE EVENTS NOT ONLY TRANSFORMED EUROPE BUT ALSO THE REST OF THE
WORLD.

6. • THE WIDE-SCALE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS INTRODUCED DURING
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SUCH AS THE INTRODUCTION OF STEAM
POWER AND THE STEAM ENGINE, INCREASED MECHANIZATION. THE
WIDESPREAD USE OF ELECTRICITY TRANSFORMED SOCIETY, RESULTING
IN DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS AND CHANGES IN CLASS STRUCTURE.
MEANWHILE, THE IDEAS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION LED PEOPLE ACROSS
THE WORLD TO EMBRACE NATIONALISM AND SEEK INDEPENDENCE FROM
COLONIAL RULE.
• THE PHILIPPINES ALSO EXPERIENCED GREAT SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
CHANGES DURING THE 19TH CENTURY DUE TO THE EMERGENCE OF A WIDE
SCALE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT THAT FIRST STARTED WITH THE
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND CULMINATED IN THE PHILIPPINE
REVOLUTION. DURING THIS PERIOD, INDIVIDUALS SUCH AS JOSE RIZAL,
ANDRES BONIFACIO AND OTHER PROPAGANDISTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES
GAINED DISTINCTION FOR THEIR WORKS ADVANCING THE NATIONALISTIC

7. THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION TRANSFORMED THE WORKPLACE AND BROUGHT ABOUT NEW SOCIAL CHALLENGES.

8. GLOBALIZATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND
DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS
• WILLIAM OGBURN CONSIDERS TECHNOLOGY AS THE PRIMARY FACTOR
THAT INDUCES SOCIAL CHANGE. THE DIGITAL AGE BROUGHT ABOUT A
TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION THAT PAVED THE WAY FOR THE EMERGENCE
OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND VARIOUS ONLINE PLATFORMS SUCH AS FACEBOOK,
INSTAGRAM, AND TWITTER. THESE DEVELOPMENTS FOREVER CHANGED
THE WAY PEOPLE ACQUIRED INFORMATION, COMMUNICATED, AND
SHARED EXPERIENCES.
• THE ADVENT OF 24HOUR NEWS CHANNELS ON CABLE TELEVISION ENABLED
PEOPLE TO WATCH THE NEWS AS IT HAPPENS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD.
THE WIDESPREAD USE OF LAPTOPS AND CELLPHONES ALSO PR0VIDED
PEOPLE BROADER AND EASIER ACCESS TO A VARIETY OF INFORMATION
AND MEDIA.

9. GLOBALIZATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND
DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS
• THE EMERGENCE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ALSO IMPROVED
INFORMATION EXCHANGE, ENABLING PEOPLE TO INSTANTLY GIVE
FEEDBACK ON ISSUES AND EVENTS IN THEIR SOCIETY. VIEWERS ARE NOW
ABLE TO IMMEDIATELY REACT TO THE NEWS OR THEIR FAVORITE SHOWS ON
TELEVISION USING VARIOUS ONLINE MEDIA.
• AN INNOVATION IN INFORMATION SHARING IS EVIDENT IN THE CURRENT
TREND OF WHICH JESSICA MATTHEWS DESCRIBES AS THE DISSEMINATION
OF INFORMATION TO SPECIFIC SEGMENTS OF THE PUBLIC VIA A SHARED
SOURCE, PRIMARILY ONLINE SOCIAL PLATFORMS. THIS IS IN CONTRAST TO
BROADCASTING' WHICH USES TELEVISION AND THE RADIO TO DISSEMINATE
INFORMATION TO A BROAD AUDIENCE.

10. • SINCE THE 1990S, GLOBALIZATION HAS BEEN SAID TO BE THE KEY
DRIVER OF SOCIAL CHANGE. GLOBALIZATION REFERS TO THE
ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL PROCESSES THAT CONNECT
STATE AND NON-STATE ELEMENTS IN A MANNER THAT TRANSCENDS
TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES. WHILE AUTHORS DIFFER ON THE EXTENT
AND SCALE OF THIS PROCESS, THEY ALL AGREE THAT CURRENT
TECHNOLOGIES AND ADVANCEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION ARE USHERING IN UNPRECEDENTED TRANSFORMATION
IN THE LOCAL, NATIONAL, AND GLOBAL CONTEXT.
• GLOBALIZATION HAS BROUGHT ABOUT INCREASED
INTERCONNECTEDNESS IN ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL RELATIONS, AS
WELL AS IN POLITICAL EVENTS, WORLDWIDE. THUS, POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC CHANGES IN ONE COUNTRY INEVITABLY IMPACT OTHER
COUNTRIES.

11. • POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS HAVE INCREASINGLY BEEN
INFLUENCED BY NEW TECHNOLOGIES. SEVERAL POLITICAL EVENTS
AND UPRISINGS EITHER HAD THEIR ROOTS FROM SOCIAL MEDIA OR
GAINED GROUND DUE TO EXTENSIVE INFORMATION SHARING
THROUGH ONLINE MEDIA.
• IN 2001, THE POPULAR MOVEMENT THAT OUSTED FORMER
PRESIDENT JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA USED TEXT MESSAGING AS A
KEY SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND CATALYST FOR COLLECTIVE
ORGANIZATION AND ACTION. THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA
PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE SERIES OF UPRISINGS THAT
ERUPTED IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST IN 2010 WHICH
BECAME KNOWN AS THE "ARAB SPRING."

12. • THE EVENTS OF THE ARAB SPRING RESULTED IN THE OUSTER OF
LONG-TIME DICTATORS IN THE REGION, SUCH AS MOAMMAR
QADDAFI OF LIBYA' AND HOSNI MUBARAK OF EGYPT. RESEARCH
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON ANALYZED ONLINE CONTENT
RELATED TO THE ARAB SPRING SUCH AS TWEETS, YOUTUBE POSTS, AND
BLOGS AND DETERMINED THAT THE REVOLTS WERE AIDED BY ONLINE
COMMUNICATION AMONG PARTICIPANTS.
• THEY ALSO FOUND THAT THE REVOLTS WERE NOT ONLY CONFINED
TO ARAB NATIONS, AS NUMEROUS INDIVIDUALS FROM OTHER
COUNTRIES ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO THE EVENTS THROUGH THEIR
ONLINE POSTS, PROVIDED TIMELY UPDATES, AND FACILITATED
COMMUNICATION AMONG THOSE ACTIVE IN THE REVOLTS.

13. THE ADVENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE
IMPROVED COMMUNICATION AND
INFORMATION SHARING

14. ARAB SPRING

15. THANK YOU!!!