Solar Energy

Renewable Energy Technologies
Solar Power Technologies and their
development in Pakistan
Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
Engr. Basharat Ullah Khattak
Engr. Himayat Ullah Jan

Renewable Energy Resources
2
 Renewable energy is energy produced from sources that do not deplete or can
be replenished within a human's life time.
 The most common examples include wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and
hydropower.
 In this presentation we will focus on Solar Energy and its associated
technologies.
 Solar energy is derived by capturing radiant energy from sunlight and
converting it into heat, electricity, or hot water.
 Photovoltaic (PV) systems can convert direct sunlight into electricity through
the use of solar cells.

How to harness Solar Power?
3
 Two main ways to harness Solar Power
1. Photovoltaic (PV) Technology
 It is the direct conversion of sun’s electromagnetic radiation into electricity.
2. Concentrated Solar Power Technology
 Solar energy is concentrated and used to produce thermal energy.
 This thermal energy heats water to make steam.
 And then the steam is used to generate electricity.

PV Basics
4
 A solar cell is a small semiconductor device which has a light sensitive N-P
junction.
 Nominal ratings of a typical single PV-cell when exposed to full sun light are:
 Voltage 0.45 V
 DC-Current 0.75 A
 DC-Power 0.33 W
 When exposed to sun light, the solar cell acts like a tiny DC cell.
 Several Solar cells are connected in series, parallel to get desired voltage,
current and power.

Power Availability
5
 The amount of power available from a PV device is determined by;
 The type and area of the material
 The intensity of the sunlight
 The wavelength of the sunlight
 Solar PV modules produce power output proportional to their size.
 A PV module can produce as small as one thousandth of a watt ( one milli –
watt ) such small power is required for our wrist watches and calculators.

Fill Factor
6
 The fill factor is defined as “the ratio of the actual maximum obtainable power
to the product of the open circuit voltage and short circuit current”.
 It evaluates the performance of solar cells.
𝐹𝐹 =
𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑐
 Maximum Conversion Efficiency
𝛈 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼 𝑇 𝐴 𝐶
 Where, 𝐼 𝑇 = Incident solar flux and 𝐴 𝐶 = Area of the cell

Types of PV Cells
7
 Crystalline Silicon (c-Si)
 Monocrystalline
 Polycrystalline
 Thin Films Technology
 Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
 Cadmium telluride (CdTe)/cadmium sulphide (CdS)
 Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)/copper indium (Di) selenide (CIS)
 Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
 New emerging technologies
 Hybrid cell
 Carbon nanotube (CNT) cells
 Dye sensitised solar cells
 Tandem cells/multi-junction solar cell

Crystalline Silicon (c-Si)
8
 As compared to all other types of solar PV technology, to date, crystalline
silicon has achieved highest module efﬁciency under Standard Test Conditions.
*NREL: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Type
Efficiency
of Cell
Efficiency of
Array
Highest
Efficiency
(HE) of
Array
Company, Country
achieved HE
Laboratory
Confirmation
Monocystalline 24.4% 16%-16.9% 20.4%
SunPower
Corporation, USA
NREL
Multi-crystalline 19.8% 15%–16.9% 16.9%
Neo Solar Power
Corporation, Taiwan
----

Thin film Technology
9
 It is an alternative technology, which uses less or no silicon in the
manufacturing process.
Type
Band
Gap
(eV)
Efficienc
y of Cell
Efficienc
y of
Array
Highest
Efficiency
(HE) of Array
Company,
Country
achieved HE
Laboratory
Confirmation
Amorphous
silicon (a-Si)
1.7 2.4% 5%-9.9% 13.8%
Stion
Corporation,
USA
----
Cadmium
telluride
(CdTe)/cadmiu
m sulphide
(CdS)
1.45 15%-16%
Under
R&D
HE of Cell
17.3%
First Solar
company
NREL
Copper indium
gallium
selenide
(CIGS)/copper
indium (Di)
selenide (CIS)
--- 20%
9.0% to
12.9%
15.0% Mia Sole´, USA ----
HE of Cell
18.8%
Siva Power NREL
Gallium
arsenide
(GaAs)
1.43 36.9%
Under
R&D
HE of Cell
42.3%
Spire
Corporation
NREL

New Emerging Technologies
10
*AIST: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Type Composition
Conversion
Efficiency
Efficiency
of Module
Company,
Research
achieved HE
Laboratory
Confirmation
Hybrid cell
Combining crystalline
with non-crystalline
silicon
25.6% 17.8% Panasonic AIST
Carbon
nanotube
(CNT) cells
Hexagonal lattice
carbon
75% 15% Shi et al. (2012) ----
Dye
sensitised
solar cells
Sensitisation of Zinc
Oxide (ZnO) by organic
dyes for photoelecto-
chemical (PEC)
process
15% more
then silicon
Under R&D
E´cole
Polytechnique
Fe´de´rale De
Lausanne
(EPFL)
----
Tandem
cells/multi-
junction
solar cell
Stacking of several
cells(thin ﬁlm materials)
according to their band
gap
44.4% Under R&D Sharp, 2013
Fraunhofer
Institute

Is my site adequate?
11
 There are 3 factors:
1. Systems installed must have a southern exposure, for maximum daily power
output.
2. The southern exposure must be free of obstructions such as trees, mountains,
and buildings that might shade the modules (Summer and Winter paths of
sun).
3. Systems must also have appropriate terrain and sufficient space to install the
PV system.

Solar PV Dependencies
12
 Location, Location, Location !
 Latitude: Lower latitudes better than higher latitudes
 Weather
 Clear sunny skies better than cloudy skies
 Temperature not important
 Direction solar arrays face: South preferred, east and west acceptable
 Absence of shade: Trees, Flatirons, etc.
 Module temperature affects the output power

Solar PV Array Tracking
13
 Array 1-axis tracking
 Tracks sun across the sky during each day
 Stays at a constant tilt
 Increase solar radiation by 25-30% compared to no tracking
 Sunnier locations benefit more
 Array 2-axis tracking
 Tracks sun across the sky during each day
 Adjusts tilt; more in winter, less in summer
 Increase solar radiation by 33-38%
 Sunnier locations benefit more

Solar Thermal (Concentrated) Technology
14
 On large scale use of solar power includes solar thermal technique, in which
energy from sun is used to heat water and convert it into steam.
 This steam is then goes to generate electricity just as in fossil fuel or nuclear
electric plants.
 Using solar technique, the electricity becomes 40% cheaper than from solar
(photovoltaic) cell.

Types of CSP Technology
15
 There are four kinds of concentrating solar power systems. This classification
according to the way how they collect solar energy.
 Parabolic Trough Systems
 Parabolic Dish/Engine Systems
 Power Tower Systems
 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)

Applications of Solar Power
16
 The solar power technology has large potential and technical progress in daily
use also, some examples are given below;
1. Solar water heater (Geyser)
2. Solar cooker
3. Solar water desalination (Purification/water disinfector)
4. Solar water pump
5. Solar refrigeration unit
6. Solar crop drying
7. Solar space heating, ventilation & cooling

17
PROGRESS SO FAR MADE IN
SOLAR POWER SECTOR IN
PAKISTAN

Introduction
18
 Solar Energy can play a vital role in Pakistan to overcome the energy
shortages in the Country.
 Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insolation in the world.
 This vast potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which could be
provided to off-grid communities as well as on-grid to National Grid in the
northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts.
 Government of Pakistan is offering excellent incentives to investors for
solar power development in the country.

Introduction
19
 Investors have been offered lucrative fiscal and financial incentives that are
of key interest for them to come to this market.
 Provincial governments, particularly Punjab Government, are also
facilitating development of solar power in Pakistan.
 Though we started late to develop solar PV power projects, i.e. in 2009,
however, now we are at stages where serious projects are coming up.
 AEDB has started a “solar power electricity program” to electrify rural
areas.
 According to this program, solar systems will be installed in 100 villages of
Sindh province and 400 villages of Baluchistan province. Villagers took
great interest in this program and 3000 solar home solutions have been
installed in Sindh province.[1]

Weather Stations Installed in Pakistan
20
 The geographical locations of the sites are distributed all over Pakistan
covering different solar and climatic regimes, with several universities:

NEPRA approves tariff hike of 55 paisa
per unit
21
 According to Express Tribune April 29, 2019

ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN
22
 In Pakistan demand of electrical energy is increasing by 9% every year
because of increase in population, infrastructure and other related factors.
 It is expected that energy demand will increase 8-fold by 2030 and 20-fold
by 2050 in Pakistan.
 But Pakistan is unable to produce the required amount of power, because of
shortage of Dams and resources of power generation.
 The major reason of energy crises in Pakistan is that energy structure is
mainly dependent on thermal resources including coal, oil and natural gas
which are expensive as well as are under huge pressure of shortage.

SOLAR ENERGY WORLDWIDE
23
 Chart shows the percentage share of total installed solar PV capacity in top
countries of the world.

SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION IN
CHINA
24 Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus

SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION IN
PAKISTAN AND INDIA

WHY SOLAR ENERGY?
26
 Fuel-less power generation
 Green aspect of doing business
 Environment friendly
 Production end wastes and emissions are manageable using
existing pollution controls.

GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES
27
 No Sales Tax
 No Income Tax
 No Import Duty

ROLE OF OUR GOVERNMENT
28
 Established research and development institutes like:
1. Solar Energy Research Centre, (SERC)
2. Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, (PCSIR)
3. Pakistan Council of Appropriate Technology, (PCAT)
4. National Institute of Silicon Technology, (NIST)
5. Alternate Energy Development Board, (AEDB)
 Various national engineering universities have been involved in solar
thermal technologies
 Decision to use solar energy-based lights on all important buildings
including Prime minister House and secretariat (Business Recorder)

ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR
29
 Many private businesses in solar energy sector
Warid Telecom, has deployed a Pakistan’s first
ever solar powered BTS site using Huawei’s
Solar Powered Macro Base Station (BTS)
 Write about Rawalpindi IPP also…

MARKET ANALYSIS
30
 EXISTING SERVICE PROVIDERS
1. Nescom: ( wholesale supplier, importer)
 Product types: photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic systems, photovoltaic modules,
solar electric power systems
2. Haroon Brothers: (exporter, importer )
 Product types: solar electric power systems, solar air heating systems, solar
water pumping systems, photovoltaic cells
3. Rockwell Group: (manufacturer, wholesale supplier)
 Product types: photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic modules, solar water pumping
systems, solar air cooling system, solar cooler

BASIS OF COMPETITION – OUR
TECHNOLOGY
31
 Panel’s black frame and lack of metal creates a final installed appearance that
is integrated and stylish, not obtrusive and unsightly.
 Extensive Testing:
1. “Light soak” exposure test to estimate the stability of energy output
2. “Hail ball test” to ensure modules can withstand golf-ball size hail pellets
3. Exposure to accelerated levels of heat and cold –to ensure performance is
not affected in extreme environment

SUPPLY-DEMAND GAP
32
 In 2019, forecasts suggest that supply
could be twice the demand predicted in
the global PV market.
 In Pakistan also, there is a vast gap
between supply and demand of solar
products due to
 Unawareness
 Technology new to people here
 High installations costs

SUPPLY-DEMAND GAP
33
 Electricity demand and supply during 2012–2016 (NEPRA Figures)

SUPPLY-DEMAND GAP
34
 Projected Electricity demand and supply during 2017–2021. (Figures for
2019/20/21 are approximated)

OUR TARGET MARKET
35
 Main target market is the
rural areas of Pakistan
Thar in Sindh
 Entire Balochistan
province 80% of the
population lives in the
rural areas
 About 85% of the villages are yet to be electrified
 Reason for this target market:
 Agriculture is still considered the backbone of our economy, the
electrification of rural areas will stimulate productivity, education reverse
urbanization trends.

QUALITY-SERVICE GAP
36
 Solar parts are imported (delayed services)
 Lack of technical know-how and follow-up
 Lack of trained technicians to design, install and maintain solar electric
system
 Overall low efficiency of solar cell in general
 Non-availability of household appliances that run on low voltages
 Requirement and maintenance of backup energy sources e.g. batteries in
night

QUALITY-SERVICE GAP
37
 PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
 Import of solar products specially
solar panels
 Supply of solar products
 Installation
 After-sales services
 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
 Deliver solar energy solutions to rural households
 Market various solar energy products all over the country

SWOT ANALYSIS
38
 Strengths:
 Marketing abilities required to market our products.
 Research department researchers conduct studies as to how our products
can be improved in terms of size, quality, efficiency
 Weakness:
 Lack of capital As our business is in its introductory stage, we often face
this challenge primarily due to lack of investment in this sector.

SWOT ANALYSIS
39
 Opportunity:
 The recent energy crisis in Pakistan has provided a suitable environment for
this industry and our company also takes opportunity and wants to
contribute in solving this crisis.
 Threat:
 The biggest threat that we face is the high cost of our products compared to
our competitors.

STRATEGY/OBJECTIVES TO SUCCEED
IN MARKET
40
 Objective
 To produce electricity to fulfill the minimum requirement of electrical
power after dusk in the remote rural areas of Pakistan.
 Mission
 To alleviate poverty and protect the environment through applied
research and development of renewable energy based technologies.
 Strategy
 Concentrate on potential of solar energy
 Strategic alliances with the leading players (manufacturers /
organizations)

Comparison of electricity generation
between solar PV and wind turbine at
Karachi

Lahore

Faisalabad

Bahawalpur

Comparison between Solar and wind
energy in Pakistan
45
 What is the cost required to generate 1 kWh wind/solar electricity?

Year wise grid connected solar power
capacity in Pakistan

47
Barriers to Solar Energy
Development

Economical Barriers
48
 Solar energy projects are capital intensive and have low economies of scale.
It requires a long time for payback.
1. Unawareness about market potential.
2. Initial costs are too high to start a new solar energy project.
3. Limited government subsidies, banks are not willing to give loans for big
projects.
4. There are always risks associated with solar energy projects regarding
their performance.

Policy Barriers
49
 Confusing policies regarding the participation of private investors.
 Feeble environmental structure.
 No feed-in tariff system.
 High priority to traditional sources of energy and lack of structural
regulations for renewable energy.
 More subsidies are available for fossil fuels as compared to solar energy
and other renewable technologies.

Technological Barriers
50
 Unreliable local technology.
 Local production is limited and there is no production facility of solar cells
at national level.
 Dependence on foreign technology for key parts and equipment.
 Unauthentic solar maps to check the solar radiation intensity.
 Dependence on foreign personnel to install and operate large solar energy
projects.

Information and Human Resource
Barriers
51
 Limited information about energy efficiency to make effective policies for
mobilizing society.
 Limited marketing and business management skills.
 Limited knowledge about modern solar technology, specialized equipment,
suppliers and potential financers.
 Lack of experts and limited human resource potential for the operation and
maintenance of large solar energy projects.
 Limitation on collecting solar energy data and the inefficiency of project
development.

Social Barriers
52
 Lack of awareness about solar energy especially in rural areas.
 Lack of social acceptance and participation. People still stick to traditional
means of electricity which is a big hurdle for new solar energy projects.
 Some solar energy projects often come with strong opposition from local
communities like the installation of solar water heaters on high roofs.
 If some problem suddenly occurs, residents do not have any practical
knowledge about how to ﬁx it on their own.

List of major barriers of solar energy
development and how respondents
answered in semi-structured interview

54
Policy Recommendations

Policy Recommendations
55
 There is a need to educate the masses about the harms and disadvantages
associated with traditional sources of energy and make them aware about
the beneﬁts related with the utilization of solar energy.
 This can be achieved by launching environmental awareness campaigns to
highlight the importance of energy conservation and reducing greenhouse
gas emissions.
 All stakeholders, government and NGOs should work in an integrated and
coherent way to further increase the demand of solar energy in the country.
 To utilize solar energy properly at the domestic level, it is necessary that
householders should be given subsidies and loans to purchase solar energy
solutions according to their needs.

56
 Huge costs are required for the distribution and transmission networks for
areas, far away from the national grid. Therefore, there is a need to develop
microﬁnance institutions for these areas. i.e., northern mountainous areas in
Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and rural areas in Sindh and
Baluchistan. This task can be assigned to banks to ensure the availability of
microﬁnance which can substantially contribute to the development of off-
grid solutions.
 Rural dwellers and people related with agricultural professions, should be
encouraged to buy solar water pumps and solar tube wells by demonstration
projects at the community level. For this purpose, adequate funds should be
provided for quick results.

57
 As solar energy projects are capital intensive. Only the public sector cannot
cope with such huge investments. Renewable policies should be made in
such a way that it should motivate both local and foreign investors to invest
in solar energy projects. Incentives such as exemptions from import duties
and tax reductions will be great initiatives in this regard.
 Policy structure should be reformed by giving more priority to renewable
energy sources instead of conventional energy.
 Management and marketing skills should be increased to explore new
markets, suppliers and modern solar technology.
 There is a need to cultivate local professionals from countries expert in
solar energy technology.

58
 There is a need to lessen the burden on fossil fuels by increasing the share of
solar energy in total energy mix of the country. This can be achieved by
adopting Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). These
incentives will motivate power producers to invest more in solar energy
projects.
 Local developers should be given monetary beneﬁts, as the startup cost of new
solar energy projects is very high.
 The government should develop a national energy research program. Ample
funding should be provided for R&D to prepare home based, energy efﬁcient
solar energy equipment. Research activities should be carried out by university
students and research organizations to develop modern and cost-effective solar
energy devices for residents and commercial users.
 Regional and international cooperation should be enhanced to transfer
technology, knowledge management mechanisms, train local manpower,
improve the manufacturing of key parts and to learn from each other’s
experiences.

References
59
1. Khattak, N.; Hassnain, S.R.; Shah, S.W.; Mutlib, A. Identiﬁcation and
removal of barriers for renewable energy technologies in Pakistan. In
Proceedings of the 2006 2nd International Conference on Emerging
Technologies (ICET’06), Peshawar, Pakistan, 13–14 November 2006;
Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4136951/
(accessed on 15 October 2018).
2. Ahmed, S.; Mahmood, A.; Hasan, A.; Sidhu, G.A.S.; Butt, M.F.U. A
comparative review of China, India and Pakistan renewable energy sectors
and sharing opportunities. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 57, 216–
225.
3. Hameed, N. Solutions for Energy Crises in Pakistan. Islamabad Policy
Research Institute (IPRI), 2015; Volume II. Available online:
http://www.ipripak.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/sfecpii.pdf (accessed
on 15 September 2018).

References
60
5. Renewable Policy Network for the 21st Century. Renewables 2018
Global Status Report. Available online: http://www.ren21.net/wp-
content/uploads/2018/06/17-8652_GSR2018_FullReport_web_ﬁnal_.pdf
(accessed on 23 September 2018).
6. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB). Ministry of Water and
Power, Government of Pakistan. Available online: http://www.aedb.org/
(accessed on 15 October 2018).
7. Mehmood, A.; Waqas, A.; Mahmood, H.T. Stand-alone PV system
assessment for major cities of Pakistan based on simulated results: A
comparative study. NUST J. Eng. Sci. 2013, 6, 33–37.
8. National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), Pakistan.
NEPRA KK to Promote Power Generation by Consumers. Available
online: http://www.dawn.com/news/1204847 (accessed on 12 September
2018).

61
THANK YOU

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