This document discusses different types of waves including sound waves. It defines sound as vibrations that travel through air or other mediums and can be heard when they reach the human ear. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and longitudinal waves, where particle movement is in the same direction as wave movement such as sound waves. The document outlines key properties of sound waves including frequency, pitch, intensity, loudness, and how speed of sound varies based on the medium and temperature. It also describes how sound waves travel through the cochlea in the inner ear.

2. SOUND
Definition
Vibrations that travel through the air or another
medium and can be heard when it reaches human
ear.
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3. WAVE
A disturbance that carries energy through matter or
space.
Waves transfers energy from one place to another
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4. TYPES OF WAVES
Waves
Mechanical
Transverse
Wave
Longitudinal
Wave
Electromagnetic
Matter
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5. TRANSVERSE WAVES
The waves in which the particles of the medium
vibrate along a line perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of waves are called transverse waves.
Examples:
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6. LONGITUDINAL WAVE
Type of wave in which particle movement Is in the
same direction as wave movement.
Examples : Sound waves
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7. Compressions & Rarefactions
of LT wave
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8. Amplitude/
Displacement
Wavelength
Period
Cycle
Crest
Trough
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9. Relationship of Amplitude on
loudness and frequency
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10. PROPERTIES OF SOUND
WAVES
FREQUENCY: physical measure of the
number of times an object vibrates per
second.
Unit: Hertz (Hz)
PITCH: perceptual correlate of sound
frequency.
INTENSITY: physical measure of the
amount of pressure generated within a
medium by a vibrating object
Unit: Decibel (dB)
LOUDNESS: perceptual correlate of
sound intensity
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11. KEY POINTS OF SOUND
WAVES
Sound waves travel in a
medium e.g. air
Sound waves causes the
particles to vibrate.
Sound cannot travel in the
vacuum as there are NO
particles.
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12. Speed of Sound
Medium sound speed (m/s)
air (20C) 343
water 1497
gold 3240
brick 3650
wood 3800–4600
glass 5100
steel 5790
aluminum 6420
 The speed of sound varies.
 It is affected by the medium
and temperature.
 More dense medium = faster
 Warmer = faster
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13. AVERAGE SPEAKING
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCIES
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15. Travelling Wave in
Cochlea
Vibration of the stapes in and out of
the Oval Window creates fluid
motion in Cochlea  causing the
membranous labyrinth move.
As stapes vibrates the fluid in the
cochlea is set into wavelike motion
. This motion is referred as
“TRAVELLING WAVE”
Higher frequencies occurs closer to
the oval window i.e. basal end
Lower Frequencies occurs at the
apical end of the Cochlea
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16. References
 Speech Science Primer by Gloria J. Borden
 Clinical Audiology by Brad A. Stach
 Audiology The Fundamentals by Fred
H.Besss & Larry E. Humes
 Handbook of Clinical Audiology
By Jack katz
 Anatomy and Physiology for Hearing
Mechanism by Donald R Fuller
• https://opentextbc.ca/physicstestb
ook2/chapter/speed-of-sound-
frequency-and-wavelength/
• https://physicsabout.com/differenc
e-transverse-longitudinal-waves/
• https://physics.tutorvista.com/wav
es/types-of-waves.html
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