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- 1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS) SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING (CSC 60603) ASSIGNMENT 1: GROUP REPORT GROUP MEMBER STUDENT ID ADELE LU KHAI SYN 0323151 LEONG LI JING 0323628 KENNETH TAN SIN KWANG 0322482 JASON WONG KOK YONG 0327650 LEW QUO MING 0322884 YEAP PHAY SHIAN 0322243 GOH JIA JUN 0323302 SEMESTER: AUGUST 2017 TUTORIAL GROUP: GROUP 2
- 2. 1 TABLE OF CONTENT NO.CONTENT PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 BIM QS COMPUTER SOFTWARE REVIT 2.1 Functions of Revit 2.2 Limitations of Revit 4 6 7 3.0 COSTX 3.1 Functions of CostX 3.2 Limitations of CostX 8 9 11 4.0 CUBICOST 4.1 Functions of Cubicost 4.2 Limitations of Cubicost 12 14 15 5.0 BUILDSOFT 5.1 Functions of Buildsoft 5.2 Limitations of Buildsoft 16 16 17 6.0 SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATION 18 7.0 Building Information Modelling (BIM) 7.1 Benefits of BIM during briefing stage 7.2 Constraints of BIM during briefing stage 7.3 Benefits of BIM during design stage 7.4 Constraints of BIM during design stage 7.5 Benefits of BIM during pre-construction stage 7.6 Constraints of BIM during pre-construction stage 7.7 Benefits of BIM during construction stage 7.8 Constraints of BIM during construction stage 19 19 20 21 21 22 22 23
- 3. 2 8.0 Computer-Aided Design(CAD) Measurement 8.1 Benefits of CAD Measurement during briefing stage 8.2 Constraints of CAD Measurement during briefing stage 8.3 Benefits of CAD Measurement during design stage 8.4 Constraints of CAD Measurement during design stage 8.5 Benefits of CAD Measurement during pre-construction stage 8.6 Constraints of CAD Measurement during pre-construction stage 8.7 Benefits of CAD Measurement during construction stage 8.8 Constraints of CAD Measurement during construction stage 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 9.0 Manual Measurement 9.1 Benefits of Manual Measurement during briefing stage 9.2 Constraints of Manual Measurement during briefing stage 9.3 Constraints of Manual Measurement during design stage 9.4 Benefits of Manual Measurement during pre-construction stage 9.5 Constraints of Manual Measurement during pre-construction stage 9.6 Benefits of Manual Measurement during construction stage 9.7 Constraints of Manual Measurement during construction stage 9.8 Benefits of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage 9.9 Constraints of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 10.0 REFERENCES 31
- 4. 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION Building InformationModelling (BIM) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that provides insights and tools to plan, design, construct and manage buildings and infrastructure efficiently. BIM software includes computer-aided design (CAD) products that are commonly used within the architecture and construction industries. BIM softwares offer tools and libraries that are specially targeted for architectural design and construction, including mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP). Moreover, BIM is a platform to share knowledge and communicate between project participants. Having said that, Building Information Modelling is the process of developing the Building Information Model. There are many BIM softwares and every software has different functionality and has its own special functions and limitations. These range from software for modelling, quantities take-off and costing, project management to cloud-based BIM. This objective of this report is to further evaluate, analyze and understand BIM softwares. The four softwares that are selected to be studied on are: i) Revit ii) CostX iii) Glodon iv) Buildsoft
- 5. 4 BIM QS COMPUTERSOFTWARE 2.0 REVIT The Autodesk Revit software combines features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction, in a single, comprehensive application. It allows users to design a building and structure as its components is in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements, and access building information from the building model's database. Revit 4D BIM capable with tools to handle the construction cycle from planning stage to construction and to maintenance. Variants Revit Architecture Revit Architecture is a robust architectural design and documentation software application created for architects and building professionals. The tools and feature are made specifically with the Building Information Modelling in mind. Revit MEP Autodesk Revit MEP is a building information modelling (BIM) software created for professionals who engage in MEP engineering. MEP stands for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing, which are the three engineering disciplines that Revit MEP addresses. Revit Structure Autodesk Revit Structure is Autodesk’s BIM software solution for structural engineering companies and structural engineers, which provides a feature rich tool set helping to drive efficient design processes in a BIM. Revit One Box Includes all three types of Revit (Architecture/Structure/MEP) as one product. However, it is available only as a part of Building Design Suite Premium and Ultimate, and not as a standalone product. Sort of an Add-On feature.
- 6. 5 Revit LT Revit LTis based on the Revit platform and is an intuitive 3D Building Information Modelling (BIM) application. Revit LT is a cost-effective entry point for architects, designers and building professionals to transition to BIM workflows.
- 7. 6 2.1 Functions ofRevit Increased Efficiency With Revit software, architectural designers can now rapidly sketch out rough layouts of a floor plan, or make changes to the standard set of building designs and instantly let their customers preview their future homes hence improving efficiency. The 3D modelling views provides designer the opportunity to create and test different designs, while high quality documents let them detect and correct problems early in the design process. Virtual Walkthrough It has a virtual walkthrough and site planning tools which is not found in any other software such as AutoCAD. This would assist the designer with more design ideas and identify any error during the walkthrough. Flexible & Dynamic Revit allows all project data to be stored in a single project file, permitting multiple users to work on the same project file and merge their changes with every save. All changes in Revit are coordinated across the entire project, so a change in one location is a simultaneous change in all views. Revit’s unique feature would be that: section views, elevations, and schedules are live views of the Single Building Model and require no updates or refreshing when the model changes. Construction Coordination Consist of cloud-connected office to field workflows using A360, which is the cloud based collaboration Service. Multi-Talented Revit is revolutionizing CAD training and application with a diverse range of capabilities. The program can be used to facilitate design, construction, procurement, pricing, life safety, ongoing maintenance, facility management and much more. Revit’s multi-talented profile produces advantages such as Short Turn Around Time (TAT) and Greater Error Detection and Risk Mitigation. Autodesk Exchange add-in Applications Revit functionality constantly updates and expand its features, allowing the user to constantly use it at ease without changing to other software.
- 8. 7 2.2 Limitations ofRevit Minor Problems on Detection and Viewing For example, trying to look around the building at specific angles can be tricky as there some cases where the model glitches at terrible angles. Aside from that, there is cases where the software experience overwhelmed with the design and materials, such as the roof and the notice of “Cannot create Footprint” appears. This in certain ways limits the possibility of certain roof designs. Auto Changes and Deletions One of the common problem found while using Revit is that the software sometimes automatically changes or deletes some elements of the model or even cause the project changes without notifying he user. Time Consuming Time consuming in the sense of using the software fully, the software has a lot of features and tools but it requires a trained person to use it to its max. Not only that, the rendering and viewing may cause issues as it requires a lot of time to process. Large Memory Required The software requires a large memory to fully install it into computer. This will cause the user to free up most of the space in their computers. The software is about 15 GB which is quite large for a design software.
- 9. 8 3.0 COSTX In thismodernized and globalized era, BIM has been emerging in the construction industry and the software has to be up to par to support BIM. CostX® is a powerful project costing tool that allows the estimators to utilize the advanced electronic take-off system. At the same time, it embraces BIM to deliver better results to clients. CostX was released by Exactal and it has been used in many countries in the world because it is a very beneficial BIM tool in the construction industry. CostX can be used in the field of quantity surveying, construction, development and so on. There are several products by Exactal such as CostX, CostX 2D, CostX Take off, CostX Take off 2D, CostX XL and CostX Viewer.
- 10. 9 3.1 Functions ofCostX Auto Revisioning CostX has a unique function whereby it can compare the drawings, point out the changes and update the measurements. Take for instance, when a building design changes, there will be a revised building for the drawing. With the usage of CostX, the building revision status can be incremented. Moreover, all of the changes made will be scheduled in a Revision Log. The comparison of dimensions consists of all area, length and count dimensions. The dimension group quantities will be automatically updated when the revised dimensions are accepted. To revise the dimension of the area, the previous measurement that is displayed in yellow is relocated to its desired position on the revised drawing. All these can be done with a simple click and drag or click and drop. The quantity will then be automatically updated. Design Package Support CostX has the ability to support various BIM exports from 3D design packages namely, Archicad, Revit and Google Sketchup. Furthermore, CostX can support many different file types such as BIM files (IFC, DWFx and more), 12D, 2D, 3D, CAD, 2D & 3D PDFs and image files (scanned sketches and photos). CostX has full 3D graphics capability and has the ability to extract object properties and generate automatic quantities from 3D BIM. Workbook Workbook structure is a spreadsheet based, which is similar to Excel. This structure offers high flexibility and it is simple to use. Users cause utilize this feature to create accurate cost plans, estimates, bills of quantities and tenders. Not only that, CostX has a live linking function whereby the dimensions data can be transferred from dimension groups to workbooks by dragging and dropping or by link formulas. It is
- 11. 10 worthwhile to livelink as much information as possible to make the best out of CostX. By increasing the number of times a dimension group is used increases its efficiency. For instance, a single room area dimension can be used for both floor finish and ceiling; the perimeter for skirting and cornice; and perimeter multiplied by the height for wall finishes. As for workbook content such as item and descriptions, it can be obtained from several sources. It can be based on previous jobs, or on templates complete with pre-formatted descriptions and items. The data can also be copied and pasted from Microsoft Excel or Word, simply typed into the workbook, or imported from (and exported to) other estimating software. Paperless Estimating CostX Viewer allows others to view quantity surveyors’ estimates and reports without having the need to have a physical paper copy. CostX provides quantity surveyors’ clients free CostX Viewer software which in turn allows them to share interactive CostX projects in a safe manner and user-friendly format. A paperless estimating solution saves time, saves money, and reduces printing, handling, storage and retrieval costs. In turn, it is an environmental friendly alternative. Subcontractor Comparison The Subcontractor Comparison System in CostX consists of two main parts which are a pre-formatted spreadsheet-style Subcontractor Comparison workbook and a suite of default Subcontractor comparison report templates. CostX enables user to create a workbook which contain all the detail of the sub- contractors. Therefore, sub-contractors can enter their quotation details in the workbook and the quantity surveyors can compare the rates and sum cost of each element in a structured manner during the tender period. The sub-contractor with the best quotation will then be selected to be part of the project.
- 12. 11 3.2 Limitations ofCostX Skilled Estimator Needed Since CostX has a lot of features, users must fully understand the functions when using. CostX provides easier ways for collaboration and analysis. This is still insufficient for the usage in construction. Having said that, skilled and experience estimator is needed when using this software so that the software can be fully utilized and achieve the maximum benefits. Price Although CostX is a time saving software and it makes the taking off stage more efficient, the cost of CostX is relatively high as compared to taking off manually. The firm has to set aside a huge sum of money to invest in the software to enjoy its benefits. Besides that, the license of CostX has to be renewed yearly. However, this investment can be cost efficient in the long run. In addition to its cons, users need to purchase a wide array of add-on products and solutions to further expand the capability of its BIM tools. Measurement Limitations Some restrictions may be encountered while doing measurement on CostX. For example, when measuring reinforcement bars, the bents for mesh fabric reinforcement (BRC) and concrete cover is hard to be detected and measured in the drawing. To resolve this issue, adding the length on bents and extra area of BRC is measured, which will affect the accuracy of the measurement. There are also times whereby overlapped lines could not be detected.
- 13. 12 4.0 CUBICOST byGLODON Glodon Company Limited was founded in year 1998 and it mainly focuses on the entire lifecycle of construction projects and the delivery of first-class products and services based on the construction engineering area. Glodon also aimed to build a new ecosystem in the construction industry and to promote modernization of the construction industry. The products of Glodon have been widely used in such three major sectors as house building, industrial engineering and infrastructure. Cubicost is one of the products and services of Glodon in international market. The name of ‘Cubicost’ came with the combination of two words which are ‘cubic’ and ‘cost’. ‘Cubic’ means the shape of a cube, which reflects that this products apply BIM (Building Information Modelling) as the core technology; while ‘cost’ indicates the key value of the products, which is to provide integrated cost solution in construction industry. Cubicost provides a more efficient, precise and convenient exclusive Building Information Modelling (BIM) integrated solution to construction industry. Cubicost is currently made available in a total of fifteen countries around the world, which are United Kingdom, USA, Finland, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, India, Indonesia, and Philippines. Cubicost offers 4 types of individual BIM-based software products, namely the Cubicost Takeoff for Architecture and Structure (TAS), Cubisost Takeoff for Rebar (TRB), Cubicost Takeoff for Mechanical and Electrical (TME), and Cubicost Tender Series for Bill of Quantities (TBQ). Each of the software products focuses on different needs of quantity surveying business while all these products together cover all general requirements in construction cost estimation business.
- 14. 13 Cubicost TAS (CubicostTakeoff for Architecture and Structure) Cubicost TAS is BIM-based quantity takeoff software for architecture and structure, which has successfully passed the buildingSMART Certification. BuildingSMART Certification provides qualification for quality assurance and standardization in the digitalization of the built asset industry. Cubicost TRB (Cubicost Takeoff for Rebar) Cubicost TRB is BIM-based quantity takeoff software for rebar. It is a suite of quantity calculation software based on the BIM technology, which is embedded with groundbreaking 3D measurement and calculation rules. It enables the users to perform quantity taking-off from electronic drawings and images with immediate 3D visualization effect and shows accurate results for each component in real time. Cubicost TME (Cubicost Takeoff for Mechanical and Electrical) Cubicost TME is BIM-based quantity takeoff software for MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing). It completes quantity takeoff by one click as well as showing different systems and positions of MEP devices clearly by auto converting black-and-white PDF drawings into colourful ones. It also provide 3D view of MEP elements, making it realistic and intuitive to check quantities. Cubicost TBQ (Cubicost Tender Series for Bill of Quantities) Cubicost TBQ is an innovative, efficient and easy-to-use cost estimating software. It provide a build-in email system and enterprise cloud services for convenient communication. It also identifies paper BQ and link summary pages with BQ item pages automatically to prepare e-tender efficiently. It enables team to collaboratively prepare tender to enhance work efficiently.
- 15. 14 4.1 Functions ofCubicost Quick modelling and BIM-based quantity takeoff Build BIM models efficiently by the supports and direct import of DWG, JPG, PDF or by tracking 2D drawings. Only one click is needed to complete quantity takeoff based on model. It deals with variations quickly by only adjusting model information and performing calculation. Professional, accurate and easy to check Professional as the software have built-in local measurement methods, which has been proved by users from many countries. Accurate as it can deduct automatically based on the relations among elements in BIM model to ensure calculation accuracy. Easy to check as it support viewing calculation basis and expressions to facilitate rapid result checking and less calculation errors. Various quantity reports Cubicost has the ability to extract data and generate reports quickly. Unique Reversely Check helps to trace the origin of quantities in BIM models, making it easy to check and modify quantities. It also provide a variety of reports formats and support exporting Excel for different requirements. Teamwork high efficiency and productivity Cubicost supports the rapid adjustment and reuse of BIM models, to reduce the working intensity and greatly increase the efficiency of team collaboration. It also support the data sharing within the Cubicost software in terms of models, quantities, prices, etc., to improve the efficiency of generating tender documents. It also comes with in-build SMM which allow element take off according with the actual SMM clauses, result in saving time to check the Bill of Quantities. Provide security and traceability Cubicost provides a security function which allow user to create a temporary account to each project which come with passwords or without passwords. This result in provide a higher security level to user which avoid unrelated personal to access the data. Other than that, it will pop up a reminder to the use to save their current work to avoid the file being lost due to accident happens.
- 16. 15 4.2 Limitations ofCubicost Price Glodon BIM can be expensive if a company wish to acquire all its products’ license to fulfill the business from the process of construction design to its operation. Since the software is very costly, not many firms can afford to purchase the license especially the smaller firms. Also, the users need to pay for its ‘maintenance or operation updating’ fee so that every time when new things are leased, their software will get updated. On the other hand, it presents an extension of price when users require different products to offset each other’s limitation. Newly introduced in the industry Cubicost is still a relatively new BIM-based product. Cubicost is also constantly updating and improving its software thus it is not a completely stable product yet as there may still be some problems that affects the performance of this product. Moreover, there are still not many users that are familiar with the usage of Cubicost and the company required to appoint more trainers to enable the firms that are using this product become familiar with the functions of it. Other than that, Cubicost is not yet universally used among construction professionals so there is possible that one of the working parties may not use the software.
- 17. 16 5.0 BUILDSOFT BUILDSOFT isthe estimating software for the building and construction industry. Buildsoft Global Estimating is the software program for commercial use in the building and construction industry. It produces Bills of Quantities or detailed Estimates and Cost Plans. Its primary use is by Commercial building contractors and Quantity Surveyors. Conceived and designed in Australia, the software is successful right around the world and has been constantly improved and upgraded, often incorporating customer requests and suggestions. 5.1 Functions of Buildsoft Bills of Quantities Buildsoft enable the taker off to produce 4-Level Estimating, BQ Production and lump sum BQ. This helps to reduce the time needed for preparing BQ manually. Composite Rates With the use of Buildsoft, Quantity Surveyor will be able to build up composite rates for each item. All of the rates can be saved in the pricelist/library. Tendering Function Transferring the rates from the pricelist into a job. Multi-level mark-up function Quantity Surveyor can revise the job/element/item total few times without the worries of messing up data. Quantity Surveyor can also mark-up for the profit, overhead & wastage which helps to simplify the adjusting of tender sum.
- 18. 17 Job Analysis Quantity Surveyorcan abstract part of the BQ items out from a job to be converted from the elemental bill into trades bill. Quantity Surveyor can also prepare for the sub—contractor BQ. Cost Analysis Quantity Surveyor can analyze the overall materials & labours cost in a particular job. This help to provide the overall quantities for all types of materials in a particular job. Measurement- Calculation Sheet Quantity Surveyor can direct do taking off the quantities from the drawing through various formula that can be keyed in at the current level. Transferring of data from the second unit is also available. Interim Valuation/Progress Claim Quantity Surveyor can produce interim valuation certificate through the software as it easy to key in the percentage of the job and come out with the cost figure. 5.2 Limitations of Buildsoft Buildsoft is among the older generation of estimating software with limitation when compare to the new generation software and it currently being replace by its newer generation, Cubit. Even though some of the companies are still using Buildsoft to do their work, but due to technology that moves fast especially in the construction industry, more and more software that are being introduced are beginning to replace Buildsoft as a competent estimating tool.
- 19. 18 6.0 SUMMARY &RECOMMENDATION FEATURE CUBICOST COSTX REVIT BUILDSOFT BASIC FEATURES Simplicity Applicable for Architect & Engineer Able to export into other formats Paperless estimating 3D model visualization Editing of BIM models Support multiple image and file format Auto-revisioning QUANTITY TAKE OFF Automatic quantity takeoff Auto update quantity 4D & 5D estimating Bills of quantity / Workbook CERTIFICATE IFC2x3 Coordination View 2.0 YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES While BIM software production is emerging in the industry in the recent years, all software has its own unique functions and limitations. Overall, through our research, Cubicost has the best features as a BIM software by justifying from the comparison in the table above. We will recommend this software to improve the QS’s workflow in a construction project. Regardless, we should find the software which we find the most comfortable and suitable with, be opened to various technologies and not restricted to the conventional way of doing things. Customer reviews: (from https://www.capterra.com/p/156716/Cubicost/) Overall 5/5 Easy to use 5/5 Customer service 5/5 Features & functionality 5/5 Value for money 5/5
- 20. 19 7.0 Building InformationModelling (BIM) 7.1 Benefits of BIM during Briefing Stage i. Feasibility Studies Detailed feasibility studies as by progressive build up data will enable future projects to be procured with a better understanding of outcomes and also able to has the capability of being fast and accurate evaluation of multiple design options. ii. Better Visualization BIM software enable the client or designer to view the building model in 3D instead of the traditional 2D method. 3D modelling enable them to view the building in different perspectives and angle so that they are able to reveal problem arises at the early stages so that if can be solved before proceed into the following stages which it also eliminate costly mistakes before construction started. Besides that, it also provide the clients a rough idea on how the building will be looks like. iii. Easier decision Making Process With the use of BIM software enable the project team to ease project alternation and assists in better decision making. It also enable client to have easy access to information they needed which lead to better understanding toward the projects which mean that they are able to communicate efficiently, improved transparency and collaboration which leads to easier decision making process. 7.2 Constraints of BIM during Briefing Stage i. Training of Personnel is required This software required the designer to attend substantial training during the initial stages to ensure they have more understanding and knowledge towards the software so that they are aware of it. Besides that, for those who already had this software required constant upgrade of their computer system to ensure they are up to date which the lastest function and techology. Furthermore, large computer storage are also needed as BIM software resulted larger file as compare to other software such as CAD and Costx.
- 21. 20 ii. Initial Costof BIM Software is Expensive BIM software required substantial investment in new technology. Some of the companies may not have enough capital to implement it to ease their works especially for those small companies. Other than that, BIM also required higher performing computer hardware so that it is able to operate efficiently which mean that the cost will also be higher. 7.3 Benefits of Using BIM Software during Design Stage i. Better Understanding With the use of BIM software also helps to provide a globalize vision of the particular projects during the design stages. This software also enable client or designer to visualize the building more concretely rather than on plan which mean that the client have clearer insight into the project. ii. Optimize Costs This software actually helps to reduce the costs and risks as it combine all the important data related to architecture, infrastructure, technical building trades and also automatically recover quantities. Besides that, this software also eliminate the need of manual counting of all component which mean that less labour costs is needed. iii. Saving on Materials BIM software can greatly reduce the amount and cost of the material needed as compared to the traditional method such as manual measurement. This system are able to track and monitor the resources and provided information on needs even before the construction begins. The contractor are less likely to order surplus material and replenish supplies only when needed. iv. Easier Design Process From the project team of view, BIM software actually helps them to solve the difficulty for designing complex area such as drainage, interaction between different element in the buildings and complex architectural works can be easier visualized through the 3D program.
- 22. 21 7.4 Constraints ofBIM during Design Stages i. High Labour Costs As this software required skilled labour to operate and design it. So which mean that the companies may need to send their worker to attend some courses about the software so that they are aware of the skills and knowledge in order to operate the software. However, the training fees is very costly too as compare to other softwares. ii. Slow Down the Working Speed Although the computer storage can be upgraded to a larger storage or upgraded to the last version, the software sometimes may still clog the computer due the large files. To reduce the problems, every time before turning on the software it must be make sure other application were closed to prevent the software from crashing or not responding. Other than that, it is more to a philosophy rather than just a software. Hence, the working speed can also be slower for someone who is new to the software as they might need some times to learn and adapt the transition. 7.5 Benefits of Using BIM during Pre- Construction Stages i. Problems can be easily identified and solve During the pre-construction stages, there’s a program called clash detection in the BIM software can automatically identified the problem thus it will be solved immediately thus less time is waste as a result of less error. The engineer in charge can check the with those clash item based on the clash detection report and will eliminate it after that . Furthermore, it also reduce the amount of waste material to ensure the project stays on time and within the client approved budget. Lastly, this software also reduce the time need for manual measurement as all the measurement is done by computerized. ii. Easier measurement method as compared to the traditional method BIM software has the ability to measure directly from federated, models, drawings regardless it’s in 2D or 3D format. Besides that, this software also helps to produce cost planning, taking off and billing so that BQ can be produced as well as construction estimating for contractors. Other than that, this software also has a auto clicks function which means the length, width and etc can be automatically determined by just clicking the auto measured buttons. Instant measurement can also be done which mean that BQ can be produced right after that thus less time is wasted as compared to the traditional method.
- 23. 22 iii. Better Accessin the Constructability Analysis Based on the BIM model generated from the software, the project team or contractors are able to perform a detailed constructability analysis to plan the operation on site in sequence so that the work on site is more organize and also less time is wasted. On the other hand, conflict on site can be eliminated and work can progress smoothly. 7.6 Constraint of Using BIM during Pre- Construction Stage i. Data can be easily modified Sometimes the engineer or architect in charge of the project is unwilling to share the digital data generated from the software because it can be easily modified or changed by the contractor. In order to protect those data, the only way is to share it through PDF file to the suppliers or contractor to prevent any copyright. The disadvantages of PDF file is that the scaling in the files maybe be different from the actual dimension generated from the BIM software. ii. Incompatibility with Partners Due to the software is yet to be used universally among all parties in the construction field, there is always the possibilities that the contractors or subcontractors may not able to understand the model generated by the software or also may not able to open the model due to lack of capital to purchase the software. 7.7 Benefits of Using BIM during Construction Stage i. Anticipate Challenges One of the major benefits of using BIM software during construction stage is that it enable the project team members to visualize the technical points and interfaces between several building items upstream, instead of discovering them during the site progresses thus less time is wasted. ii. Having a Secured Worksite BIM software helps to secure the worksite which make it’s easier to developed and set up at all level such as safety, deadline and quality of the projects. This software helps to improve the safety of the site by identifying and preventing any risk situation. The site is normally cleaner as compared to the traditional method. Moving on, the quality of the project is also better as it is easier to put right any faults or
- 24. 23 problems. This softwarealso ensured the project finished on time as it enhance the coordination between the project team members. iii. Faster Speed of Construction As this software is able to identify any changes or issues in the drawing, it will reduce the variation order by using the auto detect design error. Besides that, it also increase operational efficiency by improving space utilization such as extractable estate information for internal reporting. This software is also suitable for complex building design as more time can be saved during the construction phases. 7.8 Constraints of Using BIM during Construction Stage i. Lacks of Expert Due to the software is still relatively new in the fields, which mean that there are also limited expert having the knowledge of this software in the field. Thus, the purchase of this software may require an additional investment as the company may need to send their worker to attend training courses or education. ii. Standardization Procedure and Disruptive BIM software can also disturb the general procurement and construction process when ordering items as a result of long lead time. Other than that, there’s also lack of contractual documents and code of practice for BIM as it may caused argument or confusion between the parties due to un-standardize procedure which may also lead to longer construction time.
- 25. 24 8.0 Computer-aided Design(CAD) 8.1 Benefits of CAD during briefing stage i. Better visualization CAD software gives a better visualization compared to manual drawings. Different designers may have different style of drawing which make others confuse in understanding the plan. However, CAD drawing can be easier to understand because it’s electronic and standardized. CAD has a various types of drawing tools such as lines, circle, curve, and eclipse can improve the efficiency of user in drawing and the quality of the output in design. For instance, object can be duplicated, rotate and move freely from one point to another. ii. Database A CAD software allows the projects created to be stored centrally in a database. This permits multiple users to access it either locally or through the internet in order to initiate collaborative designing. Collaboration promotes insight sharing and better accountability in making sure that no detail is overlooked. 8.2 Constraints of CAD during briefing stage i. High initial expense The initial cost of purchasing computer system and the license of CAD software such as AutoCAD, Solidworks is quite expensive. In addition, CAD software required to renew the license annually. Although there are lots of free CAD softwares available on the internet and can be installed by anyone, however these free CAD softwares can’t compare with the proprietary software in terms of functions, designs, and security. ii. Training required CAD software are not very complicated to master it, but also not easy too. User required for some training in order to use the software effectively and efficiently.
- 26. 25 iii. Backup systemproblem CAD software doesn’t have a backup system which means it require to backup manually. User will lose their progress when the software crash or stop functioning if they forgot to save and backup. Also, the works will be disrupted due to virus infection. 8.3 Benefits of CAD during design stage i. Accurate design and drawing CAD is specialized in producing high accuracy 2D and 3D drawing which can rotate with different orientation and angles. User no need to erase and redraw the draft by using ruler and eraser because any editing and changes can be made by system conventionally. User can view the actual building on screen and able to present their ideas using CAD on screen without prototype ii. Flexibility in drawing management CAD has always allowed users to display, edit and print the details of drawing in separable layers. Hence, layers such as structural, plumbing and electrical can be organized in equivalent. iii. Establish of drawing standardization Able to create unique design for text, type of lines and different dimensions. Hence, various fonts can be displayed in different layers such as height, weight and slant. Different line-types which varies in brightness can establish a drawing which is more clearly in characteristic such as light, mid and dark as well as able to determine the distance between the lines. iv. Variety of drawing scale and resolution Able to zoom in the drawing to view the detailed part and zoom out to display the overall concept of drawing
- 27. 26 8.4 Constraints ofCAD during design stage i. Availability of system updates As a CAD user, you have to update the software from time to time to have a better software functions. On the other hand, the users also need to improve their skills in handling the software ii. Lost of Designers Fresh graduates of designing courses will fail to get their job as manual drawing is already replaced by CAD. Besides, because of the heavy importance placed on CAD software, less designers are needed and employed. 8.5 Benefits of CAD during pre-construction stage i. Eliminate parallax error and interferences CAD allows engineers and architect to avoid parallax error by naked eyes, which usually result in wrong scaling. This easier them to draw and design any pattern and drawing without considering any common mistakes and circumstances. Architects, engineers, project managers or contractors use CAD to check and estimate the interferences before construction begins. ii. Magnification The features of zoom in and out allow user to facilitate drawing element and improve the quality of the drawing. iii. All components fit as planned CAD also allows the designers to ensure that all required components fit. Visualizing components in three-dimensional space can be extremely difficult and cause a lot of unintended conflicts or interferences. The 3D modeling systems indicate interferences and allow the designer to resolve them before prints are made and prevent construction delays. iv. More accurate quantities of the materials Quantity surveyor able to calculate more accurate material cost and material quantities which are needed by using AutoCAD Civil 3D so as to prevent waste material during construction. CAD software not only can measure the length and area of a line or square, even the volume of the irregular shape of the object also can be measured.
- 28. 27 8.6 Constraints ofCAD during pre-construction stage i. The implication of real-world concept It is always hard to imply the nature of object into CAD system as CAD system always serve to transform the idea of designers into geometrical model only 8.7 Benefits of CAD during construction stage i. Reduce misunderstanding Designer able to get standardized and high accuracy 2D and 3D drawing using CAD. This improves the communication between the project team. ii. Reduce mistakes The contractor more understanding the CAD drawing and according the drawing to build the building as requested. Also, it reduces cost and construction time because of unnecessary mistakes made by the contractor during construction gradually decrease 8.8 Constraints of CAD during construction stage i. Extra expenses on site Using CAD requires a computer system and installed on site. Electricity is mandatory for running the computer and software which means the special electricity service should be supplied to the temporary office on the site.
- 29. 28 9.0 Manual Measurement 9.1Benefits of Manual Measurement during briefing stage i. Cost Effective Manual measurement is cost effective as BIM and CAD measurement need to be purchased at a high price for the license software while manual measurement would be on the printing cost. ii. Less Training Is Required BIM and CAD measurement required trained skill to use them professionally. Therefore, firms which are using this software might have to spend extra expenses to send fresh graduates for training session on the programme. 9.2 Constraints of Manual Measurement during briefing stage i. Cost Plan During the design stage, QS might need to advise the client on the budgets and variations of the project. QS are required to create cost plan. This wouldn’t be a problem for experienced QS as they have been in the industry for years however fresh graduates QS who are lack of real life experiences might not be able to create a proper cost plan. 9.3 Constraints of Manual Measurement during design stage i. Human Errors At this stage, variations might happen as the design of the building might change due to the requirement of client and thus, QS might need to make changes in the taking-off and measurement according to the architect new variation order. All this change might cause human errors such as miscalculating where only given a short time if period to revise the documents. ii. Time consuming Tools such as scale rule and calculator are normally the practises for manual measurement. This in turn will cause a lengthy time frame as man power has certain human and time limits compared to programmed software.
- 30. 29 9.4 Benefits ofManual Measurement during pre-construction stage i. Safer Way Manual measurement has no obstruction like power failure. QS can carry on their works even if electricity supply are down or computer error happens as manual measurement are written on paper. ii. Create Clearer Image Manual measurement can develop a clearer image on the project itself while doing the taking off. Users would be more familiar to the projects even the smallest detail of it. 9.5 Constraints of Manual Measurement during pre-construction stage i. Human Errors During Pre-Construction stage, manual measurement might cause some human error and lower down the accuracy. More complex and complicated component will take place as there would be plenty of detailed drawing in the project. At the same time, the number of elements to be taken off would be large. Human prone to make mistakes when things are complicated. Some elements might be missed out while doing huge amount of taking off and this might cause differences in the final cost of the project. Therefore, manual measurement is not recommended in this stage. ii. Time Consuming As mentioned on above, a whale of time is needed to calculate over hundreds of drawings. Manual measurement has its very own limitation and thus this could cause a longer period for a huge project. Thus, this method is suitable for small project. 9.6 Benefits of Manual Measurement during construction stage i. Safer and Secured Contractors are appointed during this stage which means works are going to be commenced. Manual measurement will reduce the risk of information loss as computer system might go haywire or files might not be saved properly. Thus, manual measurement is more secured as all are hand written.
- 31. 30 9.7 Constraints ofManual Measurement during construction stage i. Accuracy of Data Software could identify errors easily compared to manual measurement, programmed system in the software can produce accurate data for the final cost. ii. Dimensional Restriction Manual measurement could not produce 3D, 4D and 5D services like software are capable of. iii. Time Consuming Same as other stages, variations might occur and thus, changes must be made. Manual measurement consumed a lot time and indirectly, this will incur extension of time. 9.8 Benefits of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage i. Ease to Obtain Information The Operation and Maintenance manual are kept properly with care and can be accessible to users. ii. Straightforward Information The information given are straightforward and can assist user that has knowledge in buildings. As it is in hardcopy, a person does not need to master any software in order locate and extract the specific information needed. 9.9 Constraints of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage i. Time needed after commissioning Significant time is needed to collect and validate data needed to form the Manual, as the information often consists of 2D Drawings and PDF documents. ii. Limited Information A hardcopy Manual does not provide some crucial information for the Facility Maintenance team that extends beyond the 2D drawings such as maintenance planning and space planning.
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