This document discusses mycorrhiza and its role in phosphorus uptake by plants. It begins by defining mycorrhiza as a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi, where the fungi help facilitate nutrient and water uptake in exchange for carbohydrates from the plant. There are two main types of mycorrhiza - ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza. Mycorrhizal fungi take up nutrients from soil through a mycorrhizal pathway and transfer them to the plant, helping the plant access nutrients like phosphorus that are poorly mobile in soil. They do this through mechanisms like producing phosphatases and organic acids to solubilize inorganic and organic phosphorus sources, and storing
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this presentation is about mycorrhiza. it is a benefitial association between fungi and roots of higher plants. in this presentation we will study about mycorrhiza and its types etc.
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Mycorrhiza-definition, Types, VAM, Symbiotic development mechanism between AM fungi and host root, pre-, early- and mature- symbiotic phases, Myc factors, Appresorium and arbuscule development, nutrient exchange
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
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Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
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this presentation is about mycorrhiza. it is a benefitial association between fungi and roots of higher plants. in this presentation we will study about mycorrhiza and its types etc.
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
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Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
3. CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of
mycorrhiza
• Ectomycorrhiza
• Endomycorrhiza
Types of
Endomycorrhiza
• Comparison
Significance of
Mycorrhiza
• Methods of
Nutrient uptake in
mycorrhizal plant
• Factors affecting
nutrient uptake in
mycorrhizal plants
Role of
Mycorrhiza
in P uptake
4. MYCORRHIZA
• Literally translate to ‘Fungus-Root’
• A symbiotic relationship between roots of a plant and a
fungus that colonize plant roots.
• Fungus facilitates nutrients and water uptake in plants
• Plant provides food/ Sugars.
(Solaiman and Saito, 1997)
8. ECTOMYCORRHIZAA
• Fungi make interwoven
mantle of hyphae around the
root surface.
• Fungi penetrate the root
intercellular space of cortex.
• Includes plants of high global
and economical value
(wooden trees, forests, shrubs
etc.)
9. ECTOMYCORRHIZA
• Highly competitive in nutrient acquisition, secrete
number of enzyme
– Degrade little polymers.
• Lost their ability to degrade plant cell wall
– Restrict their penetration in root intercellular.
• Can live as symbionts with plant roots and as
facultative saprotrophs in soil.
10. ENDOMYCORRHIZA
• Live within cortical cells and also have inter-
cellular growth.
• Morphologically unaltered with plants for more
than 400 million years ago.
• Unique in its structure, lifestyle and age
11. ENDOMYCORRHIZA
– Formation of arbuscules and
vesicles.
– Branched haustorial structures within
the cortical cells
– Coenocytic
– Asexual but exchange genetic
material b/w closely related fungi
Unique characters
12. TYPES OF ENDOMYCORRHIZA
Endomycorr
hiza
Orchid
Myc.
Arbuscu
lar Myc.
Ericaceou
s Myc.
Arboutid
Myc.
Found in Orchid plants
Similar to EM but
can penetrate in root
cortical cells Found
in trees & cooler region
Plants of the order
Ericales & inhospitable,
acidic environments
Form arbuscules
High Affinity for
P uptake
13. SIGNIFICANCE OF MYCORRHIZA
• Only Bio-fertilizer.
• Non-specific organism
– a single sp. colonize 85% land plants.
• Increases photosynthesis rate
• Broad ecological adaptability
– Deserts, arctic, temperate, tropical and other.
• 50% reduction in chemical fertilizer application.
• lower carbon cost as compared to roots
14. SIGNIFICANCE OF MYCORRHIZA
• Tolerance against stress conditions
– e.g. salinity, drought enhance the chance of plant survival.
• Resistance to soil & root-borne pathogens
– a potential disease control agent
• Soil conservation & soil structure stabilization
• Avoid Arsenate uptake
• Better uptake of nutrients like P & other immobile
nutrients
– e.g. Zn, Co, Mg, Fe, Cu.
15. Scheme summarizing the main nutrient exchange processes
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/File:Nutrients.jpg
20. How Mycorrhizal Plants Take Up
Nutrients?
• Mycorrhizal plants take up nutrients from
soil via two pathways:
– Plant pathway
– Mycorrhizal pathway
21.
22. Depletion Zone?
• Nutrients rapidly removed from the soil
solution than they can be replaced by
diffusion.
• Phosphate is poorly mobile in soil
a narrow depletion zone develops close to root.
• Low Diffusion rate
23. Different Mechanisms of Mycorrhiza
which helps in nutrient uptake
• Formation of polyphosphates in the hyphae
– Maintaining low internal phosphate (Pi) concentrations
• Small hyphal diameter.
– 2-6 times higher P influx rate per unit length of hyphae
• Production of extracellular acid phosphatases
– Catalyze the release of P from organic complexes in the soil
– In EM & Ericoid only
(Jakobsen et al., 1992 & Jungk and Claassen, 1989)
24. MECHANISM OF P-MINERALIZATION
Phytate
(Organic phosphorus Po)
Inorganic phosphorus
Mineralization
Mycorrhiza
Uptake by
plant
Soil Solution
Secrete enzyme
Enhance bacteria
Phytases
Solubilize P
25. Uptake by Mycorrhizae
Indirect
modification
• Greater desorption
of adsorbed P
• Large surface area
• Enhance P uptake form
Poorly soluble
Ca-phosphate
Direct
Modification
• Production of Phosphatases
• Solubilization of Mineral
Phosphate
• Produce Ca-oxalate, which
can bind Fe, Al
• Enhance production of
chelates, organic acids,
siderophores
26. Storage of Adsorbed P
P is continuously absorbed by plants.
– Soluble Orthophosphate (Harely and Loughman, 1963)
– Soluble Polyphosphate (Martin et al., 1983)
– Polyphosphate granules (40%) (Chilvers and Harley, 1980)
27.
28.
29.
30. Mycorrhizal Factors Affecting Nutrients
Uptake
Either it is ECM or AM association
Only mycorrhizal pathway in ECM
Both pathways in AM
Plant & Fungal species
Fungal species effect on activity of pathway
Efficiency with which both partners interact & exchange
31. Factors Affecting on Mycorrhizal
Growth
Enhance Colonization
• Less fertile soil
• Natural ecosystem
• Coarse texture soil
• Slow root growth
Decrease colonization
• High P conc.
• Agronomic practices
• Long fallow period
• Tillage
• Fine texture soil
• Rapid root growth
32. Is There Any Negative
Effect of Mycorrhiza on
Plant?
-
High C
uptake by
myc.
Unhealthy
plant
High Myc.
growth
Very low P in
soil
33. (Schroeder and Janos 2004; Smith and Smith 1996; West et al. 1993; Whitbeck 2001) & Morgan et al. 2005
Apply poorly available
source of Phosphorous
NaHCO3-extractable P levels
typically between 5 & 20 mg/kg
