Sodium is the chief cation found in extracellular fluid and plays important roles in blood pressure, acid-base balance, and cell permeability. The recommended daily intake is 5-10g, though hypertensive patients should aim for 1g. Sources include salt, foods, and some vegetables. Sodium is readily absorbed in the gut and excreted primarily in urine. Normal plasma levels are 135-145 mEq/L. Imbalances can cause hyponatremia or hypernatremia. Potassium is found intracellularly and is important for nerve impulse transmission and protein synthesis. Sources include bananas and potatoes. It is highly absorbed and excreted in urine. Normal plasma levels are 3.4-5

1. Minerals

2. Sodium
 Chief cation of extracellular fluid
 50% present in bone
 40% in extracellular fluid
 10% in soft tissue

3. Biochemical function
 Blood pressure
 Sodium regulates the body’s acid base
balance
 Necessary for cell permeability
 Necessary for initiating and maintaining
heart beat
 Sodium, meanwhile, allows your small
intestine to absorb amino acids, glucose
and water from the foods you eat

4. RDA value
 5-10 g/day
 Patient of hypertension, around 1g/day

5. Sources
 Common salt
 Ingested food
 Bread
 Whole grains
 Leafy vegetables
 Nut
 Eggs and milk

6. Absorption
 Readily absorbed in the GIT
 Little of it is found in feces <2%
 In diarrhea, large quantities of sodium
is lost in feces

7. Plasma sodium
 Normal conc. Is 135-145 mEq/l
 Sodium is extra cellular cation therefore
blood cells contains less(35 mEq/l)
 Excretion
 Urine and less in feces
 The conc. Is controlled by aldosterone antagonist
to ANP

8. Disease states
 Hyponatremia.
serum sodium level falls below normal
 sodium deficiency can cause muscle cramps
 Causes
diarrhea,vomitting,chronic renal disease
Addison's disease
 Also observed in edema
 Manifestation of hyponatremia include
reduce blood pressure and congestive heart
failure

9. hypernatremia
 Increase in serum sodium level
 Symptoms
blood volume and blood pressure
 Occur due to
1. Cushing’s syndrome
2. Prolonged administration of cortisone
3. Diabetes insipidus
4. Pregnancy placenta and steroid cause sodium
and water retention

10. Potassium
 Intracellular cation

11. Biochemical function
 Intracellular osmotic pressure
 Acid base balance
 Pyruvate kinase k+ for optimal activity
 Transmission of nerve impulse
 Necessary for proper biosynthesis of protein
by ribosome's
 Extracellular k+ influences cardiac muscle
activity

12. Sources
 Banana,orange,pineapple,potato,beans
chicken and liver

13. absorption
 Absorption of potassium from GIT
is very efficient(90%)
 Very little is lost through feces
 Diarrhea ,good proportion lost

14. Plasma potassium
 3.4-5.0 mEq/l

15. Excretion
 Mainly through urine
 Maintenance of body acid base balance
 Influences potassium excretion
 Aldosterone increase excretion of k

16. Disease states
 Hypokalemia
 Decrease k+ in serum
 Occur due to
 Cushing’s syndrome and prolonged cortisone
therapy
 Iv administration of k+-free fluid
 Diarrhea and vomiting

17. Symptoms
 Muscle weakness
 Tachycardia
 Cardiomegaly
 Changes in ECG are observed

18. hyperkalemia
 Increase in the concentration of serum potassium
observed in renal failure
 Severe dehydration
 Iv fluid with excess of potassium
 Diabetic coma

19. symptoms
 Numbness
 Reduce heart sound
 Changes in ECG

20. Chlorine
 Chlorine is a constituent of chloride
 Therefore the metabolism of chlorine and sodium
are intimately related

21. Biochemical function
 Formation of HCl
 Salivary amylase is activated by chloride
 Acid base balance

22. Dietary requirement
 Requirement of chlorine as nacl is
 5-10mEq/l

23. Sources
 Common salt
 Whole grains
 Leafy vegetables
 Eggs
 Milk

24. Plasma chloride
 95-105 mEq/l
 CSF contain higher level of chlorine
125mEq/l

25. Absorption and excretion
 Totally absorbed in GIT
 Excretion through urine

26. Disease state
 Hypochloremia
Vomiting,diarrhea,rspiratory alkalosis
Addison’s disease and excessive sweating
Hyperchloremia
Dehydration
Respiratory acidosis
Cushing’s disease