1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS)
SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING
(CSC 60603)
ASSIGNMENT 1: GROUP REPORT
GROUP MEMBER STUDENT ID
ADELE LU KHAI SYN 0323151
LEONG LI JING 0323628
KENNETH TAN SIN KWANG 0322482
JASON WONG KOK YONG 0327650
LEW QUO MING 0322884
YEAP PHAY SHIAN 0322243
GOH JIA JUN 0323302
SEMESTER: AUGUST 2017
TUTORIAL GROUP: GROUP 2
2. 1
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO. CONTENT PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
2.0
BIM QS COMPUTER SOFTWARE
REVIT
2.1 Functions of Revit
2.2 Limitations of Revit
4
6
7
3.0 COSTX
3.1 Functions of CostX
3.2 Limitations of CostX
8
9
11
4.0 CUBICOST
4.1 Functions of Cubicost
4.2 Limitations of Cubicost
12
14
15
5.0 BUILDSOFT
5.1 Functions of Buildsoft
5.2 Limitations of Buildsoft
16
16
17
6.0 SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATION 18
7.0 Building Information Modelling (BIM)
7.1 Benefits of BIM during briefing stage
7.2 Constraints of BIM during briefing stage
7.3 Benefits of BIM during design stage
7.4 Constraints of BIM during design stage
7.5 Benefits of BIM during pre-construction stage
7.6 Constraints of BIM during pre-construction stage
7.7 Benefits of BIM during construction stage
7.8 Constraints of BIM during construction stage
19
19
20
21
21
22
22
23
3. 2
8.0 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Measurement
8.1 Benefits of CAD Measurement during briefing stage
8.2 Constraints of CAD Measurement during briefing stage
8.3 Benefits of CAD Measurement during design stage
8.4 Constraints of CAD Measurement during design stage
8.5 Benefits of CAD Measurement during pre-construction stage
8.6 Constraints of CAD Measurement during pre-construction stage
8.7 Benefits of CAD Measurement during construction stage
8.8 Constraints of CAD Measurement during construction stage
24
24
25
26
26
27
27
27
9.0 Manual Measurement
9.1 Benefits of Manual Measurement during briefing stage
9.2 Constraints of Manual Measurement during briefing stage
9.3 Constraints of Manual Measurement during design stage
9.4 Benefits of Manual Measurement during pre-construction stage
9.5 Constraints of Manual Measurement during pre-construction stage
9.6 Benefits of Manual Measurement during construction stage
9.7 Constraints of Manual Measurement during construction stage
9.8 Benefits of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage
9.9 Constraints of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage
28
28
28
29
29
29
30
30
30
10.0 REFERENCES 31
4. 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that provides insights
and tools to plan, design, construct and manage buildings and infrastructure efficiently. BIM software
includes computer-aided design (CAD) products that are commonly used within the architecture and
construction industries. BIM softwares offer tools and libraries that are specially targeted for architectural
design and construction, including mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP). Moreover, BIM is a
platform to share knowledge and communicate between project participants. Having said that, Building
Information Modelling is the process of developing the Building Information Model.
There are many BIM softwares and every software has different functionality and has its own special
functions and limitations. These range from software for modelling, quantities take-off and costing,
project management to cloud-based BIM. This objective of this report is to further evaluate, analyze and
understand BIM softwares. The four softwares that are selected to be studied on are:
i) Revit
ii) CostX
iii) Glodon
iv) Buildsoft
5. 4
BIM QS COMPUTER SOFTWARE
2.0 REVIT
The Autodesk Revit software combines features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering,
and construction, in a single, comprehensive application. It allows users to design a building and structure
as its components is in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements, and access building
information from the building model's database. Revit 4D BIM capable with tools to handle the
construction cycle from planning stage to construction and to maintenance.
Variants
Revit Architecture
Revit Architecture is a robust architectural design and documentation software application created for
architects and building professionals. The tools and feature are made specifically with the Building
Information Modelling in mind.
Revit MEP
Autodesk Revit MEP is a building information modelling (BIM) software created for professionals who
engage in MEP engineering. MEP stands for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing, which are the three
engineering disciplines that Revit MEP addresses.
Revit Structure
Autodesk Revit Structure is Autodesk’s BIM software solution for structural engineering companies and
structural engineers, which provides a feature rich tool set helping to drive efficient design processes in a
BIM.
Revit One Box
Includes all three types of Revit (Architecture/Structure/MEP) as one product. However, it is available
only as a part of Building Design Suite Premium and Ultimate, and not as a standalone product. Sort of an
Add-On feature.
6. 5
Revit LT
Revit LT is based on the Revit platform and is an intuitive 3D Building Information Modelling (BIM)
application. Revit LT is a cost-effective entry point for architects, designers and building professionals to
transition to BIM workflows.
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2.1 Functions of Revit
Increased Efficiency
With Revit software, architectural designers can now rapidly sketch out rough layouts of a floor plan, or
make changes to the standard set of building designs and instantly let their customers preview their future
homes hence improving efficiency. The 3D modelling views provides designer the opportunity to create
and test different designs, while high quality documents let them detect and correct problems early in the
design process.
Virtual Walkthrough
It has a virtual walkthrough and site planning tools which is not found in any other software such as
AutoCAD. This would assist the designer with more design ideas and identify any error during the
walkthrough.
Flexible & Dynamic
Revit allows all project data to be stored in a single project file, permitting multiple users to work on the
same project file and merge their changes with every save. All changes in Revit are coordinated across the
entire project, so a change in one location is a simultaneous change in all views. Revit’s unique feature
would be that: section views, elevations, and schedules are live views of the Single Building Model and
require no updates or refreshing when the model changes.
Construction Coordination
Consist of cloud-connected office to field workflows using A360, which is the cloud based collaboration
Service.
Multi-Talented
Revit is revolutionizing CAD training and application with a diverse range of capabilities. The program
can be used to facilitate design, construction, procurement, pricing, life safety, ongoing maintenance,
facility management and much more. Revit’s multi-talented profile produces advantages such as Short
Turn Around Time (TAT) and Greater Error Detection and Risk Mitigation.
Autodesk Exchange add-in Applications
Revit functionality constantly updates and expand its features, allowing the user to constantly use it at
ease without changing to other software.
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2.2 Limitations of Revit
Minor Problems on Detection and Viewing
For example, trying to look around the building at specific angles can be tricky as there some cases where
the model glitches at terrible angles. Aside from that, there is cases where the software experience
overwhelmed with the design and materials, such as the roof and the notice of “Cannot create Footprint”
appears. This in certain ways limits the possibility of certain roof designs.
Auto Changes and Deletions
One of the common problem found while using Revit is that the software sometimes automatically
changes or deletes some elements of the model or even cause the project changes without notifying he
user.
Time Consuming
Time consuming in the sense of using the software fully, the software has a lot of features and tools but it
requires a trained person to use it to its max. Not only that, the rendering and viewing may cause issues as
it requires a lot of time to process.
Large Memory Required
The software requires a large memory to fully install it into computer. This will cause the user to free up
most of the space in their computers. The software is about 15 GB which is quite large for a design
software.
9. 8
3.0 COSTX
In this modernized and globalized era, BIM has been emerging in the construction industry and the
software has to be up to par to support BIM. CostX®
is a powerful project costing tool that allows the
estimators to utilize the advanced electronic take-off system. At the same time, it embraces BIM to
deliver better results to clients. CostX was released by Exactal and it has been used in many countries in
the world because it is a very beneficial BIM tool in the construction industry. CostX can be used in the
field of quantity surveying, construction, development and so on. There are several products by Exactal
such as CostX, CostX 2D, CostX Take off, CostX Take off 2D, CostX XL and CostX Viewer.
10. 9
3.1 Functions of CostX
Auto Revisioning
CostX has a unique function whereby it can compare the drawings, point out the changes and update the
measurements. Take for instance, when a building design changes, there will be a revised building for the
drawing. With the usage of CostX, the building revision status can be incremented. Moreover, all of the
changes made will be scheduled in a Revision Log.
The comparison of dimensions consists of all area, length and count dimensions. The dimension group
quantities will be automatically updated when the revised dimensions are accepted. To revise the
dimension of the area, the previous measurement that is displayed in yellow is relocated to its desired
position on the revised drawing. All these can be done with a simple click and drag or click and drop. The
quantity will then be automatically updated.
Design Package Support
CostX has the ability to support various BIM exports from 3D design packages namely, Archicad, Revit
and Google Sketchup. Furthermore, CostX can support many different file types such as BIM files (IFC,
DWFx and more), 12D, 2D, 3D, CAD, 2D & 3D PDFs and image files (scanned sketches and photos).
CostX has full 3D graphics capability and has the ability to extract object properties and generate
automatic quantities from 3D BIM.
Workbook
Workbook structure is a spreadsheet based, which is similar to Excel. This structure offers high flexibility
and it is simple to use. Users cause utilize this feature to create accurate cost plans, estimates, bills of
quantities and tenders. Not only that, CostX has a live linking function whereby the dimensions data can
be transferred from dimension groups to workbooks by dragging and dropping or by link formulas. It is
11. 10
worthwhile to live link as much information as possible to make the best out of CostX. By increasing the
number of times a dimension group is used increases its efficiency. For instance, a single room area
dimension can be used for both floor finish and ceiling; the perimeter for skirting and cornice; and
perimeter multiplied by the height for wall finishes.
As for workbook content such as item and descriptions, it can be obtained from several sources. It can be
based on previous jobs, or on templates complete with pre-formatted descriptions and items. The data can
also be copied and pasted from Microsoft Excel or Word, simply typed into the workbook, or imported
from (and exported to) other estimating software.
Paperless Estimating
CostX Viewer allows others to view quantity surveyors’ estimates and reports without having the need to
have a physical paper copy. CostX provides quantity surveyors’ clients free CostX Viewer software
which in turn allows them to share interactive CostX projects in a safe manner and user-friendly format.
A paperless estimating solution saves time, saves money, and reduces printing, handling, storage and
retrieval costs. In turn, it is an environmental friendly alternative.
Subcontractor Comparison
The Subcontractor Comparison System in CostX consists of two main parts which are a pre-formatted
spreadsheet-style Subcontractor Comparison workbook and a suite of default Subcontractor comparison
report templates. CostX enables user to create a workbook which contain all the detail of the sub-
contractors. Therefore, sub-contractors can enter their quotation details in the workbook and the quantity
surveyors can compare the rates and sum cost of each element in a structured manner during the tender
period. The sub-contractor with the best quotation will then be selected to be part of the project.
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3.2 Limitations of CostX
Skilled Estimator Needed
Since CostX has a lot of features, users must fully understand the functions when using. CostX provides
easier ways for collaboration and analysis. This is still insufficient for the usage in construction. Having
said that, skilled and experience estimator is needed when using this software so that the software can be
fully utilized and achieve the maximum benefits.
Price
Although CostX is a time saving software and it makes the taking off stage more efficient, the cost of
CostX is relatively high as compared to taking off manually. The firm has to set aside a huge sum of
money to invest in the software to enjoy its benefits. Besides that, the license of CostX has to be renewed
yearly. However, this investment can be cost efficient in the long run.
In addition to its cons, users need to purchase a wide array of add-on products and solutions to further
expand the capability of its BIM tools.
Measurement Limitations
Some restrictions may be encountered while doing measurement on CostX. For example, when measuring
reinforcement bars, the bents for mesh fabric reinforcement (BRC) and concrete cover is hard to be
detected and measured in the drawing. To resolve this issue, adding the length on bents and extra area of
BRC is measured, which will affect the accuracy of the measurement. There are also times whereby
overlapped lines could not be detected.
13. 12
4.0 CUBICOST by GLODON
Glodon Company Limited was founded in year 1998 and it mainly focuses on the entire lifecycle of
construction projects and the delivery of first-class products and services based on the construction
engineering area. Glodon also aimed to build a new ecosystem in the construction industry and to
promote modernization of the construction industry. The products of Glodon have been widely used in
such three major sectors as house building, industrial engineering and infrastructure.
Cubicost is one of the products and services of Glodon in international market. The name of ‘Cubicost’
came with the combination of two words which are ‘cubic’ and ‘cost’. ‘Cubic’ means the shape of a cube,
which reflects that this products apply BIM (Building Information Modelling) as the core technology;
while ‘cost’ indicates the key value of the products, which is to provide integrated cost solution in
construction industry.
Cubicost provides a more efficient, precise and convenient exclusive Building Information Modelling
(BIM) integrated solution to construction industry. Cubicost is currently made available in a total of
fifteen countries around the world, which are United Kingdom, USA, Finland, China, Taiwan, Hong
Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, India, Indonesia, and
Philippines. Cubicost offers 4 types of individual BIM-based software products, namely the Cubicost
Takeoff for Architecture and Structure (TAS), Cubisost Takeoff for Rebar (TRB), Cubicost Takeoff for
Mechanical and Electrical (TME), and Cubicost Tender Series for Bill of Quantities (TBQ). Each of the
software products focuses on different needs of quantity surveying business while all these products
together cover all general requirements in construction cost estimation business.
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Cubicost TAS (Cubicost Takeoff for Architecture and Structure)
Cubicost TAS is BIM-based quantity takeoff software for architecture and
structure, which has successfully passed the buildingSMART Certification.
BuildingSMART Certification provides qualification for quality assurance and
standardization in the digitalization of the built asset industry.
Cubicost TRB (Cubicost Takeoff for Rebar)
Cubicost TRB is BIM-based quantity takeoff software for rebar. It is a suite of
quantity calculation software based on the BIM technology, which is embedded
with groundbreaking 3D measurement and calculation rules. It enables the users
to perform quantity taking-off from electronic drawings and images with
immediate 3D visualization effect and shows accurate results for each
component in real time.
Cubicost TME (Cubicost Takeoff for Mechanical and Electrical)
Cubicost TME is BIM-based quantity takeoff software for MEP (mechanical,
electrical and plumbing). It completes quantity takeoff by one click as well as
showing different systems and positions of MEP devices clearly by auto
converting black-and-white PDF drawings into colourful ones. It also provide
3D view of MEP elements, making it realistic and intuitive to check quantities.
Cubicost TBQ (Cubicost Tender Series for Bill of Quantities)
Cubicost TBQ is an innovative, efficient and easy-to-use cost estimating
software. It provide a build-in email system and enterprise cloud services for
convenient communication. It also identifies paper BQ and link summary pages
with BQ item pages automatically to prepare e-tender efficiently. It enables
team to collaboratively prepare tender to enhance work efficiently.
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4.1 Functions of Cubicost
Quick modelling and BIM-based quantity takeoff
Build BIM models efficiently by the supports and direct import of DWG, JPG, PDF or by tracking 2D
drawings. Only one click is needed to complete quantity takeoff based on model. It deals with variations
quickly by only adjusting model information and performing calculation.
Professional, accurate and easy to check
Professional as the software have built-in local measurement methods, which has been proved by users
from many countries. Accurate as it can deduct automatically based on the relations among elements in
BIM model to ensure calculation accuracy. Easy to check as it support viewing calculation basis and
expressions to facilitate rapid result checking and less calculation errors.
Various quantity reports
Cubicost has the ability to extract data and generate reports quickly. Unique Reversely Check helps to
trace the origin of quantities in BIM models, making it easy to check and modify quantities. It also
provide a variety of reports formats and support exporting Excel for different requirements.
Teamwork high efficiency and productivity
Cubicost supports the rapid adjustment and reuse of BIM models, to reduce the working intensity and
greatly increase the efficiency of team collaboration. It also support the data sharing within the Cubicost
software in terms of models, quantities, prices, etc., to improve the efficiency of generating tender
documents. It also comes with in-build SMM which allow element take off according with the actual
SMM clauses, result in saving time to check the Bill of Quantities.
Provide security and traceability
Cubicost provides a security function which allow user to create a temporary account to each project
which come with passwords or without passwords. This result in provide a higher security level to user
which avoid unrelated personal to access the data. Other than that, it will pop up a reminder to the use to
save their current work to avoid the file being lost due to accident happens.
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4.2 Limitations of Cubicost
Price
Glodon BIM can be expensive if a company wish to acquire all its products’ license to fulfill the business
from the process of construction design to its operation. Since the software is very costly, not many firms
can afford to purchase the license especially the smaller firms. Also, the users need to pay for its
‘maintenance or operation updating’ fee so that every time when new things are leased, their software will
get updated. On the other hand, it presents an extension of price when users require different products to
offset each other’s limitation.
Newly introduced in the industry
Cubicost is still a relatively new BIM-based product. Cubicost is also constantly updating and improving
its software thus it is not a completely stable product yet as there may still be some problems that affects
the performance of this product. Moreover, there are still not many users that are familiar with the usage
of Cubicost and the company required to appoint more trainers to enable the firms that are using this
product become familiar with the functions of it. Other than that, Cubicost is not yet universally used
among construction professionals so there is possible that one of the working parties may not use the
software.
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5.0 BUILDSOFT
BUILDSOFT is the estimating software for the building and construction industry. Buildsoft Global
Estimating is the software program for commercial use in the building and construction industry. It
produces Bills of Quantities or detailed Estimates and Cost Plans. Its primary use is by Commercial
building contractors and Quantity Surveyors. Conceived and designed in Australia, the software is
successful right around the world and has been constantly improved and upgraded, often incorporating
customer requests and suggestions.
5.1 Functions of Buildsoft
Bills of Quantities
Buildsoft enable the taker off to produce 4-Level Estimating, BQ Production and lump sum BQ. This
helps to reduce the time needed for preparing BQ manually.
Composite Rates
With the use of Buildsoft, Quantity Surveyor will be able to build up composite rates for each item. All of
the rates can be saved in the pricelist/library.
Tendering Function
Transferring the rates from the pricelist into a job.
Multi-level mark-up function
Quantity Surveyor can revise the job/element/item total few times without the worries of messing up data.
Quantity Surveyor can also mark-up for the profit, overhead & wastage which helps to simplify the
adjusting of tender sum.
18. 17
Job Analysis
Quantity Surveyor can abstract part of the BQ items out from a job to be converted from the elemental
bill into trades bill. Quantity Surveyor can also prepare for the sub—contractor BQ.
Cost Analysis
Quantity Surveyor can analyze the overall materials & labours cost in a particular job. This help to
provide the overall quantities for all types of materials in a particular job.
Measurement- Calculation Sheet
Quantity Surveyor can direct do taking off the quantities from the drawing through various formula that
can be keyed in at the current level. Transferring of data from the second unit is also available.
Interim Valuation/Progress Claim
Quantity Surveyor can produce interim valuation certificate through the software as it easy to key in the
percentage of the job and come out with the cost figure.
5.2 Limitations of Buildsoft
Buildsoft is among the older generation of estimating software with limitation when compare to the new
generation software and it currently being replace by its newer generation, Cubit. Even though some of
the companies are still using Buildsoft to do their work, but due to technology that moves fast especially
in the construction industry, more and more software that are being introduced are beginning to replace
Buildsoft as a competent estimating tool.
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6.0 SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATION
FEATURE CUBICOST COSTX REVIT BUILDSOFT
BASIC FEATURES
Simplicity
Applicable for Architect & Engineer
Able to export into other formats
Paperless estimating
3D model visualization
Editing of BIM models
Support multiple image and file format
Auto-revisioning
QUANTITY TAKE OFF
Automatic quantity takeoff
Auto update quantity
4D & 5D estimating
Bills of quantity / Workbook
CERTIFICATE
IFC2x3 Coordination View 2.0
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
While BIM software production is emerging in the industry in the recent years, all software has its own
unique functions and limitations. Overall, through our research, Cubicost has the best features as a BIM
software by justifying from the comparison in the table above. We will recommend this software to
improve the QS’s workflow in a construction project. Regardless, we should find the software which we
find the most comfortable and suitable with, be opened to various technologies and not restricted to the
conventional way of doing things.
Customer reviews: (from https://www.capterra.com/p/156716/Cubicost/)
Overall 5/5
Easy to use 5/5
Customer service 5/5
Features & functionality 5/5
Value for money 5/5
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7.0 Building Information Modelling (BIM)
7.1 Benefits of BIM during Briefing Stage
i. Feasibility Studies
Detailed feasibility studies as by progressive build up data will enable future projects to be procured with
a better understanding of outcomes and also able to has the capability of being fast and accurate
evaluation of multiple design options.
ii. Better Visualization
BIM software enable the client or designer to view the building model in 3D instead of the traditional 2D
method. 3D modelling enable them to view the building in different perspectives and angle so that they
are able to reveal problem arises at the early stages so that if can be solved before proceed into the
following stages which it also eliminate costly mistakes before construction started. Besides that, it also
provide the clients a rough idea on how the building will be looks like.
iii. Easier decision Making Process
With the use of BIM software enable the project team to ease project alternation and assists in better
decision making. It also enable client to have easy access to information they needed which lead to better
understanding toward the projects which mean that they are able to communicate efficiently, improved
transparency and collaboration which leads to easier decision making process.
7.2 Constraints of BIM during Briefing Stage
i. Training of Personnel is required
This software required the designer to attend substantial training during the initial stages to ensure they
have more understanding and knowledge towards the software so that they are aware of it. Besides that,
for those who already had this software required constant upgrade of their computer system to ensure they
are up to date which the lastest function and techology. Furthermore, large computer storage are also
needed as BIM software resulted larger file as compare to other software such as CAD and Costx.
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ii. Initial Cost of BIM Software is Expensive
BIM software required substantial investment in new technology. Some of the companies may not have
enough capital to implement it to ease their works especially for those small companies. Other than that,
BIM also required higher performing computer hardware so that it is able to operate efficiently which
mean that the cost will also be higher.
7.3 Benefits of Using BIM Software during Design Stage
i. Better Understanding
With the use of BIM software also helps to provide a globalize vision of the particular projects during the
design stages. This software also enable client or designer to visualize the building more concretely rather
than on plan which mean that the client have clearer insight into the project.
ii. Optimize Costs
This software actually helps to reduce the costs and risks as it combine all the important data related to
architecture, infrastructure, technical building trades and also automatically recover quantities. Besides
that, this software also eliminate the need of manual counting of all component which mean that less
labour costs is needed.
iii. Saving on Materials
BIM software can greatly reduce the amount and cost of the material needed as compared to the
traditional method such as manual measurement. This system are able to track and monitor the resources
and provided information on needs even before the construction begins. The contractor are less likely to
order surplus material and replenish supplies only when needed.
iv. Easier Design Process
From the project team of view, BIM software actually helps them to solve the difficulty for designing
complex area such as drainage, interaction between different element in the buildings and complex
architectural works can be easier visualized through the 3D program.
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7.4 Constraints of BIM during Design Stages
i. High Labour Costs
As this software required skilled labour to operate and design it. So which mean that the companies may
need to send their worker to attend some courses about the software so that they are aware of the skills
and knowledge in order to operate the software. However, the training fees is very costly too as compare
to other softwares.
ii. Slow Down the Working Speed
Although the computer storage can be upgraded to a larger storage or upgraded to the last version, the
software sometimes may still clog the computer due the large files. To reduce the problems, every time
before turning on the software it must be make sure other application were closed to prevent the software
from crashing or not responding. Other than that, it is more to a philosophy rather than just a software.
Hence, the working speed can also be slower for someone who is new to the software as they might need
some times to learn and adapt the transition.
7.5 Benefits of Using BIM during Pre- Construction Stages
i. Problems can be easily identified and solve
During the pre-construction stages, there’s a program called clash detection in the BIM software can
automatically identified the problem thus it will be solved immediately thus less time is waste as a result
of less error. The engineer in charge can check the with those clash item based on the clash detection
report and will eliminate it after that . Furthermore, it also reduce the amount of waste material to ensure
the project stays on time and within the client approved budget. Lastly, this software also reduce the time
need for manual measurement as all the measurement is done by computerized.
ii. Easier measurement method as compared to the traditional method
BIM software has the ability to measure directly from federated, models, drawings regardless it’s in 2D or
3D format. Besides that, this software also helps to produce cost planning, taking off and billing so that
BQ can be produced as well as construction estimating for contractors. Other than that, this software also
has a auto clicks function which means the length, width and etc can be automatically determined by just
clicking the auto measured buttons. Instant measurement can also be done which mean that BQ can be
produced right after that thus less time is wasted as compared to the traditional method.
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iii. Better Access in the Constructability Analysis
Based on the BIM model generated from the software, the project team or contractors are able to perform
a detailed constructability analysis to plan the operation on site in sequence so that the work on site is
more organize and also less time is wasted. On the other hand, conflict on site can be eliminated and work
can progress smoothly.
7.6 Constraint of Using BIM during Pre- Construction Stage
i. Data can be easily modified
Sometimes the engineer or architect in charge of the project is unwilling to share the digital data
generated from the software because it can be easily modified or changed by the contractor. In order to
protect those data, the only way is to share it through PDF file to the suppliers or contractor to prevent
any copyright. The disadvantages of PDF file is that the scaling in the files maybe be different from the
actual dimension generated from the BIM software.
ii. Incompatibility with Partners
Due to the software is yet to be used universally among all parties in the construction field, there is
always the possibilities that the contractors or subcontractors may not able to understand the model
generated by the software or also may not able to open the model due to lack of capital to purchase the
software.
7.7 Benefits of Using BIM during Construction Stage
i. Anticipate Challenges
One of the major benefits of using BIM software during construction stage is that it enable the project
team members to visualize the technical points and interfaces between several building items upstream,
instead of discovering them during the site progresses thus less time is wasted.
ii. Having a Secured Worksite
BIM software helps to secure the worksite which make it’s easier to developed and set up at all level such
as safety, deadline and quality of the projects. This software helps to improve the safety of the site by
identifying and preventing any risk situation. The site is normally cleaner as compared to the traditional
method. Moving on, the quality of the project is also better as it is easier to put right any faults or
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problems. This software also ensured the project finished on time as it enhance the coordination between
the project team members.
iii. Faster Speed of Construction
As this software is able to identify any changes or issues in the drawing, it will reduce the variation order
by using the auto detect design error. Besides that, it also increase operational efficiency by improving
space utilization such as extractable estate information for internal reporting. This software is also
suitable for complex building design as more time can be saved during the construction phases.
7.8 Constraints of Using BIM during Construction Stage
i. Lacks of Expert
Due to the software is still relatively new in the fields, which mean that there are also limited expert
having the knowledge of this software in the field. Thus, the purchase of this software may require an
additional investment as the company may need to send their worker to attend training courses or
education.
ii. Standardization Procedure and Disruptive
BIM software can also disturb the general procurement and construction process when ordering items as a
result of long lead time. Other than that, there’s also lack of contractual documents and code of practice
for BIM as it may caused argument or confusion between the parties due to un-standardize procedure
which may also lead to longer construction time.
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8.0 Computer-aided Design (CAD)
8.1 Benefits of CAD during briefing stage
i. Better visualization
CAD software gives a better visualization compared to manual drawings. Different designers may have
different style of drawing which make others confuse in understanding the plan. However, CAD drawing
can be easier to understand because it’s electronic and standardized. CAD has a various types of drawing
tools such as lines, circle, curve, and eclipse can improve the efficiency of user in drawing and the quality
of the output in design. For instance, object can be duplicated, rotate and move freely from one point to
another.
ii. Database
A CAD software allows the projects created to be stored centrally in a database. This permits multiple
users to access it either locally or through the internet in order to initiate collaborative designing.
Collaboration promotes insight sharing and better accountability in making sure that no detail is
overlooked.
8.2 Constraints of CAD during briefing stage
i. High initial expense
The initial cost of purchasing computer system and the license of CAD software such as AutoCAD,
Solidworks is quite expensive. In addition, CAD software required to renew the license annually.
Although there are lots of free CAD softwares available on the internet and can be installed by anyone,
however these free CAD softwares can’t compare with the proprietary software in terms of functions,
designs, and security.
ii. Training required
CAD software are not very complicated to master it, but also not easy too. User required for some training
in order to use the software effectively and efficiently.
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iii. Backup system problem
CAD software doesn’t have a backup system which means it require to backup manually. User will lose
their progress when the software crash or stop functioning if they forgot to save and backup. Also, the
works will be disrupted due to virus infection.
8.3 Benefits of CAD during design stage
i. Accurate design and drawing
CAD is specialized in producing high accuracy 2D and 3D drawing which can rotate with different
orientation and angles. User no need to erase and redraw the draft by using ruler and eraser because any
editing and changes can be made by system conventionally.
User can view the actual building on screen and able to present their ideas using CAD on screen without
prototype
ii. Flexibility in drawing management
CAD has always allowed users to display, edit and print the details of drawing in separable layers. Hence,
layers such as structural, plumbing and electrical can be organized in equivalent.
iii. Establish of drawing standardization
Able to create unique design for text, type of lines and different dimensions. Hence, various fonts can be
displayed in different layers such as height, weight and slant.
Different line-types which varies in brightness can establish a drawing which is more clearly in
characteristic such as light, mid and dark as well as able to determine the distance between the lines.
iv. Variety of drawing scale and resolution
Able to zoom in the drawing to view the detailed part and zoom out to display the overall concept of
drawing
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8.4 Constraints of CAD during design stage
i. Availability of system updates
As a CAD user, you have to update the software from time to time to have a better software functions. On
the other hand, the users also need to improve their skills in handling the software
ii. Lost of Designers
Fresh graduates of designing courses will fail to get their job as manual drawing is already replaced by
CAD. Besides, because of the heavy importance placed on CAD software, less designers are needed and
employed.
8.5 Benefits of CAD during pre-construction stage
i. Eliminate parallax error and interferences
CAD allows engineers and architect to avoid parallax error by naked eyes, which usually result in wrong
scaling. This easier them to draw and design any pattern and drawing without considering any common
mistakes and circumstances. Architects, engineers, project managers or contractors use CAD to check and
estimate the interferences before construction begins.
ii. Magnification
The features of zoom in and out allow user to facilitate drawing element and improve the quality of the
drawing.
iii. All components fit as planned
CAD also allows the designers to ensure that all required components fit. Visualizing components in
three-dimensional space can be extremely difficult and cause a lot of unintended conflicts or
interferences. The 3D modeling systems indicate interferences and allow the designer to resolve them
before prints are made and prevent construction delays.
iv. More accurate quantities of the materials
Quantity surveyor able to calculate more accurate material cost and material quantities which are needed
by using AutoCAD Civil 3D so as to prevent waste material during construction. CAD software not only
can measure the length and area of a line or square, even the volume of the irregular shape of the object
also can be measured.
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8.6 Constraints of CAD during pre-construction stage
i. The implication of real-world concept
It is always hard to imply the nature of object into CAD system as CAD system always serve to transform
the idea of designers into geometrical model only
8.7 Benefits of CAD during construction stage
i. Reduce misunderstanding
Designer able to get standardized and high accuracy 2D and 3D drawing using CAD. This improves the
communication between the project team.
ii. Reduce mistakes
The contractor more understanding the CAD drawing and according the drawing to build the building as
requested. Also, it reduces cost and construction time because of unnecessary mistakes made by the
contractor during construction gradually decrease
8.8 Constraints of CAD during construction stage
i. Extra expenses on site
Using CAD requires a computer system and installed on site. Electricity is mandatory for running the
computer and software which means the special electricity service should be supplied to the temporary
office on the site.
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9.0 Manual Measurement
9.1 Benefits of Manual Measurement during briefing stage
i. Cost Effective
Manual measurement is cost effective as BIM and CAD measurement need to be purchased at a high
price for the license software while manual measurement would be on the printing cost.
ii. Less Training Is Required
BIM and CAD measurement required trained skill to use them professionally. Therefore, firms which are
using this software might have to spend extra expenses to send fresh graduates for training session on the
programme.
9.2 Constraints of Manual Measurement during briefing stage
i. Cost Plan
During the design stage, QS might need to advise the client on the budgets and variations of the project.
QS are required to create cost plan. This wouldn’t be a problem for experienced QS as they have been in
the industry for years however fresh graduates QS who are lack of real life experiences might not be able
to create a proper cost plan.
9.3 Constraints of Manual Measurement during design stage
i. Human Errors
At this stage, variations might happen as the design of the building might change due to the requirement
of client and thus, QS might need to make changes in the taking-off and measurement according to the
architect new variation order. All this change might cause human errors such as miscalculating where
only given a short time if period to revise the documents.
ii. Time consuming
Tools such as scale rule and calculator are normally the practises for manual measurement. This in turn
will cause a lengthy time frame as man power has certain human and time limits compared to
programmed software.
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9.4 Benefits of Manual Measurement during pre-construction stage
i. Safer Way
Manual measurement has no obstruction like power failure. QS can carry on their works even if
electricity supply are down or computer error happens as manual measurement are written on paper.
ii. Create Clearer Image
Manual measurement can develop a clearer image on the project itself while doing the taking off. Users
would be more familiar to the projects even the smallest detail of it.
9.5 Constraints of Manual Measurement during pre-construction stage
i. Human Errors
During Pre-Construction stage, manual measurement might cause some human error and lower down the
accuracy. More complex and complicated component will take place as there would be plenty of detailed
drawing in the project. At the same time, the number of elements to be taken off would be large. Human
prone to make mistakes when things are complicated. Some elements might be missed out while doing
huge amount of taking off and this might cause differences in the final cost of the project. Therefore,
manual measurement is not recommended in this stage.
ii. Time Consuming
As mentioned on above, a whale of time is needed to calculate over hundreds of drawings. Manual
measurement has its very own limitation and thus this could cause a longer period for a huge project.
Thus, this method is suitable for small project.
9.6 Benefits of Manual Measurement during construction stage
i. Safer and Secured
Contractors are appointed during this stage which means works are going to be commenced. Manual
measurement will reduce the risk of information loss as computer system might go haywire or files might
not be saved properly. Thus, manual measurement is more secured as all are hand written.
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9.7 Constraints of Manual Measurement during construction stage
i. Accuracy of Data
Software could identify errors easily compared to manual measurement, programmed system in the
software can produce accurate data for the final cost.
ii. Dimensional Restriction
Manual measurement could not produce 3D, 4D and 5D services like software are capable of.
iii. Time Consuming
Same as other stages, variations might occur and thus, changes must be made. Manual measurement
consumed a lot time and indirectly, this will incur extension of time.
9.8 Benefits of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage
i. Ease to Obtain Information
The Operation and Maintenance manual are kept properly with care and can be accessible to users.
ii. Straightforward Information
The information given are straightforward and can assist user that has knowledge in buildings. As it is in
hardcopy, a person does not need to master any software in order locate and extract the specific
information needed.
9.9 Constraints of Manual Measurement during post-construction stage
i. Time needed after commissioning
Significant time is needed to collect and validate data needed to form the Manual, as the information often
consists of 2D Drawings and PDF documents.
ii. Limited Information
A hardcopy Manual does not provide some crucial information for the Facility Maintenance team that
extends beyond the 2D drawings such as maintenance planning and space planning.
