Objective of the Study:- Introduction, Structure of Sodium-Potassium Pump, History, Forms of the pump, Mechanism of working, Inhibition and Functions of the pump.
Objective of the Study:- Introduction, Structure of Sodium-Potassium Pump, History, Forms of the pump, Mechanism of working, Inhibition and Functions of the pump.
A comprehensive coverage of Enzymes including basics, mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, enzyme inhibition and clinical applications, mostly based on Stryer- Biochemistry. The slides were intended for MBBS teaching, but should benefit the students of Biochemistry and allied sciences.
Prepared in Sept 2015
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in:cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. Let's say you ate a piece of meat. Proteases would go to work and help break down the peptide bonds between the amino acids.
A comprehensive coverage of Enzymes including basics, mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, enzyme inhibition and clinical applications, mostly based on Stryer- Biochemistry. The slides were intended for MBBS teaching, but should benefit the students of Biochemistry and allied sciences.
Prepared in Sept 2015
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in:cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. Let's say you ate a piece of meat. Proteases would go to work and help break down the peptide bonds between the amino acids.
Transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules by Kainat RamzanKainatRamzan3
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. Its permeability properties ensure that essential molecules such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and lipids readily enter the cell, and waste compounds leave the cell.
The plasma membrane, which is also called the cell membrane, has many functions, but the most basic one is to define the borders of the cell and keep the cell functional.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
4. Cell membrane
The fundamental structure of the membrane is the phospholipid
bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous
compartments. In the case of the plasma membrane, these
compartments are the inside and the outside of the cell.
8. Structure
Consists of a catalytic α subunit with ten trans-membrane
segments (8 trans membrane α-helical segments and two large
cytoplasmic inclusions, and - a single trans-membrane
glycosylated β subunit (single trans membrane helix and a large
extracellular domain), required for stabilization.
The α subunit contains the ATPbinding site, the
phosphorylation site, and amino acids essential for the binding
of cations and cardiac glycosides, which suggests that this
subunit plays a major role in the catalytic function of the
enzyme.
The β subunit appears to be involved in maturation of the
enzyme, localization of theATPase to the plasma membrane,
and stabilization of a K+-bound intermediate form of the
protein.
9.
10. Forms of sodium - potassiumpump
Na+ - K+ATPase exists in two forms-
E1 Form:
E1 has an inward facing high affinity Na+ binding site and
reacts withATPto form the activated product E1~P only when
Na+ is bound.
E2 form :
E2 –P has an outward facing high affinity K+ binding site and
hydrolyses to form P+ E2 only when K+ is bound .
The enzyme, embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, exists in
two main conformations E1 and E2, which are able to
exchange ions at the internal or external side of the membrane,
respectively.
E2 can be present in a closed, or open, conformation.
11.
12. MECHANISM
• The pump has a higher affinity for Na⁺ ions than K⁺ ions, thus after
bindingATP, binds 3 intracellular Na⁺ ions.
• ATPis hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump and
subsequent release dissociate of ADP. This process leads to a
conformational change in the pump.
• The conformational change exposes the Na⁺ ions to the extracellular
region.
• The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for Na⁺ ions,
so they are released and pushed outside the cell membrane; by
contrast it has high affinity for the K⁺ ions.
• The pump binds 2 extracellular K⁺ ions, which
induces dephosphorylation of the pump, reverting it to its previous
conformational state, thus releasing the K⁺ ions into the cell.
• The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na⁺
ions.
• A
TP binds, and the process starts again.
13.
14. The Electrochemical Gradient
The active transport of ions across the membrane causes
an electrical gradient to build up across the plasma
membrane.
The number of positively charged ions outside the cell
is greater than the number of positively charged ions in
the cytosol.
This results in a relatively negative charge on the inside of
the
membrane, and a positive charge on the outside.
This difference in charges causes a voltage across the
membrane
The voltage across a membrane is called membrane
potential. Membrane potential is very important for the
conduction of electrical impulses along nerve cells.
15. Because the inside of the cell is negative compared to
outside the cell, the membrane potential favors the
movement of positively charged ions (cations) into the cell,
and the movement of negative ions (anions) out of the cell.
So, there are two forces that drive the diffusion of ions across
the plasma membrane a chemical force (the ions'
concentration gradient), and an electrical force (the effect
of the membrane potential on the ions’ movement
electrical gradient).
These two forces working together are called an
electrochemical gradient.
16. FUNCTIONS
The job of the sodium-potassium pump is to regulate the
concentration of Na+ and K+ on the inside and outside of the cell.
Na, K-ATPase is important for the overall health of cells. The
pump:
1. Stabilizes the resting membrane potential of cells
2. Produces action potentials
3. Regulates cell volume
4. Help cells such as sperm, neuron, and kidney cells to
perform specialized functions
17. Resting membrane potential
A neuron at rest is negatively charged,, the inside of a
cell is approximately 70 millivolts more negative than
the outside (−70 mV, note that this number varies by
neuron type and by species). This voltage is called the
resting membrane potential.
it is caused by differences in the concentrations of ions
inside and outside the cell.
If the membrane were equally permeable to all ions,
each type of ion would flow across the membrane and
the system would reach equilibrium.
18. The resting membrane potential is a result of different
concentrations inside and outside the cell.
The difference in the number of positively charged
potassium ions (K+) inside and outside the cell dominates
the resting membrane potential
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for
transporting ions into and out of cells. It contributes to the
maintenance of a cell's resting potential both during and
after stimulation. The cell membrane's potential is
determined by maintaining a low concentration of sodium
and a high concentration of potassium within the cell.
19. Many secondary active transporters (transport
proteins in the membrane) are activated by Na export
and are responsible for transporting amino acids,
glucose, and other essential nutrients.
The sodium-potassium pump maintains cellular
osmolarity, which regulates cell volume. Osmosis
regulates cell volume. This function maintains and
controls the concentration of various nutrients and
chemical substances.
Other Functions
20. Sodium and potassium gradients function in various organ
systems' physiologic processes.
The kidneys have a high level of expression of the Na, K-
ATPase, with the distal convoluted tubule expressing up to 50
million pumps per cell. This sodium gradient is necessary for
the kidney to filter waste products in the blood, reabsorb
amino acids, reabsorb glucose, regulate electrolyte levels in the
blood, and to maintain pH.
Sperm cells also use the Na, K-ATPase, but they use a different
isoform necessary for preserving fertility in males. Sperm needs
the Na, KATPase to regulate membrane potential and ions,
which is necessary for sperm motility and the sperm’s
acrosome functioning during penetration into the egg.