Soil enzymes play a key role in biochemical processes like organic matter recycling. There are two types of enzymes: constitutive enzymes that are always present, and inducible enzymes that increase when substrates are present. Soil enzymes are classified into groups based on their reactions, such as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Specific enzymes like amylase, urease, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and protease were discussed along with their sources and functions in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycling. Factors like management practices, soil type, temperature, and pH influence enzyme activity. Enzyme activity is typically highest in forests and lowest in agricultural soils
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
Soil enzymes enzymes classification and importance
1.
2. ASSIGNMENT -2
SOIL ENZYMES, CLASSIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE
INTRODUCTION
Soil enzymes are the key players in biochemical process of organic matter recycling
in the soil system and their activ- ities are closely related to soil organic matter , soil
physical properties, and microbial activity and/or biomass. Depending on their
location, enzymes can be extracellular or intracellular. Intracellular enzymes are
found in cell’s cytoplasm or bound to the cell walls of living and metabol- ically
active cells, viable but non-proliferating cells (such as spores) and dead cells.
Extracellular enzymes released into the soil and are “permanently” immobilized on
clay and humic colloids via ionic interactions, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonding,
entrapment, and other mechanisms.
Soil enzymes are necessary catalysts for decomposition of SOM and nutrient cycling
and, strongly influence energy transformation, environmental quality, and agro-
nomic productivity. However, mechanical tillage, mono- culture, and residues
removal adversely impact enzymatic activity and availability of plant nutrients. In
general, enzymatic activity decreases with an increase in soil depth. Further, soil
enzymes provide early detection of changes in soil health because they respond to
soil management changes and environmental factors much
sooner than other soil quality parameters. Moreover, avail- ability of well-
documented assays for a large number of soil enzyme activities makes them the
preferred tool for asses- sing soil health. However, it is necessary to understand the
relationship between different enzyme pools and biotic and abiotic factors to predict
the potential impact of soil man- agement and environmental changes on ecosystem
func- tions and productivity
3. There are 2 types of enzymes:
Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not
affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always
expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly
increases in concentration when its substrate is present.
(Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
4. Enzyme Classification Oxidoreductases –
Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase,
Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms
from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases,
Rhodonese)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds.
(Phosphatase, Cellulose, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than
hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage
of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
5. 4
Major soil enzymes and their functions.
Enzyme Source Reaction catalyzed End product
Soil function
indicated
Factors influencing
enzyme activity
α-Amylase Starch hydrolysis C-cycling Management practices,
type of vegetation,
environment, and soil
types.
Plants, animals, and
microorganisms
Mainly plants
Microorganisms
Glucose and/or
oligosaccharides
Maltose
Transfer of H to
NAD or NADP
(electron
transport
system)
β-Amylase
Dehydrogenase
Starch hydrolysis
Oxidation of organic
compounds
C-cycling,
microbial
oxidative
activity
Soil water content,
temperature, pesticides,
trace elements,
management practices,
pollution, etc.
Endo-1, 4-β-
glucanase
Exo-1, 4-β-
glucanase
β-glucosidase
Microorganisms,
protozoa, and
termites
Cellulose endohydrolysis Oligosaccharides C-cycling Temperature, pH, water,
O2 contents, quality and
location of organic matter,
mineral elements, and
fungicides.
Cellulose cleavage at ends Glucose and
cellobiose
Glucose (sugar)
Cellobiose hydrolysis
Phenol oxidase Plants and
microorganisms
Urease Microorganisms,
plants, and some
invertebrates
Lignin hydrolysis C compounds
(humic
substances)
Urea hydrolysis Ammonia
(NH3) and CO2
C-cycling Soil pH, mean annual
precipitation and
temperature, SOM content,
management practices, N
enrichment, etc.
N-cycling Cropping history, organic
matter content, soil depth,
management practices,
heavy metals, temperature,
pH, etc.
Organic matter content,
pH, management
practices, pollution, crop
species, and varieties.
Alkaline
phosphatase
Acid
phosphatase
Arylsulfatase
Mainly bacteria Hydrolysis of esters and
anhydrides of phosphoric
acid
Phosphate
(PO4)
P-cycling
Plants, fungi, and
bacteria
Microorganisms,
plants, and animals
Protease Microorganisms and
plants
Plants and
microorganisms
Hydrolysis of sulfate esters Sulfate (SO−2) S-cycling Heavy metal pollution,
pH, organic matter
content and composition,
and availability of organic
sulfate esters
N mineralization Plant available N N-cycling Humic acid concentration,
availability of C and N,
etc.
Chitinase Degradation and hydrolysis
of chitin
Carbohydrate
s and
inorganic
nitrogen
C- and
N-
cycling
Availability of N, soil
depth, atmospheric
CO2 levels, etc.
6. Response of soil enzyme activity under different
ecosystems/practices.
Enzymes of
C-cycling
Enzymes
Total
organic
Ecosystem/Practice Phosphatase Dehydrogenase N-cycling carbon References
Forest vs. pasture vs.
agricultural
Highest
(β-glucosidase)
in
forest, lowest in
agricultural soil
— Highest
in forest
Kizilkaya
and
Dengiz[20]
Highest (alkaline
phosphatase) in
forest, lowest in
agricultural soil
High
Conservational vs.
conventional tillage
Organic residue with RDF
(maize residue in rice and
wheat cultivation)
Organic vs. unamanded (in
bell pepper)
High
(β-glucosidase)
High (invertase)
High High
Highest (urease) in
pasture lowest in
agricultural soil
High urease and
protease
High urease and —
protease
Roldan
et al.[21]
Tao
et al.[17]
High alkaline
phosphatase
High
High
(β-
glucosidase)
High acid
phosphatas
e
High High urease High Gopinath
et al.[22]
Zhang et
al.[23]
Rehabilitated (stabilized soils
(over a 50 yr period) on
moving sand dunes
High (α- and
β-
glucosidase)
High High High protease High
Degraded vs. native vegetation Low (cellulose) — Low — Low Araújo
et al.[24]
Mined (coal mine soil vs.
forest soil)
— — Low — Low Kumar
et al.[25]
Polluted — Low acid and alkaline
phosphatase
—
7. QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY
1. The overall stoichiometry of the reaction catalysed.
2.Whether the enzyme requires the addition of
cofactors such as metal ions or coenzymes.
1. Its dependence on substrate and cofactor
concentrations.
1. Its optimum pH
5. A temperature zone in which it is stable and
has
high activity.
6. A simple analytical procedure to measure the
disappearance of substrate or the appearance of
product.
Usually measure enzyme activity at substrate
concentrations
above saturation level, where the reaction rate is at a maximum
8. State of Enzymes in Soil
1. Role of Clay
2. Most activity associated with clays.
3. Increases resistance to proteolysis and microbial attack
4. Increases the temperature of inactivation
5. Role of Organic Matter
6. Humus material provides stability to soil nitrogen compounds
7. Enzymes attached to insoluble organic matrices exhibit pH and temperature
changes.
8. Inability to purify soil enzymes free of
9. Role of Clay and Organic Matter Complexes
10.Lignin + bentonite (clay) protect enzymes against proteolytic attack, but not
bentonite alone.
11.Enzymes are bound to organic matter, which is then bound to clay.