Waste Collection and Transport Methods

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WASTE
COLLECTION
AND TRANSPORT

 Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance
which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use.
SOLID WASTES
 Solid Waste (also referred to as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, or junk) is
unwanted or unusable materials.
• Every day, each household generates garbage or waste. Items that we no longer
need or do not have any further use are fall in the category of waste
• There are different TYPES OF SOLID WASTE depending on their source
• In today’s polluted world, learning the correct methods of handling the waste
generated has become essential
• SEGREGATION is an important method of handling municipal solid waste
WASTES

• The generation of PLASTIC WASTE is increasing in the cities as the
cities are growing in size
• various MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS
are now being used to resolve this problems
• One common sight in all cities is the RAG PICKER, who plays an
important role in the SEGREGATION of this waste
• Garbage generated in households can be RECYCLED AND REUSED
to prevent creation of waste at source and reducing amount of waste
thrown into the community dustbins

GENERATION OF SOLID WASTES AT VARIETY OF
SOURCES
Source Locations where waste is
Generated
Types of wastes
Residential Low- medium and high-rise
apartments, single/multiple family
houses etc
Food waste, paper, grass clippings,
wood, bush and tree trimmings,
diapers, glass bottles, plastic
wrapping, etc
Commercial Stores, restaurants, office
buildings, hotels, motels, repair
shops, public kitchens, etc
Paper, wood, food waste, plastic,
wrappings, glass and metal continers
etc
Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons,
governmental centres
Paper, wood, food waste, plastic,
canes and bottles etc
Municipal
services
street cleaning, parks, other
recreational areas, etc
Street cleaning, grass clippings, plant
and wood trimmings, general litter,
etc
Treatment
plant sites
Water and waste water treatment
plants
Sewage sludge, sludge from drinking
water treatment, etc
Industrial Industrial production Food waste, metal waste, wood waste,
plastics, etc

 Generation of solid wastes is a result of the activities in the community and
therefore, the level of industrialization, type of society, culture have influence
on the production rate and type of the wastes generated
 The number and types of sources can therefore vary significantly between
communities, regions and countries
 Solid wastes are usually divided into different types depending on their source
 Major types of wastes are residential waste, commercial waste, sewage
treatment sludge and industrial process waste
 Each type of waste can again be divided into different material fractions
depending on the actual material contained in the residue

1. REFUSE : Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in
the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the
ones you already have
2. REUSE : Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles and cover them with
homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases
3. RECYCLE : Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and
over again. Segregate your waste to make sure that it is collected and taken for
recycling
4. REDUCE : Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own
shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it
REFUSE, REUSE, RECYCLE, REDUCE

SEGREGATION OF WASTE
• Waste can be segregated as
1. Biodegradable and
2. Non-biodegradable
• Biodegradable waste include organic waste, e.g. kitchen waste, vegetables,
fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden and paper
Non biodegradable waste can be further segregated into
• Recyclable waste – plastics, paper, glass, metal, etc
• Toxic waste – old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish
• Soiled – hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids
TOXIC AND SOILED WASTE MUST BE DISPOSED OF
WITH UTMOST CARE

SEGREGATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Municipal waste is being generated in ever increasing volumes in the urban areas. The schematic
diagram describes how municipal solid waste is segregated and where it can be used.

ROLE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Human activities invariably involve the consumption of matter (food, water, etc.)
and the production of waste products (waste water, air pollution, solid wastes, etc.).
 The human society may be viewed as a device that transforms natural resources into
undesirable waste products under the production of desirable products such as
energy, food, consumer goods etc.
The Society
Recyclable materials
Waste products
Natural resources
Solid waste
management
Recycling
Disposal

 The depletion of natural resources is undesirable as it reduces the
possibility for future generation to have access to the same
resources as we have now
 The production of waste products also has negative side effects in
terms of environmental degradation and pollution
 The PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT is
therefore to reduce the amount of waste that is discharged into the
environment by reducing the amount of waste generated and to
transform the waste that is generated into a form where it can be
recycled to the input side of the society. Thus, reducing the need
for extraction of new natural resources

WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 The whole set of activities related to collecting, handling, treating, disposing
or recycling wastes is termed the waste management system
 The purpose of the waste management system is to make sure that the waste
materials are removed from the source or location where they are generated
and treated, disposed or recycled in a safe and proper manner
 The waste management system consists of four main parts
 Generation e.g. waste production
 Collection e.g. collection systems and transport of waste materials
 Treatment e.g. transformation of the waste materials into useful products
 Final disposal e.g. the use of recyclable products or the placement of
non-recyclable materials in landfills

COMPONENTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
PRODUCTION OF WASTE MATERIALS
 Waste types
 Source separation
 Internal collection
 Production rates
 Waste sources
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
 Collection
 Transport
 Transfer
TREATMENT
 Physical treatment
 Shredding
 Sorting
 Compaction
 Thermal treatment
 Incineration
 Gasification
 Biological treatment
 Anaerobic digestion
 Aerobic composting
FINAL DISPOSITION
 Recycling
 Land filling

z TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
 Municipal waste
 Hazardous waste
 Biomedical waste
 Electronic waste

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CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES
Solid wastes
Based on
Source
1. Residential
2. Commercial
3. Industrial
4. Institutional
5. Municipal
6. Agricultural
Based on Type
1. Biodegradable
2. Non- biodegradable

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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE
Biodegradable Non-biodegradable
consist of organic matter and
can be degraded
consist of inorganic
and recyclable
materials which
cannot be degraded
Paper, food waste, vegetables, fruit peels,
wood, etc.
Plastics, glass and metals

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TYPE DESCRIPTION SOURCE
Garbage Wastes from the preparation, cooking and serving of food,
market refuse, waste from the handling, storage, and sale of
produce and meat.
Households, institutions and
commercial concerns such as
hotels, stores, restaurants,
market, etc
Combustible and non-
combustible
Combustible (primarily organic) paper, cardboard, cartons,
wood, boxes, plastic, rags, cloth, bedding, leather, rubber, grass,
leaves, yard trimmings etc.
Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and for heating building
cinders
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Bulky wastes Large auto parts, tyres, stoves, refrigerators, other large
appliances, furniture, large crates, trees branches, stumps
etc
Streets, sidewalks, alleys,
vacant plots etc.
Street wastes Street sweepings, dirt, leaves etc.
Dead animals Dogs, cats, rats, donkeys etc.
Abandoned vehicles Automobiles and spare parts
Construction and
demolition wastes
Roofing and sheathing scraps, rubble, broken concrete,
plaster, conduit pipe, wire, insulation etc
Construction and demolition
sites

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Type Description Source
Industrial
wastes
Solid wastes resulting from industrial processes and manufacturing
operations, such as food processing wastes, boiler house cinders,
wood, plastic and metal scraps, shaving etc
Factories, power plants
etc
Hazardous
wastes
Pathological wastes, explosives, radioactive materials etc. Households, hospitals,
institutions, stores,
industry etc
Animals &
agricultural
wastes
Manure, crop residues etc Livestock, farms,
feedlots and agriculture
Sewage
treatment
residue
Coarse screening grit, septic tank sludge, dewatered sludge. Sewage treatment plants
and septic tanks.
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CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE APPROXIMATE TIME TAKEN TO
DEGENERATE
Biodegradable
Organic waste such as vegetable
and fruit peels, food waste etc
A week or two
Paper Upto 30 days
Cotton cloth 2-5 months
Woollen items 1 year
Wood upto15 years
Non-biodegradable
Tin, aluminum, and other metal
items such as cans
100-500 years
Plastic bags One million years?
Glass bottles Undetermined
DEGENERATION TIME-SOLID WASTES

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CLIMATE CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING
 Green House Effect
Some gases naturally exist in the atmosphere, the so called
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) that form a blanket surrounding the
earth and keeps the earth warmer. This is called Greenhouse
Effect
 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Human activities (fossil fuel burning, depletion of sinks like
forests etc.) has been increasing the concentration of GHGs in
the atmosphere and is leading to rise in temperatures. This is
called Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.
 Global Warming/Climate Change
Rise in temperatures of earth and other associated climatic
changes as caused by the Enhanced Green House Effect is
called “Global Warming” and in broader term “Climate Change”

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POTENTIAL OF GREEN HOUSE
GASES
Name Formula GWP (CO2 eq.)
1. Carbon- dioxide (CO2) 1
2. Methane (CH4) 21
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 310
5. Per- fluorocarbons (PFCs) 92,00
4. Hydro- fluorocarbons (HFCs) 11,700
6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900
Sinks (carbon sequestration)

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Types of materials or refuse commonly transported to a disposal
site.

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a. Domestic/Residential Waste
 This category of waste comprises the solid wastes that
originate from single and multi-family household units.
These wastes are generated as a consequence of household
activities such as cooking, cleaning, repairs, hobbies,
redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old
books, writing/new paper, and old furnishings. Households
also discard bulky wastes such as furniture and large
appliances which cannot be repaired and used.
b. Municipal Waste
 Municipal waste include wastes resulting from municipal
activities and services such as street waste, dead animals,
market waste and abandoned vehicles.
 However, the term is commonly applied in a wider sense to
incorporate domestic wastes, institutional wastes and
commercial wastes.

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c. Commercial Waste
 Included in this category are solid wastes that originate
in offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants,
hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial
establishments. Some of these wastes are further
classified as garbage and others as rubbish.
d. Institutional Waste
 Institutional wastes are those arising from institutions
such as schools, universities, hospitals and research
institutes. It includes wastes which are classified as
garbage and rubbish as well as wastes which are
considered to be hazardous to public health and to the
environment.

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e. Industrial Wastes
 In the category are the discarded solid material of
manufacturing processes and industrial operations. They
cover a vast range of substances which are unique to each
industry. For this reason they are considered separately
from municipal wastes. It should be noted, however, that
solid wastes from small industrial plants and ash from
power plants are frequently disposed of at municipal
landfills.
f. Agricultural wastes
 Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various
agricultural operations. It includes manure and other
wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses;
harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that
enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from
fields

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Biodegradable
 Biodegradable wastes are those
waste materials that can be
degraded by natural factors
like microbes (e.g. bacteria,
fungi and a few more), abiotic
elements like temperature, UV,
oxygen, etc.
 Microorganisms and other
abiotic factors together
contribute towards breaking
down complex substances into
simpler organic matters.
 These substances eventually
suspend and fade into the soil.
 The whole process is natural
which is sometimes slow and
sometimes rapid.
Non-Biodegradable
 Non - Biodegradable objects or
materials are those which do not easily
decompose by natural factors.
 Non - Biodegradable Waste is the kind
of waste that cannot be decomposed
by biological processes.
 Most of the inorganic, plastic and
artificial waste are non-biodegradable.
 Non-biodegradable wastes are of two
types.
 The kind of non-biodegradable that
can be recycled are known as
“Recyclable waste” and those which
cannot be recycled are known as “Non-
recyclable waste”.
 Most of the non-biodegradable waste is
non-recyclable waste making them
extremely harmful and dangerous for
the environment as well as human
health.

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 SWM is the control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transportation, processing and disposal of
solid wastes
 This includes all technological, financial, institutional and
legal aspects involved to solve the whole spectrum of
issues related solid waste

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline
associated with the control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in
a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public
health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other
environmental considerations and that is also responsive to public
attitudes.
 In its scope, solid waste management includes all administrative,
financial, legal, planning and engineering functions involved in
solutions to all problems of solid wastes. The solutions may
involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields
as political science, city and regional planning, geography,
economics, public health, sociology, demography,
communications and conservation, as well as engineering and
materials science

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GENERATION
 Generation of solid waste is a result of natural, human
and animal activities
 Knowledge of generation of solid waste is important in
the planning, designing and operation of solid waste
management system.
 Generation has two aspects: One is the quality of solid
waste and the other is the quantity of solid waste.
 Quality includes the sources, types and typical
composition of solid waste along with its properties
whereas the quantity represents the generation rates
and total quantities and volumes of waste generated.
 The handling, storage and separation of solid waste at
the source before they are collected is a critical step in
the management of residential solid waste

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WASTE HANDLING
• Handling refers to activities associated with managing
solid wastes until they are placed in the containers
used for their storage before collection or return to
drop-off and recycling centers.
• The specific activities associated with handling waste
materials at the source of generation will vary
depending on the types of waste materials that are
separated for reuse and recycling and the extent to
which these materials are separated from the waste
stream.
• Depending on the type of collection service, handling
may also be required to move the loaded containers to
the collection point and to return the empty container
to the point where they are stored between collections

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WASTE STORAGE
 The first phase to manage solid waste is at home level. It
requires temporary storage of refuse on the premises.
 The individual household or businessman has
responsibility for onsite storage of solid waste.
 For individual homes, industries, and other commercial
centers, proper on-site storage of solid waste is the
beginning of proper disposal, because unkept solid waste or
simple dumps are sources of nuisance, flies, smells and
other hazards.
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
 Transfer and Transport refers to the means, facilities,
appurtenances used to affect the transfer of wastes from
one location to another, usually more distant location.
 Typically, the wastes from relatively small collection
vehicles are transferred to larger vehicles and then
transported to distant locations.

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RESOURCE RECOVERY AND PROCESSING
 Resource recovery is a partial solid waste disposal and
reclamation process.
 It can be expected to achieve waste reductions in
future landfill volume requirements.
 Resource recovery must recognize what is worth
recovering and the environmental benefits.
DISPOSAL
 Most of the organic content after segregation may be
subjected to bacterial decomposition with an end
product called humus or compost.
 The entire process involving both separation and
bacterial conversion is known as “Composting”
 Decomposition of solid waste may be accomplished
aerobically or anaerobically.

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 Waste generation
 Waste storage
 Waste collection
 Transfer and transport
 Processing
 Disposal of final rejects
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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT

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STATUS OF SWM IN CHENNAI CITY

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 Information on waste quantity and composition is essential for
formulating solid waste management plan for any city
 Factors affecting waste generation
 Location
 Climate
 Socio-economic factors
WASTE GENERATION

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Physical
• Density of waste
• Moisture content
• Size
Chemical
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Natural fibres
• Synthetic organic materials
• Non-combustibles
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

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 Waste collection is the component of waste
management which results in the passage of a waste
material from the source of production to either the
point of treatment or final disposal
 Waste collection also includes the collection of recyclable
materials that technically are not waste, as part of a
municipal landfill diversion program

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WASTE COLLECTION, STORAGE
AND TRANSPORT

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WASTE
COLLECTION,
STORAGE
& TRANSPORT
FACTORS INFLUENCE THE WASTE
COLLECTION SYSTEM

COLLECTION
POINTS
Residential Commercial Industrial

COLLECTION
FREQUENCY
Climatic conditions
and requirements
of a locality
Containers Costs

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Segregation at source
Activities associated with the handling of SW until they are
placed in the containers used r storage before collection
ON-SITE STORAGE
Factors considered
1. Types of containers used
2. Container Locations
3. Public health
4. Aesthetics
5. Methods of Collection
STORAGE

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WASTE CONTAINER AND VEHICLES

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Separate vehicles have to be employed to transport the
biodegradable waste and mixed non-recyclable waste
All waste to be collected from collection points within 24
hours
There can be many deficiencies in the collection
system, the main deficiency being spillage during
loading operations and collection on need basis
WASTE COLLECTION

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TRANSFER
 Refers to the movement of waste or materials from the primary
collection vehicle to a secondary transport vehicle
 The point of transfer -"transfer station"
 Primary collection vehicles bring their waste to a transfer station
and dump it
 Shredding, compacting, screening, wetting and drying

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Muscle-powered vehicles work well
 In densely populated areas
 On hilly, wet, or rough terrain; and
 Where there is relatively small volume of waste
Disadvantages
 Use of animals or human power is old-fashioned or shameful;
 Limited traveling range and are generally slower than fuel-
powered vehicles
 The problems of animal temperament, health, etc

LARGE DRUMS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SMALL BINS
FOR TRANSPORTING WASTES
UN-MIXED
HOUSEHOLD WASTE SEGREGATION WILL FAIL IF THE
WASTES ARE TRANSPORTED MIXED LIKE THIS
SINGLE-SPACE HANDCARTS ARE ONLY USEFUL FOR BULKY
GARDEN WASTE
MESH TRICYCLES FOR USEFUL FOR TRANSPORTING ONLY
DRY RECYCLABLES

CHENNAI'S GROUND-LEVEL TRANSFER STATION IS IDEAL. WASTE
UNLOADED IN A TROUGH IS LIFTED BY ROTATING GRAB AND LOADED
INTO LARGER TRUCKS
DRYWASTE SORTING AND STORAGE NEEDS DEDICATED
SPACE
DEBRIS, DRAIN SILT, ROAD DUST AND OTHER INERTS SHOULD BE
COLLECTED IN A SEPARATE VEHICLE AT A SEPARATE TIME
JAIPUR PORTABLE STREET BIN

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Compactor trucks have the following characteristics
 High capital cost
 Sensitive hydraulic mechanisms which must be well maintained
 High fuel usage and operating cost
 Moderate skill level to operate
 At least two persons needed to operate under most conditions

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Compactor trucks work well where
 Streets wide enough to allow passage and turning
 The waste is set out in containers or bags, so that crews can pick them up
quickly
 The density and moisture content of the waste are low
Compactors work poorly where
 The waste stream is either very dense or very wet
 Compaction tends to squeeze out the moisture and discharge it as leachate
 Collected materials are gritty or abrasive
 The roads are very dusty

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TYPES OF WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLE
 Front loaders
 Rear loaders
 Side loaders
 Pneumatic collection
 Grapple trucks

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SIDE LOADERS PNEUMATIC COLLECTION

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PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF COLLECTION VEHICLES
• Which use the minimum amount of energy
• Choose locally made equipment, traditional vehicle design, and local
expertise whenever possible
• Select equipment that can be locally serviced and repaired, and for
which parts are available locally
• Choose muscle- and animal-powered or light mechanical vehicles in
crowded or hilly areas or informal settlements in developing
countries.
• Choose non-compactor trucks, wagons, dump trucks, or vans where
population is dispersed, or waste is already dense
• Consider the advantages of hybrid systems where appropriate
• Consider compactor trucks in industrialized urban areas
• Choose European-style automated collection vehicles

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PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF SET-OUT
CONTAINERS
 Choose containers made of local, recycled or readily available
materials
 Easy to identify, either due to shape, colour or special markings
 Sturdy and/or easy to repair or replace
 Identification of containers with generators by address or name or
code number
 Choose containers that are matched to the collection objectives

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 The collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle, a pushcart or a
trailer towed by a suitable prime mover (tractor, etc)
 The collection vehicle selected must be appropriate to the terrain,
type and density of waste generation points, the way it travels and
type and kind of material
 It also depends upon strength, stature and capability of the crew that
will work with it. The collection vehicle may be small and simple
(e.g., two-wheeled cart pulled by an individual) or large, complex
and energy intensive (e.g., rear loading compactor truck).
COLLECTION VEHICLES

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Proper planning of collection route helps conserve energy and
minimize working hours and vehicle fuel consumption
It is necessary, therefore, to develop detailed route
configurations and collection schedules for the selected
collection system
Barriers, such as railroad, embankments, rivers and roads with
heavy traffic, can be considered to divide route territories
Routing (network) analyses and planning can be done using the
detailed maps prepared using remote sensing data and GIS
COLLECTION ROUTE

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 Compactors and properly covered dump trucks were to be utilized to
transport the waste to the landfill site
 Separate vehicles were to be employed for transportation of
biodegradable waste and mixed recyclable waste
 Compactor loaders directly lift the bin, unload the waste and replace
it in the original position
 Choice of vehicle depends on the access roads to individual sites
 Dump trucks are fitted with hydraulic equipments which enable them
to unload waste without the help of manual labour
TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE

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MATERIAL ADVANTAGE DRAWBACKS
Aluminum  Aluminum has a high market value.
 Aluminum recycling requires significantly
less energy than producing aluminum from
ore.
 Separate collection is important.
 Recycling is suitable only if a
processing plant is available.
Batteries  Recycling recovers valuable heavy metals
such as lead, cadmium and mercury.
 Large variation in type and size of
batteries requires specific recycling
processes.
Concrete and
demolition waste
 Demolition waste can be crushed to gravel
and reused in road construction and
landscaping
 Recycled waste is valuable only if
there is a lack of other construction
material
IMPORTANT RECYCLING MATERIAL
ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS
Glass  Use of recycled glass saves energy compared
with processing raw material.
 Can be recycled indefinitely because it does
not deteriorate from reprocessing.
 Broken glass can contaminate and
eliminate opportunities for recycling.
Organic waste  Most commonly recycled by composting or
anaerobic digestion.
 Though compost is very beneficial to
depleted soils, it still has a low market
value.

Other metal  Scrap metal has a high market value
(especially steel, copper, silver and
platinum) and can be recycled
indefinitely.
 High-value metals (such as copper and
silver) are incorporated in electronic
devices, but extraction can cause
environmental impacts.
IMPORTANT RECYCLING MATERIAL
ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS
MATERIAL ADVANTAGE DRAWBACKS
Paper  Paper can be easily recycled; quality
deteriorates.
 Recycled paper requires less energy.
 Appropriate technologies with circular
processes are required to protect the
environment.
Polyethylene
terephthalate
(PET)
 PET can be recycled if segregated from
other waste.
 PET has a high market value if
processing plants are available.
 More ‘downcyling’ than recycling occurs
because quality decreases with every
processing cycle.
Other plastic  Such as polyethylene or polyvinyl
chloride, can be recycled but has less
value
 Recycling requires specific machinery
Electronic waste  Electronic waste (such as computers or
mobile phones) contains high value
metals.
 Electronic items can be dismantled,
reused or recycled.
 Metals are often covered with polyvinyl
chloride or resins, which are often smelted
or burned, causing toxic emissions.

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SL.NO CHEMICAL NAME ABBREVIATION TYPICAL USES
1 Polyethylene
terephthalate
PETE Soft drink bottles
2 High-density
polyethylene
HDPE Milk cartons
3 Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Food packaging, wire insulation and
pipe
COMMON TYPES OF PLASTICS THAT
MAY BE RECYCLED
4 Low-density
polyethylene
LDPE Plastic film used for food wrapping,
trash bags, grocery bags, baby diapers
5 Polypropylene PP Automobile battery casings and bottle
caps
6 Polystyrene PS Food packaging, foam cups and plates
and eating utensils
7 Mixed plastic Fence posts, benches and pallets

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WASTE INTERACTION WITH HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE

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CHANGES OCCURRING IN A WASTE
DUMP
BIOLOGICAL CHANGES
• During the aerobic decomposition, carbon di-oxide is the principal gas
produced.
• Once the available oxygen has been consumed, the decomposition becomes
anaerobic and the organic matter is converted to
 Carbondioxide
 Methane
 Trace amounts of ammonia
 Hydrogen sulfide
• Many other chemical reactions are also biologically initiated therefore it is
difficult to define the condition that will exist in any waste dump at any stated
time

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CHEMICAL CHANGES
• The chemical reactions that occurs in a waste dump are
 Dissolution
 Suspension of waste materials
 Biological conversion products in the liquid percolating through
the waste
 Vaporization of chemical compounds
 Sorption of volatile and semi volatile organic compounds into the
waste material
 Decomposition of organic compounds
 Oxidation-reduction reactions affecting metals and the solubility of
metal salts.
• The dissolution of biological conversion into the leachate is of special
importance because these materials can be transported out of the waste
dump with the leachate.

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PHYSICAL CHANGES
The important physical changes in waste dumps are
Lateral movement of gases in the waste
Emission of gases to the surrounding environment
Movement of leachate within the waste and into underlying soils
Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of the
waste.

Waste Collection and Transport Methods

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Waste Collection and Transport Methods