This document discusses globalization and global inequality. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which focus on understanding globalization's influences, processes, and impacts as well as theories of global inequality. It then provides context on modernity and how industrialization led to more connected global societies. Several theories of global inequality are described including dependency theories, world system theories, and global commodity chain theories. Key dimensions of increasing inequality are examined, particularly the impact of new technologies in creating both opportunities and new digital divides. Overall policies to promote inclusive growth and ensure technological benefits are broadly shared are advocated.

1. Globalization & Global
inequality
Unit 6&7
Based on Chap 4 of book 1 and Chap 9 of book 3

2. Learning objectives
1- A flavor of globalized sociology- Macro sociology
2- Understanding the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization-
influences, processes, & impacts
3- Focusing on global inequalities and its four main theories
4- Financing needs of the poor countries- How can they be plugged
5- critically assessing what’s global world mean for massive societal
issues from a sociological perspective

3. Intro
• The concept of globalization has had an enormous impact on the
social sciences, including sociology. Indeed, there is hardly a
sociological topic that has not been influenced by the emerging global
frame of reference.

4. The 30 seconds transformation
• Earth history 4.5 billion years
• Humans- half a million years
• Fixed settlements- 12000 years
• human civilization- 6000 years
• 24 hours equals 4.5b years
• Humans arrive at 11:56pm
• Civilizations: 11:57 PM
• Modern societies: 11:59:30 PM
• These thirty seconds yet are the
most significant as relationships
between human groups become
more regular and riven with
conflicts

7. Modernity
• Modernity has witnessed a much more rapid globalization of social
life, connecting large-scale societies together in a whole variety of
ways, from long-range economic exchanges and international political
agreements to global tourism, electronic communications technology
and more fluid migration pattern
• The industrial societies (sometimes also called 'modern' or
'developed' societies) are utterly different from any previous type of
social order and their development has had consequences stretching
far beyond their European origins.

8. 1- From Agri to manufacturing & Services
• A central feature of industrial societies today is that a large majority
of the employed population work in factories, offices or shops rather
than in agriculture

9. 2- Evolved political structures
• A further feature of modern societies concerns their political systems.
which are more developed and intensive than forms of government in
traditional states
• The industrial societies were the first nation-states to come into
existence. Nation-states are political communities, divided from each
other by clearly delimited borders rather than the vague frontier
areas that used to separate traditional states

11. 3- Industrialization as violence & conquest
• The application of industrial technology has by no means been limited
to peaceful processes of economic development. From the earliest
phases of industrialization, modern production processes have been
put to military use and this has radically altered ways of waging war,
creating weaponry and modes of military organization much more
advanced than those of non-industrial cultures. Together, superior
economic strength, political cohesion and military superiority account
for the seemingly irresistible spread of Western ways of life across the
world over the past two centuries.

12. Social change
• Cultural factors, the physical environment and political organization.

13. Global development & social change
• 1st, 2nd, and 3rd world countries
• Developing countries: Post 2nd
world war India, a range of
other Asian countries (like
Burma, Malaysia and
Singapore) and countries in
Africa (including, for example,
Kenya, Nigeria, Zaire, Tanzania
and Algeria)
• newly industrializing countries
(NICs) including Brazil and
Mexico in Latin America and
Hong Kong, South Korea,
Singapore and Taiwan in East
Asia
Wallerstein, Pioneer of globalization theory

15. Cultural influences
• The effects of religion, communication systems and leadership.
• Religion may be either a conservative or an innovative force in social life
(Weber on the protestant ethic)
• Communication systems: A particularly important cultural influence that
affects the character and pace of change is the nature of communication
systems. The invention of writing, for instance, allowed for the keeping of
records, making possible increased control of material resources and the
development of large-scale organizations.
• Leadership: Individual leaders have had an enormous influence in world
history. We have only to think of great religious figures (like Jesus),political
and military leaders (like Julius Caesar) or innovators in science and
philosophy (like Isaac Newton) to see that this is the case.

16. Environmental influences
• The physical environment has an effect on the development of human social
organization. This is clearest in more extreme environmental conditions, where
people must organize their ways of life in relation to weather conditions.
Inhabitants of polar regions necessarily develop habits and practices different
from those living in subtropical areas.
• The native population of Australia has never stopped being hunters and
gatherers, since the continent contained hardly any indigenous plants suitable for
regular cultivation, or animals that could be domesticated to develop pastoral
production. The world's early civilizations mostly originated in areas that
contained rich agricultural land - for instance, in river deltas
• Although the natural environment is a physical constraint on social change, many
human groups thrive and generate wealth even within the most inhospitable
areas, This is true, for example, of Alaskans, who have been able to develop oil
and mineral resources in spite of the harsh nature of their environment.

17. Political influences
• A third factor that strongly influences social change is the type of
political organization. In hunting and gathering societies, this
influence is at a minimum, since there are no political authorities
capable of mobilizing the community. In all other types of society,
however, the existence of distinct political agencies - chiefs, lords,
kings and governments - strongly affects the course of development a
society takes

18. Globalization
• Globalization refers to the fact that we all increasingly live in one
world, so that individuals, groups and nations become ever more
interdependent
• The process of globalization is often portrayed solely as an economic
phenomenon (Transnational corporations, integration of global
financial markets and the enormous volume of global capital flows)
• Although economic forces are an integral part of globalization, it
would be wrong to suggest that they alone produce it. The coming
together of political, social, cultural and economic factors creates
contemporary globalization

19. A- Information & communication
technologies
• The development of ICTs- earliest transatlantic cables laid in the
1950s were capable of carrying fewer than 100 lines.
• The Internet has emerged as the fastest growing communication tool
• Because of global television links, some matches are now watched by
billions of people across the world.

20. • ICTs have expanded the possibilities for contact among people around the globe, it has also
facilitated the flow of information about people and events in distant places.
• Global events that occurred in the last 3 decades. Anyone?
• Rights based Interventions: a global community, people increasingly perceive that social
responsibility does not stop at national borders but instead extends beyond them. Disasters and
injustices facing people on the other side of the globe are not simply misfortunes that must be
endured but are legitimate grounds for action and intervention. There is a growing assumption
that the international community has an obligation to act in crisis situations to protect the
physical well-being or human rights of people whose lives are under threat.
• E.g., Rohingya Muslims, other ethnic conflicts
• Identity: Second, a global outlook means that people are increasingly looking to sources other
than the nation-state in formulating their own sense of identity. This is a phenomenon that is
both produced by and further accelerates processes of globalization.
• Local cultural identities in various parts of the world are experiencing powerful revivals at a time
when the traditional hold of the nation-state is undergoing profound transformation.

21. B- Economy
• Instead of agriculture or manufacturing at the centre of post
industrial economies, what we have are weightless economy such
that products have their base in information, as is the case with
computer software, media and entertainment products and Internet-
based services.
• Manufacturing is becoming increasingly globalized is often expressed
in terms of global commodity chains, the worldwide networks of
labour and production processes yielding a finished product. These
networks consist of all pivotal production activities that form a tightly
interlocked 'chain' that extends from the raw materials needed to
create the product to its final consumer

22. • Transnational corporations are at the heart of economic globalization. They
account for two-thirds of all world trade, they are instrumental in the diffusion of
new technology around the globe and they are major actors in international
financial markets.
• The most profitable activities in the commodity chain - engineering, design and
advertising – are likely to be found in the core countries, while the least profitable
activities, such as factory production, usually are found in peripheral countries.
E.g., barbie dolls chain (p135). More on this in global inequalities theories
• The 'electronic economy' now underpins economic globalization. Banks,
corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds
internationally with the click of a mouse
• As the global economy becomes increasingly integrated, a financial collapse in
one part of the world can have an enormous effect on distant economies.

23. C- Political
• Politics is linked with economies (Political economy)
• International and regional governance mechanisms (UN, NAFTA & EU
etc) through International Governmental Organizations (IGOs); and
• International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs)

24. Global Inequality

25. Global inequality
• The systematic difference in wealth and power between countries.
• High Income countries are generally those that industrialized first, a
process that begin in England some 250 yeas ago. These countries
have 14.2% of world population and 66% of world’s income. (2012)
• Middle income countries (East & South east Asia, Middle east, North
Africa and some south America countries, former Soviet republics and
some East European counties. 71% of world population and about
28% of world’s GNI
• Low income countries of sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, & Caribbean.
12% of world population and 7% of World’s GNI

26. Theories of Global Inequality
• Market-oriented theories
• Dependency theories
• World system theories
• Global commodity chain theories

27. 1- Rostow’s development stage’ model of development
• Stage 1: Traditional societies: Characterized by primitive nature of science
or technology, people’s values are fatalistic, production and trade based on
custom and barter.
• Stage 2: Conditions for takeoff: Characterized by development of
entrepreneurship, capital investment, educational expansion, and
centralization of nation states.
• Stage 3: Take-off: Characterized by removal of traditional barriers to
economic growth, increased investment, growth of economic elites, rapid
economic growth, and commercialisation of agriculture. This is the most
important stage when net investment and savings as a ratio to national
income grow from 5 to 10 per cent which nominally facilitates
industrialization.

28. • Stage 4: Drive to maturity: Characterised by the economy taking its
place in the international order, move away from heavy industry,
diversification of industrial and agricultural sectors; investment
increases to between 10 and 20 per cent of national income.
• Stage 5: Age of high mass consumption: Characterised by increasing
importance of consumer goods and services and development of a
welfare state.

30. 2- Radical dependency
Theories (1960s)
• “Development of under development” Andre
Gunder Frank (1971). He argues that developing
nations have failed to develop not because of
‘internal barriers to development’ as
modernization theorists argue, but because the
developed West has systematically
underdeveloped them, keeping them in a state of
dependency (hence ‘dependency theory’.)
• Indigenization of development thinking in the third
world (the core can learn from the periphery – and
it needs to learn).
• It was alleged that advanced nations entered into
special partnerships with powerful elite groups in
less developed and pre-capitalist countries
• ‘backward world’ as an ‘indispensable hinterland’

32. Strategies for development from Dependency
theory perspective
1- Breaking away from dependency
• This view argues that dependency is not just a phase, but rather a
permanent position. The only way developing countries can escape
dependency is to escape from the whole capitalist system. Under this
category, there are different paths to development:
i) Isolation, as in the example of China from about 1960 to 2000
ii) A second solution is to break away at a time when the metropolis
country is weak, as India did in Britain in the 1950s
iii) Thirdly, there is socialist revolution as in the case of Cuba
iv) Many leaders in African countries adopted dependency theory, arguing
that and developing political movements that aimed to liberate Africa
from western exploitation, stressing nationalism

33. 2- Associate or dependent development
• Import substitution industrialisation where industrialisation
produces consumer goods that would normally be imported from
abroad, as successfully adopted by many South American countries.
The biggest failure of this, however, was that it did not address
inequalities within the countries. ISI was controlled by elites, and
these policies lead to economic growth while increasing inequality.

34. 3- World System Theory mid-
1970s to mid-1980s
• Immanuel Wallerstein (1979)
• One must look at the world system as a whole, rather than just at individual
countries. Dependency Theory tended to argue that countries are poor
because they used to be exploited by other countries. However focusing on
countries (or governments/ nation states) is the wrong level of analysis –
government today have declined in power, whereas Corporations are more
powerful than ever
• The analysis is not at country level unlike the dependency theory but on a
world level. At different times certain regions rise and fall in terms of their
development potential (Kondratieff waves)
• Core, periphery and importantly Semi-periphery: Latin America and
Southeast Asia, such as Brazil, Argentina, South Korea, Hong Kong and
Singapore
• Countries can be upwardly or downwardly mobile in the world system. This
is one of the key differences between World System’s Theory and Frank’s
Dependency Theory. Many countries, such as the BRIC nations have moved
up from being peripheral countries to semi-peripheral countries
• World systems as a ‘perspective’ rather than a full-blown theory.

35. Kondratieff waves

36. 4- Global Commodity chain theories
• Global commodity chains are worldwide networks of labor and
production processes yielding a finished product.
• The story of Barbie staring form Japan in 1959.
• Oil to form ethylene comes from Saudi Arabia, Taiwan buying the oil
to make it into Polyvinyl chloride plastics, pallets are then shipped to
China, Indonesian and Malaysia to shape the body, shaping is done in
US, Hair comes from Japan,

37. • Powerful economic, social and environmental forces are affecting
inequality
• Income inequality has increased in most developed countries and in
some middle-income countries, including China and India, since 1990.
Countries where inequality has grown are home to more than two
thirds (71 per cent) of the world population
• Four megatrends on inequality: technological innovation, climate
change, urbanization and international migration
Key Dimensions of exclusion (2020)

38. i) Leaving no one behind- Technology
• The world is in the midst of rapid, revolutionary and often disruptive
technological breakthroughs.
• Advances in biology and genetics, robotics and artificial intelligence,
3D printing and other digital technologies are transforming
economies and societies, with unfolding and often unforeseen
consequences.
• For all its promise, technological change tends to create winners and
losers.

39. • In the world of work, emphasis is on how
technological change creates job destruction. Yet
technologies usually replace specific tasks, rather
than entire jobs.
• highly skilled workers (winners) are benefiting. Job
disruption is affecting mainly low-skilled and middle-
skilled workers in routine manual tasks
• The extraordinary gains brought about by new
technologies are being captured by a small number of
dominant companies (winners). If these trends
continue, they will lead to even greater polarization of
the labour force, with less demand for middle-skilled
workers. They will also intensify wage inequality.

40. • The Upside: However New technologies also generate
new jobs and tasks, including those necessary to use, test,
supervise and market new products and services.
• Digital innovation and artificial intelligence are opening up
opportunities in sectors such as education, health and
banking, with far-reaching implications for equality such
as;
- The use of the Internet and mobile phones is enabling
more people in developing countries to access financial
services.
- Open online courses can help democratize access to
education.
- Mobile health applications make health-care delivery and
monitoring systems available to underserved areas and
populations.
- Improvements in data availability can enhance
governance and facilitate participation, helping individuals
and groups to voice their opinions and organize on behalf
of common causes. (e.g., KP Govt drive towards
technology in municipal services)

41. • Digital divide: The potential of new technologies to
foster sustainable development can only be realized,
however, if everyone has access to them. Regrettably,
new technologies are reinforcing various forms of
inequality and creating new “digital divides”. Close to
87 per cent of the population of developed countries
have Internet access, compared to 19 per cent in the
least developed countries.
• The potential of new technologies is particularly
strong for youth, but it can also widen the divide
between younger and older people.

42. What can be done:
• Proactive policies and supportive institutions can help
ensure that technological dividends are broadly
shared. Three key policy interventions are called for;
- continuous learning: First, invest in skills that enable
workers to perform new tasks over a lifetime of
changing work environments. (KP govt digital skills
drive) Once-and-for-all education at a young age is no
longer sufficient.
- Social protection: Second, support people
through work and life transitions, including through
universal access to social protection.
- Global tech partnership: Third, strengthen efforts to
bridge technological divides within and among
countries.

43. ii) Climate change
• The effects of both gradual environmental degradation and sudden
shocks, such as hurricanes and floods, disproportionately affect
vulnerable populations. Whether they impinge on infrastructure,
livelihoods, resources, health or even the loss of lives and homes,
these impacts are by no means uniform across countries or
population groups.

44. • Within countries, people living in poverty and other
disadvantaged groups – including indigenous peoples and
small landholders – are disproportionately exposed to
climate change. A majority of people in these groups live
in rural areas and are highly dependent on agricultural,
fishing and other ecosystem-related income
• People living in poverty are also more affected by
infectious and respiratory diseases that climate change
will aggravate.
• Similarly, they are more susceptible to damage from
climate change than their richer counterparts living in the
same regions.
• Finally, they have lesser resilience i.e., fewer resources to
help them cope with and recover from both sudden- and
slow-onset effects of climate change.

45. • Climate change is affecting both the prevalence and
depth of poverty, thereby contributing to inequality. It
is making it harder for people to escape poverty and
is increasing their vulnerability to falling into poverty,
due to price shocks caused by sudden changes in
agricultural production, natural disasters and
environmentally triggered health problems
• Climate change is also having an impact on
intergenerational inequality. The disruptions caused
by climate change are likely to reduce the livelihood
opportunities of future generations, especially in
countries hardest hit, and exacerbate downward
intergenerational mobility

46. • What can be done:
- A just, equality-enhancing transition towards green
economies calls for the integration of climate action
with macroeconomic, labour and social policies aimed
at job creation, skills development and adequate
support for those who will be harmed (greening of
economies will result in the loss of lower-skilled jobs in
carbon-intensive sectors )

47. iii) Urbanization
• Geography matters. Where people are born and live has a
lasting influence on their opportunities in life. Access to safe
drinking water, electricity, health care, good schools, decent
work and other goals envisioned in the 2030 Agenda have a
clear spatial dimension. Regional inequalities within countries
are often larger than inequalities among countries.
• For the first time in history, more people now live in urban
than in rural areas. Over the next three decades, all population
growth is expected to occur in cities which will also draw in
rural populations through migration
• Cities are catalysts for economic growth, innovation and
employment. However, urban areas are more unequal than
rural areas. In most cities and towns, areas characterized by
high levels of wealth and modern infrastructure coexist with
pockets of severe deprivation, often side by side (See India and
Philippines in pictures below).
• Spatial segregation and exclusion, based on income, race,
migratory status or other factors, are common to many urban
areas, cities are unique, with different histories and patterns.

50. • In an increasingly urban world, given the current speed of
urbanization especially in poor countries, makes urban
governance and appropriate urban design and planning
increasingly urgent.
• Four components are found in successful policy approaches to
reduce inequality and promote inclusive cities.
- First, secure housing and land rights, with a focus on meeting
the needs of people living in poverty, and provide equitable
public services.
- Second, improve spatial connectivity and promote public
transportation to facilitate equal access to the opportunities
and amenities that cities offer.
- Third, promote access to decent work and formal employment.
- Fourth, strengthen the political and administrative capacities
of local governments to respond quickly to increasingly
complex challenges, including those related to climate change.
(CIPE economic development unit, city based development
LED)

51. iv) Int’l migration
• International migration is a powerful symbol of global
inequality, whether in terms of wages, opportunities or
lifestyles. Millions of people move each year across countries
and continents to seek better job opportunities, study, marry,
reunite with family members or flee conflict or natural
disasters.
• International migration generally benefits most migrants and
their countries of origin and destination. Yet its costs and
benefits are not shared evenly across countries or within
countries.
• In countries of origin, benefits accrue through remittances and
other transfers by migrant communities abroad. Remittances
help to reduce the scale and severity of poverty in these
countries and even contribute to the reduction of inequality
among countries. Indeed, more than 75 per cent of officially
recorded remittances were received by low- and middle-
income countries in 2018 (World Bank, 2019).

52. • Wealthier and more skilled migrants send remittances
less often than less skilled migrants, but the amounts
wealthier migrants send are larger. Households at the
lower end of the income distribution are
disproportionately affected by the high transaction
costs of sending money. Countries that restrict the
immigration of less-skilled workers reduce the flow of
remittances and their potential leveling effect.
1- The impact of migration on the labour markets of
destination countries (class discussion)
2- Emigration of skilled workers from developing
countries (class discussion)

53. • What can be done to make migration beneficial in reducing inequalities in
both destination and origin countries?
• Establishing mechanisms for the formal recognition of educational
credentials earned abroad would also help increase migrants’
contributions. In order to fill specific job gaps, Governments in destination
countries may also consider funding training in countries of origin. Doing so
would equip migrants for success in destination countries and prevent
shortages of skills in their countries of origin.
• The high cost of transferring money prevents people in poverty from fully
reaping the benefits of migration. Meeting the SDG target of reducing the
transaction costs of migrant remittances to less than 3 per cent of the
amount sent and eliminating remittance corridors with costs higher than 5
per cent by 2030 can help workers and their families keep more of their
earnings.

54. Final analysis:
Contesting
Globalization

55. Financing needs of the poor
countries
How can they be leveraged: Some recent calculations

56. A- International tax reforms
• It is estimated that tax havens are now home to $25 trillion or more in offshore
deposits, most of which belong to the top 0.1 percent of the planet’s wealthiest
individuals (Henry, 2016). There are more than 90 financial secrecy jurisdictions
around the world today, compared with just a dozen or so in the early 1970s.
These tax havens facilitate massive tax evasion by rich individuals and by
multinational companies, and enable illegality, including organized crime,
kleptocracy*, bribery, and crimes against humanity, including human trafficking.
Indeed, the protection of these illicit activities should be seen as the fundamental
and abiding purpose of these tax and secrecy havens
• It is difficult to estimate the total revenue loss due to such maneuvers, but
detailed estimates extrapolated to 2019 suggest tax losses on the order of 1-2
percent of GDP
• This would come to around $36 billion per year for the low-income developing
countries during 2019-2030

57. • Another major factor limiting tax revenues in developing countries is the global
“race to the bottom” in corporate tax rates. Corporate tax rates have fallen from
an average of 27.5 percent twelve years ago to 23.03 percent in 2018 (Tax
Foundation, 2018). These decreases come at the same time that the net profits of
the world’s top ten corporations have more than tripled in real terms, generating
profits larger than the combined domestic revenues of 180 of the world’s poorest
countries (McKinsey 2015, Global Justice Now 2015). Each country cuts its own
tax rate to keep the rate lower than in peer countries, resulting in an ongoing
trend of falling corporate tax payments in the face of soaring profits.
• Low-Income-Developing- Countries (LIDCs) could mobilize around $36 billion per
year in additional revenues at current corporate tax rates if properly enforced,
and up to $50 billion per year if global cooperation also leads to higher corporate
tax rates generally and the phase-out of corporate tax havens.
• Yet all of this effort requires considerable cooperation at the global level, and
especially among the OECD and G20 countries.

58. B- Globally Earmarked Taxes
• There is no system of global taxation, nor is one likely any time soon.
Yet it is possible and desirable to think about harmonized and
coordinated tax efforts by UN member states in order to raise
revenues that would then be earmarked for SDG outlays
A focus on three harmonized and earmarked taxes:
● Ultra-high net worth
● Financial Transactions Tax
● Carbon Tax (to fund climate-related infrastructure)

59. B1- wealth taxation
• As global wealth concentration has increased, the number of billionaires
and their combined net worth in real terms has roughly tripled in the past
dozen years. As of March 2019, Forbes Magazine identified 2,153
billionaires with an estimated combined net worth of $8.7 trillion (Forbes,
2019). A one percent tax on this net worth would therefore collect on the
order of $87 billion per year if successfully levied on all billionaires.
• An earmarked net-worth tax should contemplate an even larger base. The
base of individuals with net worth between $30 million up to $1 billion is
estimated to number 256,000 individuals with a combined net worth of
around $32 trillion (White, 2019). Therefore, a 1 percent tax on this
category would raise on the order of $320 billion per year
• A global wealth tax should aim to raise at least $100 billion per year for the
SDGs

60. B2- Financial transaction tax
• Financial markets around the world trade hundreds of billions of
dollars in stocks and bonds— collectively referred to as securities—
on a typical business day. A Financial Transactions Tax (FTT) would
impose a levy on the purchase of securities and on transactions
involving derivatives.
• The EU has estimated that it could raise EUR 57 billion annually by
imposing a tax of 0.1 percent on securities and 0.01 percent on
derivatives (EU, 2013). In the United States, a one basis- point
transaction tax (0.01 percent) would raise $185 billion over 10 years,
or $18.5 billion per year
• An FTT that would aim to raise at least $50 billion per year.

61. B3- Carbon tax
• The annual emissions of the high-income countries (HICs) currently
stands at around 40 percent of the world’s emissions, or roughly 14
billion tons of CO2 per year (IPCC, 2019).
• If just $4 per ton were earmarked for international transfers to help
finance climate-related outlays in LIDCs, the revenues would amount
to more than $50 billion per year, a very reasonable target in view of
the long-standing commitment of the HICs to provide developing
countries with at least $100 billion per year in climate financing by
2020.

62. C-Increasing Official Development Assistance
(ODA)
• Only five of the DAC countries currently achieve the 0.7 percent of
GNI target for ODA. For the DAC donors as a whole, a rise in ODA
from the current 0.31 percent of GNI to the target of 0.70 percent of
GNI would raise roughly $200 billion more per year in ODA, most of
which could be directed towards the SDG financing gap.
• The United States, while being the largest donor in total outlays at
$34 billion, is one of the lowest as a share of GNI, just 0.17 percent. If
the US alone were to meet the 0.7 percent standard, US and overall
ODA would rise by roughly another $100 billion per year
Watch Sachs video posted on Google classroom

63. D- The Giving Pledge
• The Giving Pledge is a commitment by ultra-high-net-worth
individuals to give at least half of their wealth through philanthropy
during their lifetimes or in their bequests. Starting with just 40 US
pledgers in 2010, the Giving Pledge now has 204 pledgers from 23
countries.
• It is important to note that the number of billionaire signatories to
the Giving Pledge remains below 10% of the world’s billionaires.

64. IMPACT of GLOBALIZATION- towards Global Culture
• Television, which brings British and America culture (through networks and programmes
such as the BBC, MTV or Friends) into homes throughout the world daily, while adapting
cultural products from the Netherlands (such as Big Brother) or Sweden (such as
Expedition: Robinson, which became Survivor) for British and American audiences.
• The emergence of a unified global economy with business whose factories, management
structures and markets often span continents and countries
• 'Global citizens', such as managers of large corporations, who may spend as much time
criss-crossing the globe as they do at home, identifying with a global, cosmopolitan
culture rather than with that of their own nation.
• A host of international organizations including united nations, regional trade and mutual
defence associations, multinational banks and other global financial institutions,
international labour and health organizations, and global tariff and trade agreements,
that are creating a global political, legal and military framework.
• A host of international organizations, including United Nations agencies, regional trade
and mutual defence asso Electronic communications (telephone, fax, electronic mail, the
Internet and the World Wide Web), which makes instantaneous communication with
almost any part of the planet an integral part of daily life in the business world.
Reggie music as manifestation of globalization process (p143 book 1)

65. Further study on globalization
• It is not possible to cover the impact of globalization on sociology
from the single chapter given for reading. You may read the following
chapters from the same book
• Chapter 1 - Introduction to globalization in sociology and illustrative
example of coffee.
• Chapter 5 - The global risk society; global environmental issues
(including global warming).
• Chapter 6 - Global cities and their governance.
• Chapter 8 - Global life expectancy and issues of ageing societies
across the world.
• Chapter 9 - Families in a global context.
• Chapter 10 - Globalization and disability; HIV/AIDS in global context.

66. NETX WEEK
• Stratification and social class (chap 11 of book 1)