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This document discusses how family structures have become more diverse and flexible in modern society. According to theorists like Giddens and Stacey, late modern/postmodern society provides more opportunities for individuals to choose their own identities and lifestyle arrangements, including how they structure their families. As a result, families now come in many different forms as people tailor partnerships to their needs and can choose to cohabit, marry or dissolve relationships based on their own satisfaction rather than societal norms. However, some argue this view may exaggerate the level of choice and flexibility for all families.
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Changing Values And Lifestyle
Lifestyle includes behaviors related to work, leisure activities, food, and social interaction. Lifestyle changes alter behaviors like diet, physical activity, and others. Lifestyle reflects how people see themselves and how they believe others see them. It is expressed through work and leisure behaviors, attitudes, values, and opinions. A lifestyle represents how individuals, families, and societies cope with their environments on a daily basis. Modernization, urbanization, and globalization are affecting Indian society by impacting social relations and increasing addiction to technology and decreased moral values. Efforts are needed to educate people on technology use, health, moral values, and culture. The Indian society is undergoing a transition as lifestyles change and modernize.
Sociology presentation
1. Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, behaviors, and social skills needed to function in their own culture.
2. It involves learning from several social agents including family, peers, teachers, and the media. Children progress through different stages of socialization from infancy to adolescence.
3. Related concepts include acculturation, assimilation, and enculturation - which refer to the adoption of cultural aspects by individuals or groups through contact with other cultures. Conflict is also a social process that can arise from differences in social and cultural values between groups.
China Collectivism vs Western Individualism
Understanding the individualism versus collectivism as a cultural dimension clearly shows the diversity in how societies relate to one another. In individualistic societies it’s more about acknowledging individual accomplishments, not mixing social life and work life too much, privacy, encouraging debate and expression of an own idea. On the other hand, in collectivistic societies wisdom is the most important factor, avoid giving negative feedback, highly encouraged to suppress feelings that may cause rife in the group and people are encouraged to be polite and to say “No” causes people to lose face thus should be avoided and that’s where China falls… You can learn more by visiting our blog here! https://www.laowaicareer.com/blog/global-cultural-dimensions-collectivism-vs-individualism/
4th bs lecture
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology related to culture and socialization. It discusses mores and folkways, social control through shame and guilt, ideal and real culture, artifacts, high and popular culture, subcultures, multiculturalism, cultural change through invention, discovery and diffusion, ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and how culture is learned through primary, secondary and adult socialization. It also examines results of socialization like perception, categorization and stereotypes, and limitations on socialization and understanding cultural differences.
Collectivistic cultures
Collectivistic cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and wishes of each individual.
In this cultures under mentioned play a central role in each person's identity.
relationships with other members of the group and
the interconnectedness between people
Cultures in Asia, Central America, South America and Africa tend to be more collectivistic.
A few common traits of collectivistic cultures include:
Social rules focus on
promoting selflessness and
putting the community needs ahead of individual needs
Working as a group and supporting others is essential
People are encouraged to do what's best for society
Families and communities have a central role
In collectivistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are
generous,
helpful,
dependable, and
attentive to the needs of others.
Individualisation
Individualization is increasing the opportunities for individuals to influence and shape their own lives through personal choices. While traditions and social norms once dictated many aspects of life, individuals now have more freedom to choose their education, career, lifestyle, and how they present themselves. However, factors like genetics, family background, and social environment still place limits on individual freedom and choice. The report explores how individualization is manifesting in society and increasing, but does not assume individuals have complete or unlimited freedom to choose their own path.
Individualism collectivism
The document discusses several studies on individualism and collectivism. Some key findings include:
- Individualism is linked to greater independence and self-esteem, while collectivism is linked to greater social responsibility and group harmony.
- Individualistic cultures value independence more than collectivistic cultures.
- Task interdependence can increase cooperation in individualistic cultures more than collectivistic cultures.
- Different cultures prefer different approaches to teamwork, accountability, communication and reward allocation.
Politics, Society and Identity
To suggest, as textbooks tend to do, that politics takes place in a social context fails to convey just how intimately politics and social life are related. Politics, by its very nature, is a social activity, and it is viewed by some as nothing more than the process through which the conflicts of society are articulated and, perhaps, resolved. In this sense, society is no mere 'context', but the very stuff and substance of politics itself. Although later chapters examine the interaction between society and politics in relation to particular channels of communication, such as the media, elections, political parties, interest groups and so on, this chapter focuses on the broader political implications of how society is structured and how it has changed and continues to change. For example, the transition from agrarian societies to industrial societies and then to so-called post-industrial society has profoundly altered levels of social connectedness and given rise to new political battle lines. Not only has post-industrialism been associated with the declining significance of social class, but technological change, particularly in the fields of information and communication, has altered the breadth of connections between and among people, as well as the nature of these connections. These and related factors have been linked to the strengthening of individualism, with major political consequences. Modern thinking about the relationship between politics and society is, nevertheless, increasingly focused on the issue of identity, which, many claim, has given rise to a new politics of group self-assertion, commonly called identity politics. Amongst its other implications, this trend has highlighted the political significance of factors such as race and ethnicity, gender and culture
Post-industrialism is characterized, amongst other things, by an increasing emphasis on knowledge and information generally, with the advent of the internet and the wider use of computer-based technologies having given rise to the 'information society'. Not only do information societies connect more people to more other people, but the nature of those connections has also changed, especially through the development of looser and more diffuse networks
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Changing Values And Lifestyle
Lifestyle includes behaviors related to work, leisure activities, food, and social interaction. Lifestyle changes alter behaviors like diet, physical activity, and others. Lifestyle reflects how people see themselves and how they believe others see them. It is expressed through work and leisure behaviors, attitudes, values, and opinions. A lifestyle represents how individuals, families, and societies cope with their environments on a daily basis. Modernization, urbanization, and globalization are affecting Indian society by impacting social relations and increasing addiction to technology and decreased moral values. Efforts are needed to educate people on technology use, health, moral values, and culture. The Indian society is undergoing a transition as lifestyles change and modernize.
Sociology presentation
1. Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, behaviors, and social skills needed to function in their own culture.
2. It involves learning from several social agents including family, peers, teachers, and the media. Children progress through different stages of socialization from infancy to adolescence.
3. Related concepts include acculturation, assimilation, and enculturation - which refer to the adoption of cultural aspects by individuals or groups through contact with other cultures. Conflict is also a social process that can arise from differences in social and cultural values between groups.
China Collectivism vs Western Individualism
Understanding the individualism versus collectivism as a cultural dimension clearly shows the diversity in how societies relate to one another. In individualistic societies it’s more about acknowledging individual accomplishments, not mixing social life and work life too much, privacy, encouraging debate and expression of an own idea. On the other hand, in collectivistic societies wisdom is the most important factor, avoid giving negative feedback, highly encouraged to suppress feelings that may cause rife in the group and people are encouraged to be polite and to say “No” causes people to lose face thus should be avoided and that’s where China falls… You can learn more by visiting our blog here! https://www.laowaicareer.com/blog/global-cultural-dimensions-collectivism-vs-individualism/
4th bs lecture
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology related to culture and socialization. It discusses mores and folkways, social control through shame and guilt, ideal and real culture, artifacts, high and popular culture, subcultures, multiculturalism, cultural change through invention, discovery and diffusion, ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and how culture is learned through primary, secondary and adult socialization. It also examines results of socialization like perception, categorization and stereotypes, and limitations on socialization and understanding cultural differences.
Collectivistic cultures
Collectivistic cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and wishes of each individual.
In this cultures under mentioned play a central role in each person's identity.
relationships with other members of the group and
the interconnectedness between people
Cultures in Asia, Central America, South America and Africa tend to be more collectivistic.
A few common traits of collectivistic cultures include:
Social rules focus on
promoting selflessness and
putting the community needs ahead of individual needs
Working as a group and supporting others is essential
People are encouraged to do what's best for society
Families and communities have a central role
In collectivistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are
generous,
helpful,
dependable, and
attentive to the needs of others.
Individualisation
Individualization is increasing the opportunities for individuals to influence and shape their own lives through personal choices. While traditions and social norms once dictated many aspects of life, individuals now have more freedom to choose their education, career, lifestyle, and how they present themselves. However, factors like genetics, family background, and social environment still place limits on individual freedom and choice. The report explores how individualization is manifesting in society and increasing, but does not assume individuals have complete or unlimited freedom to choose their own path.
Individualism collectivism
The document discusses several studies on individualism and collectivism. Some key findings include:
- Individualism is linked to greater independence and self-esteem, while collectivism is linked to greater social responsibility and group harmony.
- Individualistic cultures value independence more than collectivistic cultures.
- Task interdependence can increase cooperation in individualistic cultures more than collectivistic cultures.
- Different cultures prefer different approaches to teamwork, accountability, communication and reward allocation.
Politics, Society and Identity
To suggest, as textbooks tend to do, that politics takes place in a social context fails to convey just how intimately politics and social life are related. Politics, by its very nature, is a social activity, and it is viewed by some as nothing more than the process through which the conflicts of society are articulated and, perhaps, resolved. In this sense, society is no mere 'context', but the very stuff and substance of politics itself. Although later chapters examine the interaction between society and politics in relation to particular channels of communication, such as the media, elections, political parties, interest groups and so on, this chapter focuses on the broader political implications of how society is structured and how it has changed and continues to change. For example, the transition from agrarian societies to industrial societies and then to so-called post-industrial society has profoundly altered levels of social connectedness and given rise to new political battle lines. Not only has post-industrialism been associated with the declining significance of social class, but technological change, particularly in the fields of information and communication, has altered the breadth of connections between and among people, as well as the nature of these connections. These and related factors have been linked to the strengthening of individualism, with major political consequences. Modern thinking about the relationship between politics and society is, nevertheless, increasingly focused on the issue of identity, which, many claim, has given rise to a new politics of group self-assertion, commonly called identity politics. Amongst its other implications, this trend has highlighted the political significance of factors such as race and ethnicity, gender and culture
Post-industrialism is characterized, amongst other things, by an increasing emphasis on knowledge and information generally, with the advent of the internet and the wider use of computer-based technologies having given rise to the 'information society'. Not only do information societies connect more people to more other people, but the nature of those connections has also changed, especially through the development of looser and more diffuse networks
6 individualism v collectivism
Individualism refers to cultures that prioritize individual goals over group goals, while collectivism refers to cultures that prioritize group goals over individual goals. Individualist cultures tend to be economically wealthy and promote competition, self-reliance, and standing out from the group. Collectivist cultures tend to be economically poorer and promote cooperation, responsibility to the in-group, and contributing to the group's success rather than individual success. However, cultures and individuals can show traits of both individualism and collectivism.
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Individuals live in families, which are the basic building blocks of society. Families allow societies to function by assigning roles to individuals and eliciting their necessary contributions. The family and society are interdependent - families require support from the larger society in order to survive, and societies rely on families to carry out essential functions. There is no single definition of "family" - definitions vary between cultures and individuals based on experiences and purposes, such as determining social policy benefits.
Enculturation and acculturation
The document discusses the concepts of enculturation and acculturation. Enculturation refers to acquiring the basic values and norms of one's native culture through socialization. It is an essential process for survival. Acculturation refers to adopting values and norms from outside one's native culture through contact with other cultures. It occurs when different cultures interact but the cultures remain distinct. Acculturation is a secondary socialization process that is not essential for survival. The document outlines the key differences between enculturation and acculturation in terms of meaning, necessity, process, and educational implications.
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Cultural diversity refers to differences between groups based on factors like ethnicity, race, gender, and religion. These cultural differences can impact students' participation in health and physical education if their perspectives and beliefs are not understood or valued by teachers. It is important for teachers to appreciate cultural differences, build cultural knowledge, and create an inclusive learning environment where all students feel comfortable and included, in order to avoid marginalizing students from differing cultures.
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This document discusses enculturation and acculturation in education. Enculturation is defined as the process by which individuals learn the requirements of and acquire the values and behaviors of the culture they are born into. It is a lifelong process that helps socialize individuals and maintain cultural unity. Acculturation is defined as the exchange of cultural features that occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contact. It is a two-way process of cultural and behavioral change and adoption. Both enculturation and acculturation have educational implications such as helping individuals develop skills, understand different cultures, and promote social adjustment and integration.
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This document discusses the formation of personal identity through both nature and nurture. It examines how individuals are shaped by their social environment through various agents of socialization like family, education, peer groups, and culture. Key concepts covered include the social construction of identity, norms and values, primary and secondary socialization, and how family socialization influences gender roles and cultural capital. The document suggests that personal identity results from both biological and genetic factors as well as cultural and social influences throughout life.
Media and Political Culture - Law & Politics
Much of politics takes place in our heads; that is, it is shaped by our ideas, values and assumptions about how society should be organized, and our expectations, hopes and fears about government. Ultimately, what we believe about the society in which we live may be more important than the reality of its power structure, and the actual distribution of resources and opportunities within it. Perception may not only be more important than reality; in practical terms, perception may be reality. This highlights the vital role played by what is called 'political culture'. People's beliefs, symbols and values structure both their attitude to the political process and, crucially, their view of the regime in which they live. However, there is significant disagreement about the nature and role of the political culture, not least over whether it sustains democracy or is aligned with the interests of dominant groups. Others have highlighted concerns about the political culture's (apparently) declining capacity to foster civic engagement and a sense of social belonging. The issue of the political culture also draws attention to extent to which the politics of modern societies is conducted through the media – newspapers, television, the internet, mobile phones and so on. The media constitute much more than a channel of communications; they are part of the political process itself, affecting, and not merely reflecting, the distribution of power in society at large. Long-standing debate about the media's relationship with democracy and styles of governance have been given a fresh twist by the advent of electronic-based 'new' media, while media influence generally has been associated with a growing emphasis in politics on 'news management' and what is called 'spin'.
The mass media has affected governance in various ways. These include that they have transformed political leadership and, in the process, reapportioned government power. They have also changed the political culture and, some have warned, contributed to declining respect for politicians and politics in general. Finally, the growing influence of the media is evident in a policy-making process that has to react more rapidly and make sense of a vast amount of information
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This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in an introductory sociology course, including mores and folkways, social control, ideal and real culture, artifacts, high and popular culture, subcultures, multiculturalism, cultural change, socialization, and understanding cultural differences. Key concepts that will be examined are norms, socialization processes, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and cultural variation within and between groups.
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This document provides an introduction to the course Introduction to Sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of interactions and relations among human beings. It discusses three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, which views society as a system of interrelated parts; conflict theory, which emphasizes disagreements and competition for resources; and symbolic interactionism, which focuses on how people interpret and ascribe meaning through social interactions. The document also addresses the relationship between individuals and society.
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This document discusses various definitions and perspectives on what constitutes religion. It examines substantive definitions that focus on the core beliefs and practices of religion, such as a belief in supernatural beings or relating to sacred concepts. It also looks at functional definitions that emphasize how religion strengthens social bonds and integration. The document notes criticisms of these approaches and alternatives like social constructionism. Examples are provided to illustrate how different definitions can lead to varying views on whether certain beliefs or practices are religious.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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1) Neo-Marxist: The media reflects the ideology of the ruling class who own and control it. This maintains the status quo and false consciousness among workers.
2) Marxist: Journalists are socialized in dominant ideology and will reflect ruling class values, even if independent from owners.
3) Pluralist: A diversity of media ensures no single group can dominate ideologically. Consumer choice and market forces determine content, not owners.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Pressure groups seek to influence government policy on issues important to their members. They focus on single issues and use various tactics to publicize their views and influence decisions. Pressure groups are important in a democracy by allowing participation in the political process and influencing government policy through both insider and outsider tactics. The pluralist view sees pressure groups as promoting compromise, while the conflict view sees them as promoting the interests of powerful groups.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Social research examines attitudes, beliefs, trends, and social rules within a society. The scope of social research can focus on individuals or entire populations. Conducting social research is an engaging process that requires skills in observation, logical thinking, and curiosity about sociological topics like poverty, racism, class issues, voting behavior, and criminality. Researchers develop hypotheses to test their initial ideas or hunches about relationships between variables. Data can be collected through quantitative methods that rely on numbers or qualitative methods like observations and interviews to understand experiences. Primary data is collected directly by researchers, while secondary data involves previously collected official statistics.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document defines criminal and deviant behavior and discusses the differences. It provides examples of crimes such as robbery, murder and fraud. It explains that criminal behavior breaks the law and can result in punishment through the legal system which includes the legislature, judiciary, police, and prisons. Deviant behavior is defined as actions that do not conform to societal norms and rules, though it may not be illegal. Whether an action is seen as deviant depends on factors like time, location, culture, and historical period. Deviance is a social construction that can change over time.
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6 individualism v collectivism
Individualism refers to cultures that prioritize individual goals over group goals, while collectivism refers to cultures that prioritize group goals over individual goals. Individualist cultures tend to be economically wealthy and promote competition, self-reliance, and standing out from the group. Collectivist cultures tend to be economically poorer and promote cooperation, responsibility to the in-group, and contributing to the group's success rather than individual success. However, cultures and individuals can show traits of both individualism and collectivism.
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Individuals live in families, which are the basic building blocks of society. Families allow societies to function by assigning roles to individuals and eliciting their necessary contributions. The family and society are interdependent - families require support from the larger society in order to survive, and societies rely on families to carry out essential functions. There is no single definition of "family" - definitions vary between cultures and individuals based on experiences and purposes, such as determining social policy benefits.
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The document discusses the concepts of enculturation and acculturation. Enculturation refers to acquiring the basic values and norms of one's native culture through socialization. It is an essential process for survival. Acculturation refers to adopting values and norms from outside one's native culture through contact with other cultures. It occurs when different cultures interact but the cultures remain distinct. Acculturation is a secondary socialization process that is not essential for survival. The document outlines the key differences between enculturation and acculturation in terms of meaning, necessity, process, and educational implications.
Appreciating cultural differences
Cultural diversity refers to differences between groups based on factors like ethnicity, race, gender, and religion. These cultural differences can impact students' participation in health and physical education if their perspectives and beliefs are not understood or valued by teachers. It is important for teachers to appreciate cultural differences, build cultural knowledge, and create an inclusive learning environment where all students feel comfortable and included, in order to avoid marginalizing students from differing cultures.
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This document discusses enculturation and acculturation in education. Enculturation is defined as the process by which individuals learn the requirements of and acquire the values and behaviors of the culture they are born into. It is a lifelong process that helps socialize individuals and maintain cultural unity. Acculturation is defined as the exchange of cultural features that occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contact. It is a two-way process of cultural and behavioral change and adoption. Both enculturation and acculturation have educational implications such as helping individuals develop skills, understand different cultures, and promote social adjustment and integration.
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This document discusses the formation of personal identity through both nature and nurture. It examines how individuals are shaped by their social environment through various agents of socialization like family, education, peer groups, and culture. Key concepts covered include the social construction of identity, norms and values, primary and secondary socialization, and how family socialization influences gender roles and cultural capital. The document suggests that personal identity results from both biological and genetic factors as well as cultural and social influences throughout life.
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Much of politics takes place in our heads; that is, it is shaped by our ideas, values and assumptions about how society should be organized, and our expectations, hopes and fears about government. Ultimately, what we believe about the society in which we live may be more important than the reality of its power structure, and the actual distribution of resources and opportunities within it. Perception may not only be more important than reality; in practical terms, perception may be reality. This highlights the vital role played by what is called 'political culture'. People's beliefs, symbols and values structure both their attitude to the political process and, crucially, their view of the regime in which they live. However, there is significant disagreement about the nature and role of the political culture, not least over whether it sustains democracy or is aligned with the interests of dominant groups. Others have highlighted concerns about the political culture's (apparently) declining capacity to foster civic engagement and a sense of social belonging. The issue of the political culture also draws attention to extent to which the politics of modern societies is conducted through the media – newspapers, television, the internet, mobile phones and so on. The media constitute much more than a channel of communications; they are part of the political process itself, affecting, and not merely reflecting, the distribution of power in society at large. Long-standing debate about the media's relationship with democracy and styles of governance have been given a fresh twist by the advent of electronic-based 'new' media, while media influence generally has been associated with a growing emphasis in politics on 'news management' and what is called 'spin'.
The mass media has affected governance in various ways. These include that they have transformed political leadership and, in the process, reapportioned government power. They have also changed the political culture and, some have warned, contributed to declining respect for politicians and politics in general. Finally, the growing influence of the media is evident in a policy-making process that has to react more rapidly and make sense of a vast amount of information
Identity (individual and society)
This document discusses identity and how stereotypes can influence how individuals see themselves and how others see them. It provides essential questions about identity, stereotypes, and how the need to belong can shape identity. The document also discusses how seeing others as representatives of groups can be misleading and reduce individuals to categories, though it is a natural human tendency. Psychologist Deborah Tannen is quoted explaining the concept of stereotype threat and how it can affect performance.
Individualist vs collectivist
This document discusses societal responses to school shootings from individualist and collectivist perspectives. It defines individualism as focusing on individual responsibility and not considering outside factors, while collectivism considers both the shooter and their family as victims and takes a more forgiving stance by viewing incidents in their broader social context. The document applies these concepts to provide guidance for school counselors in crisis response by recommending allowing diverse processing methods and having cultural awareness of different perspectives.
320week1
Globalization refers to increasing international connections and integration between people and corporations worldwide. It has political, economic, and social dimensions that influence culture. Culture consists of shared beliefs, behaviors, and characteristics of social groups, and includes aspects like language, customs, and institutions. Globalization both spreads global cultural influences more widely but also allows local cultures to persist and adapt aspects of globalization in their own way.
4th bs lecture new slides given by sociology's teacher
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in an introductory sociology course, including mores and folkways, social control, ideal and real culture, artifacts, high and popular culture, subcultures, multiculturalism, cultural change, socialization, and understanding cultural differences. Key concepts that will be examined are norms, socialization processes, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and cultural variation within and between groups.
Soc 208, 5th class
This document discusses key concepts of culture and history from a sociological perspective. It defines culture as the non-physical products of a society, including knowledge, beliefs, customs and values that are shared and shape social order. Material culture includes artifacts and objects that reflect a society. Subcultures exist within larger cultures. Globalization has increased cultural exchange worldwide. Cultural norms create expectations that maintain social institutions and constrain behavior. Recognition of illness and gender norms vary between cultures due to cultural relativism.
Soc 208, 5th class
This document summarizes key concepts related to identity and socialization from a sociology course. It discusses how identity is shaped both by nature and nurture, and the process of socialization whereby people learn appropriate behaviors and perceptions through agents like family, friends, school and media. It also covers the development of self and role-taking ability during childhood, as well as resocialization into new roles and the influence of socialization on stratification and major social institutions.
Organizational Culture - Organization as Decision Environments
Organization Culture
- The Role of Culture in Shaping Decisions
- Cultural Dimensions Theory
- Cultural Taxonomy
- The Organizations as Decision-Makers
- Socio-Cultural Evolution Model
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 intro lecture 1 short
This document provides an introduction to the course Introduction to Sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of interactions and relations among human beings. It discusses three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, which views society as a system of interrelated parts; conflict theory, which emphasizes disagreements and competition for resources; and symbolic interactionism, which focuses on how people interpret and ascribe meaning through social interactions. The document also addresses the relationship between individuals and society.
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4th bs lecture new slides given by sociology's teacher
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Organizational Culture - Organization as Decision Environments
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses various definitions and perspectives on what constitutes religion. It examines substantive definitions that focus on the core beliefs and practices of religion, such as a belief in supernatural beings or relating to sacred concepts. It also looks at functional definitions that emphasize how religion strengthens social bonds and integration. The document notes criticisms of these approaches and alternatives like social constructionism. Examples are provided to illustrate how different definitions can lead to varying views on whether certain beliefs or practices are religious.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Crime and deviance can be defined as illegal acts punishable by law and behavior that does not conform to social norms. Deviance is socially constructed and dependent on factors like culture, history, and location. Not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is illegal. Crime statistics come from official police records and victim/self-report surveys. Younger males from working-class backgrounds and certain ethnic groups are overrepresented in crime statistics, though sociological factors like biased policing may influence these disparities. The impacts of crime can be physical, financial, social, and psychological on individuals and communities.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses Marxist views on media ownership and control. It presents three perspectives:
1) Neo-Marxist: The media reflects the ideology of the ruling class who own and control it. This maintains the status quo and false consciousness among workers.
2) Marxist: Journalists are socialized in dominant ideology and will reflect ruling class values, even if independent from owners.
3) Pluralist: A diversity of media ensures no single group can dominate ideologically. Consumer choice and market forces determine content, not owners.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses factors that influence gender differences in educational achievement and subject choices. It summarizes that gender roles are socially constructed from a young age through different activities encouraged for boys and girls. This early socialization can lead children to view certain subjects as masculine or feminine domains. Stereotypes associated with subjects, like seeing science and computing as masculine, influence subject preferences. Single-sex schools reduce these influences of gender stereotypes, allowing girls more freedom in subject choices. Overall, the document examines social and cultural factors beyond biology that shape differences in male and female educational experiences.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Pressure groups seek to influence government policy on issues important to their members. They focus on single issues and use various tactics to publicize their views and influence decisions. Pressure groups are important in a democracy by allowing participation in the political process and influencing government policy through both insider and outsider tactics. The pluralist view sees pressure groups as promoting compromise, while the conflict view sees them as promoting the interests of powerful groups.
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Social research examines attitudes, beliefs, trends, and social rules within a society. The scope of social research can focus on individuals or entire populations. Conducting social research is an engaging process that requires skills in observation, logical thinking, and curiosity about sociological topics like poverty, racism, class issues, voting behavior, and criminality. Researchers develop hypotheses to test their initial ideas or hunches about relationships between variables. Data can be collected through quantitative methods that rely on numbers or qualitative methods like observations and interviews to understand experiences. Primary data is collected directly by researchers, while secondary data involves previously collected official statistics.
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This document defines criminal and deviant behavior and discusses the differences. It provides examples of crimes such as robbery, murder and fraud. It explains that criminal behavior breaks the law and can result in punishment through the legal system which includes the legislature, judiciary, police, and prisons. Deviant behavior is defined as actions that do not conform to societal norms and rules, though it may not be illegal. Whether an action is seen as deviant depends on factors like time, location, culture, and historical period. Deviance is a social construction that can change over time.
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Globalization is a complex process that both benefits and challenges nation states in various ways. While it allows for the spread of capitalism and free market ideology, it has also concentrated economic power among multinational corporations and undermined the autonomy and sovereignty of some nation states. However, nations still intervene to bail out failing companies and globalization has faced resistance from those seeking to preserve national and local identities and values. The rise and fall of economies like Ireland also shows the uncertainties of globalization.
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Globalization is a complex process that both benefits and challenges nation states in various ways. While it allows for the spread of capitalism and free market ideology, it has also concentrated economic power among multinational corporations and undermined the autonomy and identities of nation states in some cases. However, nation states continue to intervene in their economies and bail out failing companies, showing they still play an important role. Cultural resistance and hybrid identities have also emerged in response to globalization. The rise and fall of economies like Ireland demonstrates the uncertainties of globalization. Anti-globalization protests indicate dissent against its negative impacts and potential for social change. Globalization could be linked to transnational issues like crime, drugs, and environmental degradation.
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This document defines and discusses the characteristics of mass media. It identifies three key aspects of mass media: production of messages, content of media messages, and reception of messages by audiences. It also outlines three forms of media organization: community based, public, and private. While all three are important, the document suggests that private media organizations, which include large conglomerates like News Corporation and Time Warner, have become the most significant due to industry trends toward consolidation through vertical integration, horizontal integration, and transnational ownership.
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Consensus theories view society as basically harmonious, with shared beliefs and values creating social order. Behavior is shaped by socialization into the culture. Institutions like schools work together to support society, with each institution having a specific role. The main consensus theory is functionalism.
Conflict theories see society as based on inequality and conflict, with certain groups benefiting at the expense of others. Institutions serve the powerful minority and use socialization and punishment to control the masses. The main conflict theory discussed is Marxism.
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This document provides information on different types of power and authority, sources of authority, democracy, citizenship, the state, views of the state, political participation, voting patterns, pressure groups, volunteering, barriers to participation, the welfare state, government policies on poverty, unemployment, discrimination, an aging population, and power relationships. It does so over multiple pages in detail.
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Globalization is the process by which societies become increasingly interconnected through economic, cultural, and political forces. This document discusses debates around the role of media in globalization and whether it leads to cultural imperialism or a more multicultural world. On one side, critics argue that globalization accentuates unequal relationships by allowing transnational corporations to dominate. However, others counter that nation states are not helpless and can produce their own media while also consuming foreign products. Local cultures also adapt foreign media in unique ways.
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This document discusses reasons for declining religious attraction among young people. It suggests that religious organizations are seen as boring, outdated, and out of touch with modern values. Additionally, young people treat religion as a private matter and are exposed to a wide variety of spiritual beliefs and identities. Each new generation is becoming more secular as religious socialization and education declines.
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This document discusses factors contributing to differences in academic achievement between girls and boys. It identifies internal school factors like teacher training and stereotypes, as well as external societal factors around changing job markets and social expectations. Boys are said to struggle with organizational challenges, peer pressure discouraging effort, and a lack of male role models in schools. Solutions proposed include single-sex schools, more male teachers, and teaching approaches that appeal to different learning needs.
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Functionalism views society as meritocratic, where different social classes exist to fill occupational positions requiring varying skills and abilities. Some positions are more functionally important than others, and society needs people to undertake menial jobs. Functionalism argues that social classes affect identity through the agents of socialization like education, family, peers, religion, media, and the workplace. Students were tasked with creating posters exploring how social class influences identity from the perspectives of theories like Marxism, postmodernism, and functionalism.
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This document provides details for 10 lessons on the topic of sociology. Lesson 1 introduces what sociology is through differentiated activities promoting independent learning. Lesson 2 considers what makes up society and how it shapes identity. Lesson 3 discusses culture and socialization norms. Lesson 4 examines the nature vs nurture debate and how various agents influence socialization. Lessons 5-6 explore sociological theories and perspectives. Lessons 7-9 focus on the family, changing patterns of divorce and marriage, and factors influencing these trends. Formative and summative assessments are built into each lesson through self-evaluation against success criteria.
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The welfare state aims to protect citizens' health and welfare by meeting social needs. It acts as a safety net, guaranteeing adequate income, healthcare, education and housing for the vulnerable. Sir William Beveridge viewed the welfare state as defeating "five giants" - Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. The 1945 Labour government implemented Beveridge's ideas through the National Insurance Act, National Health Service Act, Education Act, and programs for housing and employment. Today the welfare state provides both contributory and non-contributory benefits, though critics argue it has unintended consequences like dependency.
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This document provides an introduction to pre-release material for evaluating the research methods used in a study about class and masculinity in post-industrial cities. It outlines that the study uses semi-structured interviews and observations to examine the effects of deindustrialization on masculinities. When assessing the research methods, considerations should include the context of where and when the research was conducted, and how this unique setting could impact the quality and validity of the collected data. The context section focuses on deindustrialization and changing notions of masculinity.
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unit 2 individual and society.pptx
This document discusses several key sociological concepts - individualization, socialization, society, community, association, and institution. It provides definitions and characteristics for each concept. Individualization refers to the process by which an individual becomes independent of their social group through mental processes. Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the norms of their society. A society is a complex web of social relationships among a group of people. A community is a smaller group of people living in a defined geographic area with shared identity. Associations are organizations formed to pursue common interests. Institutions are established social structures and processes that organize human activity.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions
Here are some key points that could be discussed:
- Hofstede's model provides a useful framework for analyzing and comparing cultural differences, but it also has limitations since cultures are complex and not fully defined by these dimensions.
- People's experiences and perspectives are shaped by their cultural background, so seeing issues through another cultural lens aided by models like Hofstede's can foster cross-cultural understanding.
- However, models also risk overgeneralizing or oversimplifying cultures. Individual experiences within a culture can vary widely.
- Overall, Hofstede's dimensions seem most helpful when used as a starting point for discussion rather than a definitive analysis, and with an understanding of both their benefits and limitations
David Gaunlett Identity and media representation
David Gauntlett argues that the media plays an important role in how individuals construct their identity. It provides models and representations that people can use to think through questions about their identity, lifestyle, and ways of expressing themselves. However, the process of identity formation is complex, as identities can change depending on circumstances and media messages. Gauntlett also questions whether the idea of individual uniqueness is an illusion, suggesting that people may be more similar than they think.
Chapter 3 family
The document discusses how families shape culture by transmitting important social and cultural messages through deep structures like norms, values and assumptions. Family structures like the nuclear family are more common in developed countries while extended families are more common in developing countries. Families socialize children and teach important communication skills while also influencing views of gender, individualism vs. collectivism, and perceptions of the elderly.
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This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
BBA 205: Business Ethics & CSR
Partial notes on BBA 205 course for students of IP University (Delhi) and anyone who wants a beginner's level knowledge.
Citations are reflected in the slides.
Social groups
Explain the characteristics, types of social groups. Primary and Secondary social group. Reference group.
Family and intimate relationships
This document provides an overview of family and intimate relationships from various sociological perspectives. It discusses the global view of the family, including types of families like nuclear, extended, monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous families. It also covers sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism and feminism. Additionally, it examines marriage and courtship, variations in family life, divorce, cohabitation, remaining single, marriage without children, and lesbian and gay relationships. The document is authored by several students and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts regarding family and intimate relationships through a sociological lens.
Intro to sociology
• Definition of Social science/Sociology
• Sociologist
• Anthropology
• Definition of a Social perspective
• Sociological imagination
• Definition of Social interaction
• Society- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Community- definition in Reader, characteristics,
• Urban and rural communities (interaction and differences)
• Definition of Culture
• Social structures (Status: ascribed, achieved, master; Position and role: role set, role strain, role conflict)
• Social groups
• Social institutions
• Social stratification
• Social relationships (Primary & Secondary relationship characteristics)
• Definition of Transcultural nursing
identity theory
Here are some potential subcultures you could research:
- Punks
- Goths
- Emos
- Hippies
- Ravers
- Gamers
- K-pop fans
- Cosplayers
- Furries
- Juggalos
- Lolitas
- Body modification (tattoos, piercings, etc.)
Take 15 minutes to research your subculture and be prepared to present your findings to the class.
Individuality Essay
Essay on Individualism
Individuality
What Is Individuality
The Individual or Society Essay
Individualism Essay
Lecture 5.pptx
This lecture discusses gender, sex, sexuality, and their relationship to law and society. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation. It explores how gender and sexuality are socially constructed and influenced by socialization agents like family and media. Gender roles are learned from a young age and reinforced over one's life. While views of gender and sexuality differ across cultures, stratification by gender through division of labor appears universally. The lecture also examines topics like sexism, discrimination, and heterosexism.
Stranger12
The document discusses the social phenomenon of strangers and minority groups. It describes how natives tend to view strangers as outsiders and categorize them based on limited information. This leads natives to perceive strangers in abstract and stereotypical ways. Over time, strangers may take on the perspectives of natives as their sense of difference decreases through naturalization and assimilation into the dominant culture. The document also examines concepts like race, ethnicity, ethnocentrism, social identity theory, and different sociological perspectives on intergroup relations.
Collective identity lesson two
This document discusses collective identity and how individuals belong to groups that share traditions and values. It addresses how collective identity is represented in media texts and constructed by users through media. Collective identities can include communities formed around age, gender, ethnicity or political ideas. The document presents theories from David Gauntlett and Anthony Giddens on how identity is consciously constructed through media and shaped by social structures. It focuses study on collective youth identity and gender identity as represented in various films and television shows from different time periods.
Section b planning answer
This document discusses theories of identity construction through media and technology. It begins by quoting David Buckingham who said that identity implies both uniqueness and shared attributes with social groups. Collective identity depends on acceptance by those it applies to and is expressed through cultural symbols. Self-identity forms the basis of self-esteem while social identity is constructed by others and may differ from one's own identity. Social identity theory holds that people have multiple identities corresponding to social groups. The document also discusses quotes about identity being fluid and constantly evolving through social interactions and influences from media.
UTS - The Self, Society, and Culture.pptx
The document discusses the relationship between society, culture and the self. It explains that humans are social beings that develop within social and cultural contexts. The self is shaped by interactions with others and the norms, values and roles taught through socialization. Key institutions like family, education, government and religion introduce individuals to the culture and affect concepts of identity. While social forces influence many aspects of the self, individuals also make some independent choices. The self emerges from ongoing interactions between a person and their social world.
Theorists revision 1
This document provides information about a final exam on media and collective identity. It discusses the exam format, how it will be assessed and marked. It also provides context on key concepts related to the exam topic, including definitions of identity, collective identity, representation, and theories from scholars like David Buckingham, Erik Erikson, and Tafjel and Turner. Key aspects of youth identity construction and representation are explored through the theories of Henry Giroux, subcultures, and sense of community. Theories of hegemony, moral panic, and cultivation are also summarized.
INDIVIDUALISM IN THE FUTURE: AMERICAN STYLE OR INDIAN ISHTYLE ?
Today it is not shocking that a five-year-old Delhi child asks her mom to “give me my space” and city teenagers routinely ask their parents to “take the chill pill”. Young and middle-aged executives follow the dictates of their career to places far off from their home towns where their parents live. Driving ambition seems the hallmark of the times and elderly parents with NRI children populate every big city in large numbers looking after themselves in very many ways that would have been unthinkable even in the sixties.
With increasing globalization and the march of American style consumerism in India, it seems inevitable that individualism as a value will grow even stronger. This is an alarm signal to many, as it seems to signal the beginning of the breakdown of the family.
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This document discusses different perspectives on family diversity. It begins by defining various family types including nuclear, cohabitating, extended, and same-sex families. It then examines functionalist and new right views that favor the nuclear family. The new right opposes diversity, associating lone parent and working mothers with issues like poverty and crime. Alternative views support diversity as a response to individual needs. Postmodernists see family as a personal choice rather than social structure.
MSP CHAPTER 4 society and socialization-1.pptx
A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or sharing the same territory and political authority. There are four main types of societies - tribal, agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial. Tribal societies had simple social structures based on kinship while industrial societies were organized around factories. A family is a social group that typically consists of parents and children, though definitions vary, and there are different types including nuclear, extended, matriarchal, and patriarchal families.
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INDIVIDUALISM IN THE FUTURE: AMERICAN STYLE OR INDIAN ISHTYLE ?
INDIVIDUALISM IN THE FUTURE: AMERICAN STYLE OR INDIAN ISHTYLE ?
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The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
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Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
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Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
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1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
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This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
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Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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The document discusses key sociological concepts including culture, identity, norms and values, and socialization. It defines culture as things like concerts, buildings, food, language, and clothes, while defining society as things like schools, hospitals, police, towns, shops, industry, and government. It asks how personal identity comes from things like clothes, music, home, and job, while social identity comes from age, gender, status, ethnicity, and association. Finally, it defines norms as guidelines for behavior and values as beliefs about what is good and bad, and explains that primary socialization involves learning from close family, while secondary socialization expands learning to outside the family.
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- 1. Family Diversity An alternative point of view
- 2. Anthony Giddens & late modernity • ‘late modernity’ refers to a society filled with choice and change (i.e.) there are more opportunities for us to choose an identity and select our own lifestyle.
- 3. How does the idea of ‘postmodernism’ relate to the family? • Therefore within the family people have greater freedom to construct their own domestic arrangements. • They are not bound by existing family norms.
- 4. Therefore… • People can tailor their partnerships to their needs- choose to cohabit, marry, end one partnership and begin another etc.
- 5. Confluent Love • Relationships now based on confluent love – deep emotional intimacy in which partners reveal their needs & concerns to each other. • Commitment to the relationship lasts as long as the individuals receive satisfaction and pleasure from it.
- 6. Judith Stacey & postmodernity • The belief that modern age has ended. This new era is a time of change and uncertainty. • American sociologist Judith Stacey (1996) sees family diversity as a reflection of this. There are no longer generally agreed norms directing family life.
- 7. Evaluation of Giddens & Stacey • Giddens may have exaggerated people’s freedom to choose – e.g. lone parent families often not based on choice. • Stacey’s research carried out in Silicone Valley, California – home to advanced electronics companies – but hardly typical of American society in general.