The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and describes its various sources such as residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The types of solid waste are categorized and examples are provided. Improper management of solid waste can lead to negative environmental and health impacts. Methods of solid waste treatment include reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, landfilling, and incineration. Laws governing solid waste management in India are also outlined. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of solid waste, its impacts, and management approaches.

1. Divya Alex M
AEM, KUFOS

2.  Waste can defined as any unwanted and useless material
 The waste can be either solid, liquid or gaseous
 Solid waste in general can be defined as ‘ As a material which has negligible value to
the producer and there is no direct consumption of the generated waste’ .
 It is generated due to various activities that can be residual and commercial,
agricultural etc.
 Whatever the origin, content or hazard potential of solid waste must be managed
systematically to ensure environmental best practices.
 Urban India generate 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste each year. Of this
about 70% is collected and 20% is treated and more than 50% is dumped in landfill
sites.

3. “Solid-waste management, the collecting,
treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is
no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal
solid waste can create unsanitary conditions,
and these conditions in turn can lead to
pollution of the environment and to outbreaks
of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases
spread by rodents and insects.”
What is solid waste management?

4. Categories of Waste
1. Organic waste: Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits, and
market places.
2. Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items etc. that are highly organic and
having low moisture content.
3. Non-combustibles: Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc.
4. Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers,
batteries, shoe polish.
5. Recyclables: Paper, glass, metals, plastics.
6. Ashes or Dust: Residue from fires that are used for cooking.
7. Construction waste: Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc.
8. Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial waste, hospital waste.
9. Dead animals: Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals.
10.Bulky waste: Tree branches, tires etc.
11.e- waste: compact discs (CDs), printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells,
cellular phones

5. Biodegradable solid wastes are
those that can be broken down
(decomposed) into their constituent
elements by bacteria and other
micro-organisms. Food waste,
manures and waste producing from
crops are the main biodegradable
wastes. If the decomposition
process takes place in the absence
of air (anaerobically), methane gas
can form.
Non-biodegradable (inorganic) solid
wastes are those that do not
decompose by microbial action.
These wastes include plastic
containers, scrap metal, food and
drink cans and plastic bags
Depending on the inherent
dangers associated with its physical
and chemical properties, solid
waste can be classified as either
hazardous or non-hazardous. For
example, toxic, infectious and
corrosive (acidic or alkaline)
substances are all likely to be
classed as hazardous.
Nonhazardous wastes are those
that do not possess hazardous
characteristics, although they can
still be harmful to people or the
environment.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE

6. The types of litter and their approximate degeneration time
TYPE OF LITTER
APPROXIMATE TIME TAKEN
TO DEGENERATE THE LITTER
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover
foodstuff, etc.
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woollen items 1 year
Tin, aluminium, and metal cans 100–500 years
Plastic bags One million years?
Glass bottles undetermined

7. VARIOUS SOURCE OF SOLID WASTE
1.Residential
Residences and homes where people live are some of the
major sources of solid waste. Garbage from these places
include food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather,
cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes and special wastes
like bulky household items like electronics, tires, batteries,
old mattresses and used oil.
2.Industrial
Industries are known to be one of the biggest
contributors of solid waste. They include light
and heavy manufacturing industries,
construction sites, fabrication plants, canning
plants, power and chemical plants. These
industries produce solid waste in form of
housekeeping wastes, food wastes, packaging
wastes, ashes, construction and demolition
materials, special wastes, medical wastes as
well as other hazardous wastes.
3.Commercial
Commercial buildings and facilities in this case refer to
hotels, markets, restaurants, go downs, stores and office
buildings. Some of the solid wastes generated from these
places include plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass,
wood, cardboard materials, special wastes and other
hazardous wastes.

8. 4.Institutional
The institutional centers like schools, colleges,
prisons, military barracks and other government
centers also produce solid waste. Some of the
common solid wastes obtained from these places
include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes,
wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials,
electronics as well as various hazardous wastes.
5.Construction and Demolition Areas
Construction sites and demolition sites also contribute
to the solid waste problem. Construction sites include
new construction sites for buildings and roads, road
repair sites, building renovation sites and building
demolition sites. Some of the solid wastes produced in
these places include steel materials, concrete, wood,
plastics, rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass.

9. 6.Municipal services
The urban centers also contribute immensely to the
solid waste crisis in most countries today. Some
of the solid waste brought about by the municipal
services include, street cleaning, wastes from parks
and beaches, wastewater treatment plants,
landscaping wastes and wastes from recreational
areas including sludge
7.Treatment Plants and Sites
Heavy and light manufacturing plants also produce
solid waste. They include refineries, power
plants, processing plants, mineral extraction plants
and chemicals plants. Among the wastes produced
by these plants include, industrial process wastes,
unwanted specification products, plastics, metal
parts just to mention but a few.
8.Agriculture
Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and
feedlots are also sources of solid wastes. Among
the wastes they produce agricultural wastes,
spoiled food, pesticide containers and other
hazardous materials.
9.Biomedical
Bio-medical waste can be defined as any waste or
byproduct generated during treatment,
immunization and treatment of human beings or
animals or in research activities. Some of these
solid wastes include syringes, bandages, used
gloves, drugs, paper, plastics, food wastes and
chemicals. All these require proper disposal or else
they will cause a huge problem to the environment
and the people in these facilities

10. Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
1. Litter Surroundings
Due to improper waste disposal
systems, particularly by municipal
waste management teams, wastes
heap up and become a danger.
2.Impact on human health
Exposure to wastes that handled
improperly can cause skin
irritations, respiratory problems,
blood infections, growth problems,
and even reproductive issues
3.Disease-causing Pests
Decomposition of food produce a
foul smell, and it becomes
a breeding ground for different
types of disease-causing insects
as well as infectious organisms.
4. Environmental Problems
Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes,
and chemicals. When released to the environment, the solid wastes can cause
biological and physicochemical problems to the environment that may affect
or alter the productivity of the soils in that particular area.

11. 5. Soil and Groundwater Pollution
Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the
groundwater. During the process of collecting solid waste, hazardous
wastes usually mix with ordinary garbage and other flammable wastes
making the disposal process even harder and risky.
6. Emission of Toxic Gases
When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or
zinc, cleaning solvents, radioactive materials, e-waste and plastics mixed up
with paper and other non-toxic scraps are burned they produce dioxins, furans,
polychlorinated biphenyls, and other gases. These toxic gases have the
potential of causing various diseases, including cancer.
7 .Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
Our carelessness with our waste and garbage also affects animals, and
they suffer the effects of pollution caused by improperly disposed of
wastes and rubbish. Consuming styrofoam and cigarette butts have been
known to cause deaths in marine animals. Animals are also at risk of
poisoning while consuming grasses near contaminated areas or landfills
as the toxins seep into the soil.

12. SOLID WASTE TREATMENT
The processing methods available for management of solid
waste includes: Segregation, Reduction, Reuse, Recycling
♻,Chemical, Biological and thermal conversion etc.
1. SEGREGATION
• Segregation or waste sorting is the process by which waste is
separated into different elements
• Waste segregation means dividing waste into dry and wet
• Waste can also be segregated as
1. Biodegradable
2. non-biodegradable

13. 2. REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING ♺
• Reduction is the most important strategy of the three Rs. It focus on the source of the waste,
or where the waste is originally coming from. Source reduction is carried out when products
are designed, manufactured, packaged, and used in a way that limits the amount or toxicity of
waste created
• The second most important strategy of the three Rs is to Reuse, which is when an item is
cleaned and the materials are used again
Advantages of reuse :
 Reduced disposal needs and costs.
 Energy and raw material savings.
• The third R in the hierarchy is Recycle, which means reprocessing of disposed
material into new and useful products.
Advantages of recycling :
 Saves energy
 Conserves resources

14. 3. CHEMICAL PROCESSING
• Chemical processing involves the chemical transformation or conversion of organic
fraction of wastes into various useful compounds such as glucose, synthetic oils,
gases, etc.
• e.g. glucose is recovered from wastes containing cellulose (paper).
4. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
• It involves processes like composting, anaerobic conversion, anaerobic
fermentation and digestion.
• The products formed by these processes include compost, methane, various
proteins, alcohols, and a wide variety of intermediate organic products.

15. COMPOSTING
• It is controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard
wastes, into humus.
• Composting is the natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of organic matter
by microorganisms under controlled conditions.
• It can be anaerobic and aerobic.
• This process takes about 4 to 6 weeks.
Benefits of composting :
Provides nutrients to the soil.
Increases beneficial soil organisms.
Protects soil from erosion.
Assists pollution remediation.

16. B. LANDFILLING
• A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste
treatment.
• Waste is directly dumped into mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is compacted and covered
with soil.
• Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power.
Advantages :
• Landfill site is a cheap
waste disposal option.
• The gases given off by the
landfill site could be
collected and used for
generating power.
• Lots of different types of
waste can be disposed of
by landfill in comparison to
other waste disposal
method.
Disadvantages :
• Landfills can pollute
air, water and also
the soil.
• Landfill can
contribute to the
global warming.

17. C. INCINERATION
• Incineration is a waste management technology that involves the
combustion of organic materials and/or substances.
• It is carried out at high temperature.
• The waste material is converted into ash, flue gases, particulates and heat
Waste incineration unit
Advantages :
• Less space requirement.
• Hygienic process.
Disadvantages :
• Expensive process.
• Special care required.
• It can cause smoke or fire
hazard and also emits gaseous
pollutants

18. D. PYROLYSIS
• Pyrolysis is a thermochemical
decomposition of organic material at
elevated temperatures in the absence
of oxygen.
• It involves the simultaneous change
of chemical composition and physical
phase, and is irreversible.
• External heat source is employed.it
yields gaseous, liquid and solid
fractions.
Global treatment and disposal of waste (percent)

19. Waste management Laws in India
• In our country, waste management is governed by Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MoEF) who work together with State Pollution Control Board set up in
various States.
• The National Environment Policy, 2006 laid emphasis not only on disposal of waste but
also recycling and treating waste.
1.The Environmental Protection Act
• It is one of the primary legislatures to protect the environment and regulation of waste.
• Polluter Pays Principle– states that any expense which has been incurred to restore the
environment to its natural state shall be paid by the person who is responsible for such
degradation. This concept of a continuing punishment is very important.
2.The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules,
2008
Any person who is engaged in storage, package, collection, destruction, conversion,
processing, etc., also has to take authorization for the State Pollution Board.

20. 3.The Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
It is compulsory for every manufacturer of plastic products and recycler to obtain registration
from State Pollution Control Board. This registration has to be renewed every three year.
Recycling of plastic products is to be done in a fixed procedure laid down by Bureau of Indian
Standard Specification.
4.Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
BMW Rules prohibit mixing of biological wastes with any other type of wastes. The general rule
provided is that bio-medical wastes can’t be kept stored beyond the period of 48 hours without
being treated.
5.The E- Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
The producer of electronic and electrical goods must obtain permission from State Pollution
Control Board. E-waste Rules also delineate the responsibilities of collection centers, consumers,
bulk consumers and recyclers.
6.The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
it compulsory for every consumer to deposit the used batteries back with the dealer,
manufacturer, recycler or labeled collection centers.

21. CONCLUSION……
 Providing financing to countries most in need, especially the fastest
growing countries, to develop the state of the art waste
management systems
 Supporting major waste producing countries to reduce consumption
of plastics and marine litters through comprehensive waste
reduction and recycling programs
 Reduce food waste through consumer education, organic
management, and coordinated food waste management programs

22. REFERANCES
• Solid Waste Management in Urban India: www.orfonline.org
• MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE - CPHEEOcpheeo.gov.in
• What is Solid Waste Management? Sources and Methods of treatments :
www.conserve-energyfuture.com
• Solid Waste Management - World Bank Group: www.worldbank.org
• Municipal Solid Waste Management — Vikaspediavikaspedia.in
• An Introduction to Solid Waste Managementwww.thebalancesmb.com

23. Waste isn’t waste
until we waste it