The document defines key terms related to solid waste management such as waste, solid wastes, waste management, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification. It describes the public health importance and environmental and health impacts of solid waste. The functional elements of solid waste management systems are collection, transfer, resource recovery/processing, and disposal. Methods of waste treatment and disposal include composting, incineration, and sanitary landfilling. The waste management hierarchy emphasizes reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovering waste before disposal. Hazardous and healthcare wastes require special management due to risks of disease transmission and environmental contamination.
This document discusses solid waste management. It covers topics like the classification of solid waste, the functional elements of a solid waste management system, sources of waste generation, and methods of collection, recycling, and disposal. The six functional elements of a management system are waste generation, on-site handling, collection, transfer and transport, processing and recovery, and disposal. Organic waste includes materials like food and yard waste, while inorganic waste is non-decomposable materials.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of solid waste materials with the objectives of minimizing waste generation, maximizing collection efficiency, reducing disposal volume, and developing environmentally sound treatment methods. An ideal waste management system consists of practices that minimize both domestic and commercial waste generation while protecting human health and the environment. The hierarchy of waste minimization includes prevention, minimization through reduction and reuse, and recycling. Resource recovery through biological and thermal waste processing can yield useful products like compost or energy. Public awareness and staff health and safety are also important aspects of effective solid waste management.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and lists various sources of solid waste including municipal, domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and e-waste. It then discusses the effects of solid waste on the environment. The key aspects of solid waste management are reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The document outlines the functional elements and various treatment methods for solid waste including segregation, composting, landfilling, incineration, and pyrolysis.
The document provides an overview of solid waste management. It defines solid waste and discusses various sources of solid waste including municipal, domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and e-waste. It then outlines the effects of improper solid waste management. The key methods of solid waste management discussed are segregation, reduction, reuse, recycling, chemical processing, biological processing, landfilling, and incineration. Biological processing methods covered in more detail include composting and anaerobic digestion. The document aims to explain solid waste treatment and management.
The document discusses solid waste management and provides details about various topics related to it. It defines solid waste and its sources and classification. It describes the composition, characteristics, and management of solid waste. Some key methods of solid waste disposal discussed are composting, incineration, and landfills. Efficient collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of solid waste are essential parts of solid waste management.
This document discusses solid waste management. It covers topics like solid waste sources and classification, composition and characteristics. Methods of solid waste disposal include landfilling, composting, incineration and energy recovery. The key aspects of solid waste management are waste minimization, collection, segregation, transportation, treatment and final disposal or energy recovery. Proper management requires efficient collection and transportation systems as well as treatment of waste before disposal to protect the environment.
Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.[1] This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling.
Waste can take any form that is solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health.[2] It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials.[3] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and sectors (residential and industrial).[4]
A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.[5]
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with definitions of solid waste and municipal solid waste. It then discusses sources and types of municipal solid waste, as well as typical generation quantities. The key elements of municipal solid waste management systems are outlined, including collection, transfer, transport, disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, and the 4R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover. Specific collection and disposal methods are described in more detail. The document also discusses the characteristics, composition and impact of municipal solid waste. A case study example is provided at the end to illustrate some of the concepts.
This document discusses solid waste management. It covers topics like the classification of solid waste, the functional elements of a solid waste management system, sources of waste generation, and methods of collection, recycling, and disposal. The six functional elements of a management system are waste generation, on-site handling, collection, transfer and transport, processing and recovery, and disposal. Organic waste includes materials like food and yard waste, while inorganic waste is non-decomposable materials.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of solid waste materials with the objectives of minimizing waste generation, maximizing collection efficiency, reducing disposal volume, and developing environmentally sound treatment methods. An ideal waste management system consists of practices that minimize both domestic and commercial waste generation while protecting human health and the environment. The hierarchy of waste minimization includes prevention, minimization through reduction and reuse, and recycling. Resource recovery through biological and thermal waste processing can yield useful products like compost or energy. Public awareness and staff health and safety are also important aspects of effective solid waste management.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and lists various sources of solid waste including municipal, domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and e-waste. It then discusses the effects of solid waste on the environment. The key aspects of solid waste management are reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The document outlines the functional elements and various treatment methods for solid waste including segregation, composting, landfilling, incineration, and pyrolysis.
The document provides an overview of solid waste management. It defines solid waste and discusses various sources of solid waste including municipal, domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and e-waste. It then outlines the effects of improper solid waste management. The key methods of solid waste management discussed are segregation, reduction, reuse, recycling, chemical processing, biological processing, landfilling, and incineration. Biological processing methods covered in more detail include composting and anaerobic digestion. The document aims to explain solid waste treatment and management.
The document discusses solid waste management and provides details about various topics related to it. It defines solid waste and its sources and classification. It describes the composition, characteristics, and management of solid waste. Some key methods of solid waste disposal discussed are composting, incineration, and landfills. Efficient collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of solid waste are essential parts of solid waste management.
This document discusses solid waste management. It covers topics like solid waste sources and classification, composition and characteristics. Methods of solid waste disposal include landfilling, composting, incineration and energy recovery. The key aspects of solid waste management are waste minimization, collection, segregation, transportation, treatment and final disposal or energy recovery. Proper management requires efficient collection and transportation systems as well as treatment of waste before disposal to protect the environment.
Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.[1] This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling.
Waste can take any form that is solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health.[2] It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials.[3] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and sectors (residential and industrial).[4]
A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.[5]
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with definitions of solid waste and municipal solid waste. It then discusses sources and types of municipal solid waste, as well as typical generation quantities. The key elements of municipal solid waste management systems are outlined, including collection, transfer, transport, disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, and the 4R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover. Specific collection and disposal methods are described in more detail. The document also discusses the characteristics, composition and impact of municipal solid waste. A case study example is provided at the end to illustrate some of the concepts.
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management. It defines solid waste as discarded materials from various activities and hazardous waste as those posing threats to health or environment. Solid waste includes household, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction, and agricultural waste. It is composed of biodegradable, recyclable, inert, electrical/electronic, hazardous, toxic, and medical waste. The concepts of waste reduction, reuse, recovery and recycling are preferred management options. Key components of management are collection, handling, transferring, and various processing and disposal methods like sanitary landfilling, incineration, and composting which must meet regulatory standards.
This document discusses different types of solid waste and solid waste management techniques. It describes various categories of solid waste like kitchen waste, e-waste, and plastic waste. It then explains key concepts in solid waste management like reducing, reusing, recycling, collection, transportation, and disposal. The document also summarizes different treatment and disposal methods for solid waste including incineration, landfilling, composting, and anaerobic digestion.
The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Identifying sources of solid waste and characterizing waste properties.
2. Designing layouts and landfills as well as new technologies for managing solid waste.
3. Calculating waste generation rates and the composition, characteristics, and degradation times of different types of waste materials.
Wastewater treatment by effluent treatment plantsRifat Kamrul
This document provides an overview of effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It discusses the need for ETPs, their design considerations and types. It describes the key processes involved in industrial wastewater treatment and sewage treatment. These include physical, chemical and biological treatment levels and mechanisms like screening, sedimentation, aeration, activated sludge etc. The document includes a flow chart illustrating the ETP treatment process.
This document defines different types of solid wastes and discusses their generation, characteristics, and environmental impacts. It outlines municipal solid waste as generated from households while industrial solid waste encompasses a wide range of materials. Agricultural waste results from crop residues and livestock waste. Hazardous waste poses threats to health and environment. Nuclear waste is divided by radioactivity levels. The document also discusses various waste management methods like collection, recycling, disposal through open dumping, landfilling and incineration.
This document discusses solid waste handling and its importance for public health. It defines different types of solid waste and their sources. Improper solid waste disposal can lead to diseases and environmental pollution. A good solid waste management system involves waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and proper collection and disposal. Regular monitoring and community participation are needed to promote healthy practices and prevent disease.
م.15
الزملاء الأفاضل
نرحب بحضراتكم مع
مبادرة #تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة الخامسة عشرة من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور/ مصطفى إسماعيل
الوكيل الأسبق لكلية هندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
ورئيس الفريق الاستشاري الإستراتيجيات إدارة المخلفات
بعنوان
"Waste Management Vision For Future"
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء 03يونيو2020
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZ0ucuqqqDwrHNSHcQPNCoV1RQ1z7g56rXp7
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
ونأمل أن نوفق في تقديم ما ينفع المهندس ومهمة الهندسة في عالمنا العربي
والله الموفق
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
ومتابعة المبادرة والبث المباشر عبر نوافذنا المختلفة
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط قناة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/EEAKSA
رابط قناة اليوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
The document discusses solid waste management and integrated waste management strategies. It covers topics such as waste generation sources, the functional elements of solid waste management systems, management options like source reduction and landfills. It also discusses implementing strategies, typical costs, regulations, planning considerations, materials in municipal solid waste over time, and recovery and management trends. Source reduction, collection, and toxicity reduction are explained in detail with examples.
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) as the fastest growing solid waste problem. E-waste includes valuable metals and toxic materials and pollutants. Most e-waste ends up in landfills and incinerators instead of being recycled. The EU and Japan have adopted cradle-to-grave standards for electronics to increase recycling and reduce disposal in landfills. The US recycles only 10-15% of its e-waste and produces about half of the world's total.
Waste management involves engineering, economic, planning, and management techniques to deal with waste as an undesirable output. It aims to minimize waste and involves processes like reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and disposal. The key aspects of waste management are processing waste, minimizing waste, recycling waste, and disposing of waste. The waste hierarchy prioritizes reducing, reusing and recycling waste over disposal.
This document discusses waste management and the application of eco-ethics. It defines wastes and outlines their various types and sources. Large amounts of waste are generated worldwide and in countries like the Philippines. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment and climate. The document recommends various strategies to reduce, reuse, donate and properly dispose of wastes. It also discusses the importance of employee education and environmental management systems in developing a sustainable waste management approach based on eco-ethical principles.
This document presents a research proposal on solid waste management in Shanghai, China. It discusses integrated solid waste management practices in Japan as a model. The objectives are to change Shanghai's role from service provider to service regulator by transferring responsibility for collection, treatment, and disposal services to social organizations. Several methods for solid waste disposal are described, including landfills, incineration, biological processing, recycling, ocean dumping, and plasma gasification. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
Biodegradable waste comes from many sources and includes household, medical, agricultural, industrial, and construction waste. It is classified as non-hazardous or solid waste and hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks like pollution and disease. Effective management involves reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely through methods like composting, incineration, and landfilling. Segregation and proper storage, collection, transport, and treatment are important for reducing waste impacts.
The document discusses waste management and provides definitions and classifications of different types of wastes. It notes that wastes come from various sources like households, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The effects of improper waste management are outlined, including impacts on health, the environment, and climate change. The summary recommends reducing waste generation, reusing materials, recycling, employee education, and adopting environmental management systems to promote more sustainable waste practices.
The document discusses waste management and the effects of waste. It defines different types of waste, sources of waste, and waste generation rates globally and locally. The effects of improper waste management on health, environment and climate are outlined. Solutions proposed include reducing, reusing, recycling, proper disposal, education, and establishing environmental management systems. The key aspects of developing and implementing an effective environmental management system are explained.
The document discusses waste management and the effects of waste. It defines different types of waste, sources of waste, and waste generation rates globally and locally. The effects of improper waste management on health, environment and climate are outlined. Solutions proposed include reducing, reusing, recycling, proper disposal, education, and establishing environmental management systems. The key aspects of developing and implementing an effective environmental management system are described.
Municipal solid waste by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Municipal solid waste refers to everyday trash discarded by the public. It includes materials like food waste, recyclables, yard waste, and various packaging. Waste management involves collection, sorting, transport, and disposal or recovery of materials. Methods of managing municipal solid waste include recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy through incineration. Proper management reduces health and environmental impacts.
1) The document discusses sustainable wastewater treatment, including categories of wastewater sources and types.
2) It describes the various stages of wastewater treatment - screening and primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes, and tertiary treatment to remove additional contaminants.
3) Challenges in wastewater treatment are addressed, such as aging infrastructure and the need for funding, as well as solutions like upgrading pumps and optimizing aeration.
This document discusses waste management. It defines waste management as the processes involved in handling waste from its origin until disposal, including collection, transport, treatment, and monitoring. The three main types of waste are solid, liquid, and gaseous. Improper waste management can contaminate the environment and negatively impact the economy. The key principles of waste management are reduce, reuse, and recycle. Common waste disposal methods include landfills, incineration, compaction, and converting waste to biogas. Educating people about reducing waste production is important for sustainability.
EN8591 Municipal Solid waste management Unit 2 - Two mark Q&A.pptxSubha C
On-site storage of municipal solid waste involves storing waste near its source before primary collection. On-site storage is preferred when storage area is available, the public accepts it, and source segregation is adopted on-site. Proper on-site storage includes availability of drainage, being away from water bodies, and recycling/accommodation facilities. Onsite processing provides economic benefits like resource and energy recovery as well as reduced transportation and disposal costs through the use of equipment like shredders, hydropulpers, and incinerators. Improper storage can cause diseases from flies/mosquitoes breeding, leading to issues like malaria or plague.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management. It defines solid waste as discarded materials from various activities and hazardous waste as those posing threats to health or environment. Solid waste includes household, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction, and agricultural waste. It is composed of biodegradable, recyclable, inert, electrical/electronic, hazardous, toxic, and medical waste. The concepts of waste reduction, reuse, recovery and recycling are preferred management options. Key components of management are collection, handling, transferring, and various processing and disposal methods like sanitary landfilling, incineration, and composting which must meet regulatory standards.
This document discusses different types of solid waste and solid waste management techniques. It describes various categories of solid waste like kitchen waste, e-waste, and plastic waste. It then explains key concepts in solid waste management like reducing, reusing, recycling, collection, transportation, and disposal. The document also summarizes different treatment and disposal methods for solid waste including incineration, landfilling, composting, and anaerobic digestion.
The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Identifying sources of solid waste and characterizing waste properties.
2. Designing layouts and landfills as well as new technologies for managing solid waste.
3. Calculating waste generation rates and the composition, characteristics, and degradation times of different types of waste materials.
Wastewater treatment by effluent treatment plantsRifat Kamrul
This document provides an overview of effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It discusses the need for ETPs, their design considerations and types. It describes the key processes involved in industrial wastewater treatment and sewage treatment. These include physical, chemical and biological treatment levels and mechanisms like screening, sedimentation, aeration, activated sludge etc. The document includes a flow chart illustrating the ETP treatment process.
This document defines different types of solid wastes and discusses their generation, characteristics, and environmental impacts. It outlines municipal solid waste as generated from households while industrial solid waste encompasses a wide range of materials. Agricultural waste results from crop residues and livestock waste. Hazardous waste poses threats to health and environment. Nuclear waste is divided by radioactivity levels. The document also discusses various waste management methods like collection, recycling, disposal through open dumping, landfilling and incineration.
This document discusses solid waste handling and its importance for public health. It defines different types of solid waste and their sources. Improper solid waste disposal can lead to diseases and environmental pollution. A good solid waste management system involves waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and proper collection and disposal. Regular monitoring and community participation are needed to promote healthy practices and prevent disease.
م.15
الزملاء الأفاضل
نرحب بحضراتكم مع
مبادرة #تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة الخامسة عشرة من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور/ مصطفى إسماعيل
الوكيل الأسبق لكلية هندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
ورئيس الفريق الاستشاري الإستراتيجيات إدارة المخلفات
بعنوان
"Waste Management Vision For Future"
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء 03يونيو2020
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZ0ucuqqqDwrHNSHcQPNCoV1RQ1z7g56rXp7
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
ونأمل أن نوفق في تقديم ما ينفع المهندس ومهمة الهندسة في عالمنا العربي
والله الموفق
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
ومتابعة المبادرة والبث المباشر عبر نوافذنا المختلفة
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط قناة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/EEAKSA
رابط قناة اليوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
The document discusses solid waste management and integrated waste management strategies. It covers topics such as waste generation sources, the functional elements of solid waste management systems, management options like source reduction and landfills. It also discusses implementing strategies, typical costs, regulations, planning considerations, materials in municipal solid waste over time, and recovery and management trends. Source reduction, collection, and toxicity reduction are explained in detail with examples.
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) as the fastest growing solid waste problem. E-waste includes valuable metals and toxic materials and pollutants. Most e-waste ends up in landfills and incinerators instead of being recycled. The EU and Japan have adopted cradle-to-grave standards for electronics to increase recycling and reduce disposal in landfills. The US recycles only 10-15% of its e-waste and produces about half of the world's total.
Waste management involves engineering, economic, planning, and management techniques to deal with waste as an undesirable output. It aims to minimize waste and involves processes like reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and disposal. The key aspects of waste management are processing waste, minimizing waste, recycling waste, and disposing of waste. The waste hierarchy prioritizes reducing, reusing and recycling waste over disposal.
This document discusses waste management and the application of eco-ethics. It defines wastes and outlines their various types and sources. Large amounts of waste are generated worldwide and in countries like the Philippines. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment and climate. The document recommends various strategies to reduce, reuse, donate and properly dispose of wastes. It also discusses the importance of employee education and environmental management systems in developing a sustainable waste management approach based on eco-ethical principles.
This document presents a research proposal on solid waste management in Shanghai, China. It discusses integrated solid waste management practices in Japan as a model. The objectives are to change Shanghai's role from service provider to service regulator by transferring responsibility for collection, treatment, and disposal services to social organizations. Several methods for solid waste disposal are described, including landfills, incineration, biological processing, recycling, ocean dumping, and plasma gasification. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
Biodegradable waste comes from many sources and includes household, medical, agricultural, industrial, and construction waste. It is classified as non-hazardous or solid waste and hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks like pollution and disease. Effective management involves reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely through methods like composting, incineration, and landfilling. Segregation and proper storage, collection, transport, and treatment are important for reducing waste impacts.
The document discusses waste management and provides definitions and classifications of different types of wastes. It notes that wastes come from various sources like households, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The effects of improper waste management are outlined, including impacts on health, the environment, and climate change. The summary recommends reducing waste generation, reusing materials, recycling, employee education, and adopting environmental management systems to promote more sustainable waste practices.
The document discusses waste management and the effects of waste. It defines different types of waste, sources of waste, and waste generation rates globally and locally. The effects of improper waste management on health, environment and climate are outlined. Solutions proposed include reducing, reusing, recycling, proper disposal, education, and establishing environmental management systems. The key aspects of developing and implementing an effective environmental management system are explained.
The document discusses waste management and the effects of waste. It defines different types of waste, sources of waste, and waste generation rates globally and locally. The effects of improper waste management on health, environment and climate are outlined. Solutions proposed include reducing, reusing, recycling, proper disposal, education, and establishing environmental management systems. The key aspects of developing and implementing an effective environmental management system are described.
Municipal solid waste by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Municipal solid waste refers to everyday trash discarded by the public. It includes materials like food waste, recyclables, yard waste, and various packaging. Waste management involves collection, sorting, transport, and disposal or recovery of materials. Methods of managing municipal solid waste include recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy through incineration. Proper management reduces health and environmental impacts.
1) The document discusses sustainable wastewater treatment, including categories of wastewater sources and types.
2) It describes the various stages of wastewater treatment - screening and primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes, and tertiary treatment to remove additional contaminants.
3) Challenges in wastewater treatment are addressed, such as aging infrastructure and the need for funding, as well as solutions like upgrading pumps and optimizing aeration.
This document discusses waste management. It defines waste management as the processes involved in handling waste from its origin until disposal, including collection, transport, treatment, and monitoring. The three main types of waste are solid, liquid, and gaseous. Improper waste management can contaminate the environment and negatively impact the economy. The key principles of waste management are reduce, reuse, and recycle. Common waste disposal methods include landfills, incineration, compaction, and converting waste to biogas. Educating people about reducing waste production is important for sustainability.
EN8591 Municipal Solid waste management Unit 2 - Two mark Q&A.pptxSubha C
On-site storage of municipal solid waste involves storing waste near its source before primary collection. On-site storage is preferred when storage area is available, the public accepts it, and source segregation is adopted on-site. Proper on-site storage includes availability of drainage, being away from water bodies, and recycling/accommodation facilities. Onsite processing provides economic benefits like resource and energy recovery as well as reduced transportation and disposal costs through the use of equipment like shredders, hydropulpers, and incinerators. Improper storage can cause diseases from flies/mosquitoes breeding, leading to issues like malaria or plague.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
1. Contents
Solid waste management
Definitions
Public health importance
Environmental and Health Impact of Solid Waste
Functional elements of solid waste
Integrated waste management and waste management hierarchy
2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Definition of terms
• Waste: Any substance or object which the holder
discards or intends to discard; or it is used to describe
materials that are perceived to be of negative value.
• A holder means the producer of the waste or the
person who is in possession of it.
• Producer means any person whose activities produce
waste
3. Definitions
• Solid wastes: are all the wastes arising from human and animal
activities that are normally solid and that are
discarded/useless/unwanted.
• Waste management: is associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of
wastes in a manner that is in accordance with the best principles of
public health, economics, engineering, conservation.
4. Definitions
• Bioaccumulation: is an increase in concentration of a pollutant from the
environment to the first organism in a food chain.
• Biomagnifications: is an increase in concentration of a pollutant from one
link to another in a food chain
Solid waste management:
– A systematic administration of activities that provide for the collection,
source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment
and disposal of solid waste.
5. Public health importance of Solid Waste
1. Can be best media for the growth of microorganisms.
2. Attraction of arthropods such as housefly.
3. Attraction of rodents/other animals, rats, dogs
4. Contaminate water sources
5. Contaminate food supply
6. Can create fire accident
7. Can create nuisance :-
Bad odor, smoke, dust
Aesthetical problem & discomfort: sneezing, coughing
8. Affects socio-economic conditions
9. Affects climate and creates air pollution
6. Risks and Problems Associated with Solid wastes
If solid wastes are not managed properly, ther e are many negative impacts
that may result:
- Infectious disease risks from poorly managed solid waste
- Contamination of drinking water and soil by biological, chemical, and
mining wastes
- Gas migration and leachate discharges from landfills
- Emissions of air pollutants from incinerators
- Contamination of food by waste chemicals that escape into the
environment
7. Functional elements of solid waste
• It includes the activities involved with the management of solid
wastes from the point of generation to final disposal:
1. Waste generation
2. Onsite handling, storage and
processing
3. Collection
4. Transfer and transport
5. Resource recovery and processing
6. Disposal.
8. Functional elements of solid waste management system:
• There are six elements of a waste management system.
1. Waste generation:
• Includes activities in which materials are identified as no longer
value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal.
2. Waste handling, separation, Storage and processing at the
source:
- Those activities associated with the handling, storage, and
processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation
8
9. 2… handling, storage and processing…
• Onsite means these functions are concerned with solid waste at the
place where the waste is generated.
• Handling means the separation of wastes into their different types so
they can be dealt with in the most appropriate way, for example,
separating putrescible waste for composting.
• The benefits of appropriate onsite handling include reducing the
volume of waste for final disposal and recovering usable materials.
10. Functional elements of solid waste management system:
3. Collection:
• It involves not only the gathering of wastes and recyclable materials, but
also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location
where the collection vehicles emptied.
This location may be material processing facility, a transfer station or a
landfill disposal site.
10
15. Functional elements of solid waste management system:
4. Transfer and transport:
It involves two steps:
• The transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger
transport equipment.
• The subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a
processing or disposal site.
• Although motor vehicle transport is most common, rail cars and barges (flat
bottom large boats) are also used to transport wastes.
15
16. 4. Processing and recovery of waste:
• Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to:
- improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and
- recover usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid
wastes.
16
20. Functional elements of solid waste management system:
6. Disposal:
• The final functional element in the waste management System is disposal.
• In many parts of the world, even today, land-filling or land spreading is the
ultimate fate of all solid wastes.
Methods of solid waste treatment and disposal system:
1. Ordinary open dumping
2. Controlled tipping/burial
3. Hog feeding
4. Incineration
5. Sanitary landfill
6. Compositing
7. Grinding and discharge into sewers
20
21. Methods of solid waste treatment and disposal system:
6.1. Open Dumping
• Some components of solid waste such as street sweepings, ashes and non combustible
rubbish are suitable for open dumping.
• Garbage and any other mixed solid wastes are not fit or suitable because of nuisance and
health hazard creation.
6.2. Controlled tipping/burial
• Indiscriminate dumping of garbage and rubbish creates favorable conditions for fly-
breeding, shelter and food for rodents, nuisances etc.
• In order to avoid such problems, garbage and rubbish should be disposed of under
sanitary conditions.
• This can be done by digging shallow trenches, laying down the waste manually or
mechanically and covering by ash at the end of each days work.
6.3. Hog Feeding
• The feeding of garbage to hogs has been practiced for many years in different parts of the
world. 21
22. Methods of solid waste treatment and disposal system
6.4. Incineration
• Incineration is a process of burning the combustible components of
garbage and refuse.
• Can be effectively carried out on a small scale in food service
establishments as well as in institutions such as hospitals, schools etc.
6.5. Sanitary Landfill:
• Is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land or
within the earth’s mantle-
• without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as
breeding of rats , insects and the contamination of groundwater.
• It is one of the most widely used means of solid waste disposal system .
22
23. Methods of solid waste treatment and disposal system
• The natural anaerobic decomposition of the waste in the landfill
produces landfill gases which include Carbon Dioxide, methane and
traces of other gases.
• Methane can be used as an energy source to produce heat or electricity.
• Thus some landfills are fitted with landfill gas collection (LFG) systems to
capitalize on the methane being produced.
23
24. 24
Main features of a modern landfill
• The typical design of a landfill is as
follows:
• the bottom is lined with a dense
layer of clay and sealed with
thick plastic sheeting to contain
leaks of hazardous materials.
• A flexible membrane liner is
designed to hold in toxic
chemicals
25. Methods of solid waste treatment and disposal system
6.6. Composting
• Composting is an effective method of solid waste disposal.
• Biodegradable materials break down through natural processes and
produce humus.
• The metabolism of micro-organisms breaks down the waste aerobically
or an aerobically.
• Aerobic respiration, typical of composting, results in the formation of
Carbon dioxide and water.
• While the anaerobic respiration results in the formation of Carbon
Dioxide and methane.
25
26. Methods of solid waste treatment and disposal system
• In addition to generating the humus which is used as a soil enhancer,
Anaerobic Digestion is also used as a method of producing biogas which
can be used to generate electricity.
7. Grinding and Discharge into Sewer Lines:
• The location of central grinding stations at convenient points along the
sewer system or at the sewage treatment plant is required.
26
28. …waste management hierarchy
1) Avoid : avoid wastes from the production .
2) Reduce: Source reduction
Minimize the amount of waste being generated
Make products last longer
• The term source reduction refers to “reducing waste at the source,
and is the most environmentally preferred strategy.”
• Through source reduction, the volume of solid waste that must be
deposited in landfills is limited.
• Two important components of source reduction are waste
reduction and waste recycling.
• Waste reduction aims to reduce the amount of waste produced at
the source.
• Waste recycling refers to reuse of materials in the waste.
28
29. …waste management hierarchy
3) Reuse
Repeated use of items prior to disposal
Repair the item like plastic
4) Recycling
1. Resource conservation
Recycling reduces pressure on renewable & non-renewable resources
2. Energy conservation
Recycling consumes 50–90% less energy than manufacturing the same
item from the previous material
3. Pollution abatement
Reduces level of pollutant emissions
29
30. …waste management hierarchy
4) Recycling
• Recycling is the process of collecting and reprocessing a resource so it
can be used again. Example: collecting aluminum cans, melting them
down, and using the aluminum to make new cans or other aluminum
products.”
• The advantages of recycling include the following:
- Reduces emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Prevents pollution generated by the use of new materials.
- Preserves natural resources and energy saving
5) Recover and treatment
using solid materials as source of energy
30
31. …waste management hierarchy
Treatment technologies
5.1. Composting
• Composting breaks down organic materials through the action
of physical and chemical processes.
• Composting consists of the biological breakdown of solid organic matter
to produce a humic substance (compost) which is valuable as a fertilizer
and soil conditioner.
• Night soil or sludge may be composted with straw and other vegetable
waste, or with mixed refuse from domestic, commercial or institutional
premises. The process may be aerobic or anaerobic.
• Aerobic bacteria combine some of the carbon in organic matter with
oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide, releasing energy.
31
32. …waste management hierarchy
• The rest is converted to heat, often raising the temperature to more than 70°C.
At high temperatures there is rapid destruction of pathogenic bacteria and
protozoa, worm eggs and weed seeds.
• All faecal microorganisms, including enteric viruses and roundworm eggs, fly
eggs, larvae and pupae will die if the temperature exceeds 46 °C for one
week. No objectionable odour is given off if the material remains aerobic.
• In the absence of oxygen:
• Nitrogen in organic matter is converted to acids and then to ammonia;
• Carbon is reduced to methane and
• Sulfur to hydrogen sulfide.
• There is severe odour nuisance. Complete elimination of pathogens is slow,
taking up to twelve months for roundworm eggs.
32
34. Thermophilic/Mesophilic Digestion
The digestion temperature:
(i) 35°C for mesophilic digestion or
(ii) 53–55°C for thermophilic digestion.
Selection of process temperature is a
balance between several factors.
34
39. …waste management hierarchy
5.2. Landfills
• Materials that cannot be recycled or composted need to be deposited in
landfills.
• Leachate:
• It refers to “water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes.
• Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may result
in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil.”
• Leachate is a liquid that has percolated through solid waste or another
medium and has extracted, dissolved, or suspended materials from it, which
may include potentially harmful materials.
• Leachate collection and treatment is of primary concern at municipal waste
landfills.
39
45. Incineration
• Reduces waste volume by 80–90% by incineration for solid wastes
• but odor and smoke are negative effects.
45
46. 46
• Incineration has been used for all types of wastes, including municipal
solid wastes, sewage sludge, industrial and hazardous waste, and
medical wastes.
48. Characteristics of Hazardous Waste:
1. Flammability and Ignitability : The waste burns or
explodes with the application of fire, friction, electricity
spark, or any source of heat.
• wastes with high ignitable potential and/or which burn
vigorously and persistently.
2. Corrosively: It is the ability of the waste to cause skin and
mucosal membrane damages, burns and erosions.
3. Reactivity: A waste that reacts violently with water with
the formation of toxic fumes and gases.
48
49. 4. Toxicity: A waste that is likely to produce mass acute
and chronic poisoning; long-term health effects.
5. Infectivity: A waste is a potential cause for infectious
diseases, such as hepatitis B.
6. Radioactivity: Wastes containing radioactive elements.
• Such wastes are mainly from biomedical training and
research institutes.
7. Bioaccumulation effect: Wastes that are not easily
degraded when exposed with the environment.
49
50. Treatment technologies:
• The most common methods of treating hazardous waste
are divided into Physical, Chemical, and Biological.
• Physical treatment processes include gravity separation,
phase change systems such as air and stream stripping of
volatiles from liquid wastes and-
• various filtering operation including carbon adsorption.
• Ex. (drying, screening, grinding, evaporation,
sedimentation, filtration, fixation) etc.
50
51. • Biological methods: Use of enzymes (natural or genetically
engineered microorganisms)to eliminate hazardous substances
(found in sewage, waste stream sand sludge's and soils)or to
convert them into less hazardous or useful forms.
• (composting, aerobic and anaerobic decomposition, activated
sludge, enzyme treatment)etc.
• Chemical methods: Oxidation, reduction, neutralization,
hydrolysis, etc.
• Thermal methods: incineration, boiling, autoclaving, UV
treatment, microwave use, etc.
51
52. Disposal methods of hazardous wastes:
1. Secure landfills
2. Incineration
3. Recycling
4. Deep well injection
5. Biological methods
52
53. Infectious waste:
Infectious waste is a waste which is suspected to contain pathogens (
bacteria, virus, parasites or fungus) in sufficient condition to cause disease on
susceptible host.
• Infectious waste includes human blood and blood products, cultures, stocks of
infectious agents.
• pathological wastes, contaminated sharps (hypodermic needles, scalpel blades,
capillary tubes), contaminated laboratory wastes.
• contaminated wastes from patient care, discarded biological, contaminated
animal carcasses and body parts infected with human pathogens.
53
54. Health hazards:
• Health-care workers (particularly nurses) are at greatest
risk of virus infections such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis
B and C, through injuries from contaminated sharps
(largely hypodermic needles).
• Other hospital workers and waste-management operators
outside health-care establishments are also at significant
risk, as are individuals who scavenge at waste disposal
sites (although these risks are not well documented).
54
55. Health care waste
• Health care waste: is the total waste generated by hospitals, healthcare
establishments & research facilities in the diagnosis, treatment, or
immunization of human beings or animals, & other associated research &
services (WHO).
Healthcare waste categories:
a. Low risk waste- communal wastes.
• Approximately 85% of the general waste produced by hospitals &
clinics is non-contaminated waste & poses no infection risk to persons
who handle it.
b. High Risk Wastes
55
56. Health care waste
Health effects of Healthcare Wastes
Needle stick injuries
Transmission of infection example from re-use of some type of
waste -e.g., syringe
Environmental pollution e.g., air, water
Exposure to radiation
Fires
Public nuisance (offensive smells, unsightly)
56
57. Health Care Waste Management
HCWM is defined as actions associated with the control
of generation, storage, collection, transport & disposal
of HCWs in accordance with the best principles of
public health.
Importance of proper HCWM
Minimizes the spread of infection
Minimizes accidental injury
Reduces environmental pollution
Reduces odors & aesthetic problems
57
58. Category of HCWs Health effects
Infectious waste Respiratory infections, genital infections, skin infections,
meningitis, AIDS, Viral Hepatitis A, B and C
Radioactive waste Cancer, burn & skin irritation, headache, dizziness, etc
Sharps Double risk: injury & potential transmission routes for
HIV & Hepatitis B & C from contaminated sharps
Pharmaceutical
Waste
Ineffective medical care from consumption of expired
pharmaceuticals, pollution of env’t
Hazardous chemical
waste
Intoxication, burns & skin irritation, pollution of env’t ,
possibility of fire, poisoning
Pressurized
containers
Injury from explosion
Genotoxic waste Carcinogenic and mutagenic, skin/eyes irritation, nausea,
headache, or dermatitis 58
59. Key steps in HCW management
a. Waste Minimization
b. Segregation/ separation
c. Handling
d. Transporting
e. Treatment
f. Disposal
59
60. a. Waste Minimization
Waste minimization is the first & best way to:
Reduce HCW quantities & costs
Reduce env’tal impact on air pollution & landfill
capacity
All purchases of material & supplies should be made
with waste reduction in mind
Improving reuse & recycling practice
Administrative controls
60
61. b. Waste Segregation/ Separation
Is separating waste by type at the place where it is
generated.
Waste should be separated immediately by the person
generating the waste.
Waste handlers should never sort through waste after it
has been placed in the bin.
Segregation must be maintained throughout until final
disposal
Segregation will result in a clear solid waste stream. 61
63. c. Handling, i.e. collecting, storing…
Protective clothing should be worn by waste handlers.
Aprons, Heavy duty gloves, Footwear, Goggles/glasses and masks, Hands should
be washed.
• Waste collection : Collect, quantifying by volume, labeling as to its source &
recording.
• Storage: Placing waste in a secure place until it can be disposed
Ideal storage area should be:-
Designed, secure, kept clean, dry and pest free
HCW should be stored no longer than one week
Organic waste should be disposed daily
63
64. d. Transport: Transport of the wastes from the source to
the disposal or treatment area.
e. Treatment
Methods used to render the waste non-hazardous
Steam sterilization
Incineration
Thermal deactivation
Gas/vapor sterilization
Chemical disinfection
64
65. 65
Types of Waste Recommended
treatment
Recommended procedures
Microbiological
waste
Autoclave As per instruction with the
machine
Pathological
waste
Liming Dig pit, place lime, add
waste, more lime, add soil
Infectious fluid Chemical 1% hypochlorite solution
Let sit for 10-15 min.
66. F. Disposal of Health Care Waste:
Eliminating or transporting healthcare waste from
the facility
Common disposal methods:
a. Bury
b. Incineration
I. Burial
– Advantage: Simple and inexpensive
– Concern:-
• Can handle small volume
• Presents a danger to community if not properly
buried
66
67. II. Incineration:
Advantage:- Disinfects & greatly reduce waste
volume.
Factors that influence effectiveness:
Waste moisture content
Combustion chamber filling
Temperature/residence time
Maintenance/repair.
Concern:
May produce emissions & hazardous ash
containing dioxins, metals & furans.
May require pollution control equipment to
meet local env’tal regulations.
67
68. Things that must not be incinerated:
PVC plastics( blood bags, IV lines etc)
• N.B Syringe bodies are NOT PVC plastic
Mercury thermometers
Batteries
X-ray or photographic materials
Aerosol cans or gas containers
Glass vials
68