Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
A creative way to learn about the bacteria Rhizobium with a touch of Bollywood. For young, science minds. This was a part of my college curriculum as I am studying Microbiology Hons.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
A creative way to learn about the bacteria Rhizobium with a touch of Bollywood. For young, science minds. This was a part of my college curriculum as I am studying Microbiology Hons.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Weathering sequence of soil with special reference to Indian soil.pptxBarathKumar163434
A process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals which are brought about by physical agents and chemical processes, leading to the formation of Regolith (unconsolidated residues of the weathering rock on the earth’s surface or above the solid rocks).
The process of transformation of solid rocks into parent material or Regolith.
Weathering Sequence of Minerals:
Climatic and biotic conditions will determine the relative stability of the various soil forming minerals.
Under all climatic conditions a definite listing of minerals in relation to their resistance to weathering cannot be made.
So considering the various environmental conditions and diversification the following order of weathering resistance of the sand and silt-size mineral are
quartz (most resistant) > muscovite, K-feldspars > Na and Ca-feldspars >biotite hornblende and augite> olivine > dolomite and calcite > gypsum and it is subjected to change according to environmental conditions .
Weathering of Igneous Rocks:
For igneous rocks the most prevalent minerals are feldspars (60%), pyroxenes and amphiboles (17%), quartz (12%) and mica (4%).
When this rock type weathers the feldspars disappear. This very low stability is brought about because of the low bond strength between feldspar units, and in an alkaline environment the feldspar commonly alters first to the clay mineral montmorillonite.
If the environment is conducive to change, this clay mineral type will alter further. The stability of the other rock forming minerals is in the order.
Historical developments and modern system of soil classification.pptxBarathKumar163434
Classification allows scientist to accurately identify individual soil wherever they are.
Taxonomy provides basic understanding about the components of different soils which is necessary for effective decision-making about conservation and sustainable use.
Historical Developments In Soil Classification:
1. Economic classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
4. Geological classification
5. Physiographic classification
Modern system of soil classification:
The first classification was proposed by dokuchaev (1870): soil is a natural body divided the soil into three categories
1. Normal (zonal): formation influenced by climate and vegetation
2. Transitional (intrazonal): more developed than azonal. Formation controlled by local factors like parent material and topography
3. Abnormal (azonal) : poorly developed this approach was based on the principle of soil genesis, role of vegetation and climate.
Soil Taxonomy (Comprehensive System Of Soil Classification):
System based on the measured or observed soil properties.
Surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons.
Moisture and temperature regime.
Color, texture, structure.
Organic matter, clay, iron, aluminium oxides, silicate clays, salts, ph, base saturation.
Soil depth.
Of the hundreds of PAHs, sixteen were identified as priority pollutants by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America .
Some PAHs may be associated with certain pollution sources.
PAHs are non- polar organic compounds .
Composed of two or more fused benzene rings.
They are hydrophobic substances.
It has high coefficient octanol-water; generally, with increasing number of benzene rings.
The molecular weight is high .
Decreases their water solubility, biodegradability and volatility, increasing toxicity.
PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – a group of synthetic organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons which include any chemical substance of the biphenyl molecule that has been chlorinated to varying degrees.
PCBs have high heat capacity, low conductance, they are inert to acids and alkali, have good solubility in fats, oils and organic solvents, and are explosion-proof.
With chlorine content from 19 to 43 %, the products have a crystalline form, 43–56 % – oil-shaped, 57–69 % – semisolid and resin-shaped, and from 67 to 70 % - crystalline again.
Long-term exposure to PCBs can cause certain cancers and birth defects. It can damage the central nervous system, immune and reproductive systems, and also affect the food chain.
Contamination of heavy metals results in soil acidification and subsequently affects other soil properties.
Contamination of heavy metals causes a decline in the specific adsorption of other cations through an increase in saturation or oversaturation of the cation exchange sites by heavy metal cations, thus displacing the protons into the soil solution, which results in a significant drop in soil pH.
Three different pathways in which enzyme activities are inhibited by heavy metals:
masking of catalytically active groups;
denaturation of protein conformation; and
competition with heavy metals for enzyme–substrate complexes.
Soluble forms of heavy metals (Ag, Cu, Hg and Zn) are considered to be more toxic to enzyme activities (urease, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase) due to their high bioavailability.
It is the electrokinetic potential in colloidal dispersions.
Zeta potential is the potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to the dispersed particle.
When a colloidal suspension is placed in an electrical field, the colloidal particles move in one direction (toward the positive pole).
The counter ions move is another direction (toward the negative pole).
The electric potential developed at the solid liquid interface is called Zeta (ζ )potential.
Zeta potential is not equal to surface potential.
Zeta potential is less than electro chemical potential.
Increasing the concentration of electrolytes in the solution results in the decrease in thickness of double layer.
Thickness is also influenced by increasing valency of ions.
Isoelectric point:
At this point electrolyte concentration is maximum, thickness of double layer becomes neligible . Particle replusive force minimum. Zeta potential is equal to zero.
CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CLAY MINERA...BarathKumar163434
Soil clays can exist in crystalline, structurally disordered or amorphous form.
Amorphous : has no recognizable shape or geometrical internal arrangement of atoms
Crystalline: atomic arrangement repeated at regular pattern in 3 dimensional directions
spatial arrangement of atoms producing building unit of a crystal is called the unit cell
By placing several unit cells together, the crystal arrangement produced is then called a lattice structure
unit cells has a volume of approximately 1µm3
packing of silica tetrahedran and aluminum octahedran sheets, forms a layered clay structure
the total assembly of a layer plus interlayer material is called an unit structure
GENESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF NON CRYSTALLINE SILICATE CLAY MINERAL.pptxBarathKumar163434
The non-crystalline constituents present in soil depend strongly on soil environmental conditions.
They are nesosilicates.
The non-crystalline silicate and silica constituents in soil are,
Allophane, volcanic glass, imogolite, opaline silica, phytoliths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Soil enzyme
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant
available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
4. Types of enzymes
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular
substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its
substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
5. Enzyme Classification
1. Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
2. Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule.
(Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
3. Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
4. Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
5. Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
6. Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
6. Amylase
The starch hydrolyzing enzyme amylase is known to be constituted by
1. α-amylase (synthesized by plants, animals, and microorganisms)
2. β-amylase (synthesized by plants)
This enzyme is widely distributed in plants and soils so it plays a significant role in
the breakdown of starch.
Starch
α-amylase
Glucose Starch
β-amylase
Maltose
7. Catalase
Most of the aerobic bacteria utilize oxygen and produce hydrogen
peroxide, which is toxic to their own enzyme system.
Their survival in the presence of this antimetabolite is possible
because they produce an enzyme called catalase which converts the
hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Hydrogen peroxide
Catalase
Water + oxygen
8. Arylsulphatases
They are responsible for the hydrolysis of sulphate esters in the soil.
It is secreted by bacteria into the external environment as a response to sulphur limitation.
This enzyme has a role in the hydrolysis of aromatic sulphate esters (R–O–SO3) to phenols (R–
OH) and sulfate or sulfate sulfur (SO4
2- or SO4–S).
Phenol + sulfate
Arylsulphatases
Sulphate esters
9. Cellulases
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound in the biosphere.
Growth and survival of microorganisms important in most agricultural soils depends on the
carbon source contained in the cellulose occurring in the soils.
Cellulases in soils are derived mainly from plant debris incorporated into the soil, and that a
limited amount may also originate from fungi and bacteria in soils.
Glucose + cellobiose + oligosaccharides
Cellulase
Cellulose
10. Chitinase
It is responsible for the degradation and hydrolysis of chitin.
It is the major structural component of many fungal cell walls.
It use the hyperparasitism mechanisms against pests/pathogen attack.
These biological agents also reduce disease-producing agents by using other mechanisms such
as antibiosis or competition mechanisms.
It is produced or released by various organisms including plants and microorganisms.
Chitinase that cause the degradation of cell walls of pathogenic fungi.
11. Phosphatases
Phosphatase enzyme plays a key role in the soil
system
When there is a signal indicating P deficiency in the
soil, acid phosphatase secretion from plant roots is
increased to enhance the solubilization and
remobilization of phosphate, thus influencing the
ability of the plant to cope with P-stressed conditions
12. Proteases
Proteases in the soil play a significant role in N mineralization.
This enzyme in the soil is generally associated with inorganic and organic
colloids.
There is a need to study the properties and factors affecting naturally occurring
enzyme complexes such as those involving protease enzymes in the soil
ecosystem as they may reveal some unknown role in maintaining soil health and
fertility.
13. Urease
Urease enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of urea fertilizers applied to the
soil into NH3 and CO2 with the rise in soil pH .
Soil urease originates mainly from plants and microorganisms found as both
intra- and extra-cellular enzymes .
On the other hand, urease extracted from plants or microorganisms is rapidly
degraded in soil by proteolytic (breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides
or amino acids) enzymes.
Urease activity in soils is influenced by many factors. These include cropping
history, organic matter content of the soil, soil depth, heavy metals, and
environmental factors such as temperatures.
15. Inorganic fertilization:
The effect of long-term application of inorganic fertilizers on soil biological properties.
Biological indicators are more sensitive to changes than chemical and physical indicators.
Microbial biomass and N:
Soil parameters Rice-wheat Rice-mustard-sesame
Control NPK Control NPK
Microbial biomass C
(µg C g )
417.3 637.4 395.2 478.5
Microbial biomass N
(µg NH N g )
55.7 58.5 44.2 51.9
16. Soil extracellular enzymes
Soil parameters Rice-wheat Rice-mustard-sesame
Control NPK Control NPK
Dehydrogenase (µg TPF g soil 24h ) -) 57.9 58.7 64.5 80.4
Fluorescein diacetate (µg fluorescein g soil h ) 71.5 81.7 44.4 48.6
Urease (µg NH N g soil 2 h ) 54.8 62.6 56.8 62.8
glucosidase (µg -nitrophenol g soil h ) 72.1 80.4 59.8 61.8
Acid phosphatase (µg -nitrophenol g soil h 133.2 156.0 70.4 95.1
Alkaline phosphatase (µg -nitrophenol g soil h ) 252.1 276.9 244.4 251.2
Aryl sulphatase (µg -nitrophenol g soil h ) 113.8 121.2 14.4 25.4
17. Microbial population
Soil parameters Rice-wheat Rice-mustard-sesame
Control NPK Control NPK
Nitrogen fixing
bacteria (c.f.u × 10 g
soil)
26.7 34.2 18.7 34.2
Phosphate solubilizing
bacteria (c.f.u × 10 g
soil)
46.9 55.1 27.4 42.9
18. Soil enzymes as biological indicator
Soil Quality:
• Capacity of a specific kind of soil to function within ecosystem and
landuse boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, maintain
environmental quality and sustain plant, animal and human health.
Soil health:
• A state of dynamic equilibrium between flora and fauna and their
surrounding soil environment in which all the metabolic activities of
the former proceed optimally without any hinderance, stress or
impedence from the later
19. Biological indicators of soil quality:
Properties associated with biological activity on organic matter, such as
A. Microbial biomass carbon
B. Soil respiration
C. Abundance, diversity, food chains and stability of microbial communities
D. Mesofauna such as earthworms, nematodes and arthropods
E. Biological activities such as enzyme activity
F. Potentially mineralized nitrogen
G. CO2 production
20. Why soil enzymes are considered as useful indicators of
soil quality?
Soil enzyme activities,
(1)Closely related to soil organic matter, soil physical properties and microbial activity or
biomass
(2)Changes much sooner than other parameters, thus providing early indications of
changes in soil health
(3)Involve simple procedures for determination of activity
21.
22. Functions of Enzymes in soil
Play key biochemical functions in the overall process of organic matter
decomposition in the soil system
Important in catalyzing several vital reactions necessary for,
◦ Life processes of micro-organisms in soils.
◦ The stabilization of soil structure.
◦ Organic matter formation.
◦ Nutrient cycling
