This document discusses the history and development of sociology. It began as philosophical analyses of social life and studies of family and customs. It evolved into a scientific discipline between the 15th-18th centuries with thinkers like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. Sociology was formally established as a science in the late 19th century at universities in the United States, France and United Kingdom. It spread to universities in India in the early 20th century. Sociology is characterized as a scientific, empirical, and general study of society and social phenomena.

2. • Man was living in groups
• Scattered groups – dangers, insecurities
• Realized need of social awareness

3.  Various stages of growth
 Theological ideas
 Faith in divine phenomena

4. First Phase (Aristotle, Plato)
◦ Studies of Family type
◦ Customs
◦ Problems of these times
Second Phase (6th to 14th century AD)
◦ Philosophical analysis of social life
◦ Shift from religion to logic

5. Third Phase (15th to 18th AD)
◦ Evolution of Sociology as a Discipline
◦ Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau
◦ Evolution of Society- Social Contract
Fourth Phase (Auguste Comte, 1798-1857)
◦ Scientific development
◦ Sociology as a science
◦ Differentiated social philosophy- Sociology

7.  Yale University of USA – 1876
 France – 1889
 United Kingdom – 1907
 Egypt – 1924
 Sweden - 1947

8.  Bombay University – 1914
 Calcutta – 1917
 Poona University – 1930
 Universities, Colleges - 1951

9.  Trends with Western Influence
 Trends with Traditional Influence
 Trends with Synthetic western and Traditional
Influence

11. • Sociology – scientific in nature
• Characteristics of Sociology

12. Sociology is a science, not a natural science
◦ Objectives, empirical evidence
◦ Not modelled on natural sciences
◦ Subject matters of natural sciences - Static
◦ Human behaviour - Dynamic

13. Sociology is a positive science, not a normative science:
◦ Not bothered for normative forms
◦ Study of what is, not what ought to be
Sociology is a pure science and applied science:
◦ It is theoretical
◦ Both theoretical and practical

14. Sociology is an abstract science, not a concrete science:
◦ Abstract science deals with thought
◦ Separate from what is real object
Sociology is a Rational and Empirical Science:
◦ Empiricism – Understanding based on experience
◦ Based on observation and experiment.

15. Sociology is a general science:
◦ Economics, Politics – deal with particular aspect
of society
◦ Sociology deals with social phenomena in a
general manner

16. Sociology is a science of society
 Every science has systematic body of knowledge
 It generalizes, provides universal principles
 It investigates causal relationships
 It credits future events
 It is a science
Sociology for its Field
◦ Deals with whole life of man
◦ Social institutions
◦ Customs, Rules, groups, communities

17. Lack of experimentation :
◦ Experimentation cannot be done
Lack of objectivity:
◦ Not possible to measure, weight sentiments,
emotions
◦ There is subjectivity - prejudices, likes and
dislikes

18. Lack of exactivity:
◦ Generalizations are not so exact
◦ They are conditional
Not universal:
◦ Conclusions not applicable everywhere
◦ Human behaviour differs from person to
person and place to place

20. Role of Law :
 Means of Social control
 Controlling a balanced social system
 To determine mutual relationship
 To control social conflicts, tensions
 To protect properties
 Role to promote developmental activities
 To promote life and liberty
 To help smooth social change

21. Law and Social Change:
 Law to suit to new situations
 Law will allow for peaceful change
 Laws to undergo change to meet societal needs

22. Law as an instrument of social change:
 Law is a powerful instrument of social change
 It induces new pattern of behaviour
 Evil customs eliminated by law

23. Legislation to bring about social change:
 Legislation to sustain social structure
 Law as an agency of social control and social
change
 Legal code to be in conformity with social values

24.  Law to lay emphasis on humanistic values
 Prohibition of Sati Act, 1829
 Widow Remarriage Act, 1856
 Prevention of Female Infanticide Act, 1870
 Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929
 Social Change Envisaged with Constitution
 Constitution guarantees equality before law
 Article, 19- abolished untouchability
 Article, 24 -Child Labour Prohibited.

25. Relation between sociology and Law
◦ Law: a set of rules, regulations enacted by state
◦ W.B. Scot- Dictionary of Sociology
◦ System of standardized norms
◦ Regulating human conduct and social control
◦ Law enforced by formal public authority
Law and sociology
◦ Law and sociology related to each other.
◦ Sociology’s concern to maintain social solidarity
◦ Law to control the social system

26.  Deals with study of legal institutions in
sociological concepts
 Study of social norms – central to sociology
 Sociological analysis of legal codes is long
standing concern
 Analysis of social roles of lawyer, judge, how they
relate to structure of society in major aspect of
sociology of law

27.  Study of legal system functionally as a social
instrument.
 As part of social control, study of legal
institutions, doctrines, precepts.
 Law is specialized agency of social control.
 Task of social control-to achieve optimum
production least waste.
 Functional approach to the study of law described
as science of social engineering.

28.  Based on existence of human society
◦ Durkheim
 Solidarity of society depends on system of laws
 He explained concepts of mechanical solidarity
and organic solidarity
 Laws of society are backbone of a nation.

30. Norms and values
Norms – meaning
◦ Norms – rules and regulations
◦ Norm is a social expectation
◦ It is a standard expected to conform
◦ Standards of group behaviours called Norms

31. Norms incorporate value judgment
◦ Buckman :
 Members exhibit certain regularities
 Such regularities are social norms
◦ Brown and Selznic:
 Expected behavior, ideal behaviour
 Model practices

32.  Violation attracts punishment
 Norm-prescriptive proscriptive
 Prescriptive- require certain actions
 Proscriptive – prohibit certain actions

33. Characteristics
 They control social behavior
 They change from group to group
 Norms – relevance to sex, occupation, status

34. Functions and importance
 They regulate behavior
 They give cohesion to society
 They uphold values of society
 They influence thinking, attitudes

35. Individuals conformity to Norms:
 By conformity, one gets cooperation
 Receives rewards, praise
 Punishments, reward promote conformity

36. Other reasons for conformity:
Robert Bierstadt
 Indoctrination - The child taught in the family:
◦ Process of socialization- believing norms the
right way
 Habituation:
◦ What is customary becomes habitual

37.  Utility:
◦ Norms, useful to all members – to the best
interests
 Group Identification:
◦ By conformity, we identify with the group

38.  Prescriptive
◦ Rules to be followed
 Proscriptive
◦ Norms tell us what we should not do
The ideal norms and practical norms
◦ Ideal norms-these should be accepted
◦ Practical norms – norms to be strictly followed

39. Folkways :
◦ Recognized or accepted ways of behaving,
conventions, forms of etiquette
Customs:
◦ Practices accepted as appropriate modes of
behavior
◦ Religious holidays, rituals
Mores:
◦ They are moral rules which society accepts for
social well-being

41. Status:
◦ Social position
◦ Prestige, respect
◦ High or low
◦ Social evaluation
Relationship of office with status:
◦ Status attached to office
◦ Not to individuals

42. Determinants of Status: 6 factors
Parsons
 Birth, possessions, personal qualities, Personal
achievement, power, authority
No permanency
 Changes with time, place
 Changes with office
 States relative, not absolute

43. Kinds or Types of status
Ascribed
◦ Based on sex, age, birth, heredity
◦ Cannot be changed
Achieved
◦ Education, vocation and profession

44. Distinction between ascribed and achieved status
◦ Ascribed – gift from society, by birth
◦ Achieved – personal efforts, capacities
Importance of advantages
◦ Respect, privileges
◦ Promotes responsibility
◦ Society develops

45. ROLE
◦ Behavior expected of an individual
◦ Socialization – role attitude
 Ascribed Role
◦ One acquires it automatically
◦ By birth
◦ No choice
 Achieved Role
◦ One has choice
◦ Occupational roles

46.  Role conflict:
◦ When two or more roles
◦ Incompatible roles
◦ Many roles in different groups
 Distinction between status and Role:
◦ Status – A position
◦ Role – behavioral aspect

48. Institution :
◦ Men live in society
◦ To satisfy wants
◦ Form an organization
◦ Frame rules of procedure

49.  Six features of institution
 Core values, functions, norms and standard,
Abstract, procedures, symbolic- wedding,flag.
Other characteristics:
 Fulfils needs
 Controls individuals
 Means of social work
 evolutionary

50. Institutionalization:
◦ Patterns of behaviour legitimized
◦ Accepted as right
Norm to be institutionalized - Three conditions:
◦ People to accept
◦ Take it seriously
◦ Norm to be sanctioned

51. Functions and merits:
◦ To transfer culture
◦ Unity in behavior
◦ Governs relations
Demerits:
◦ Creates hurdles for development
◦ Fanaticism
◦ Difficulties for universal brotherhood

52.  A group of people
 They must be organized
 Common purpose to peruse
Associations formed on several basis:
Duration –
 Temporary association- flood relief association
 Permanent Association - State

53. On the basis of power:
 Sovereign association – State
 Semi-sovereign association - University
 Non-sovereign association – Clubs
On the basis of functions:
 Biological functions – Family
 Vocational functions – Teachers association
 Recreation functions – Tennis club

54. Characteristics:
◦ Human groups – for defined objects
◦ Common interest
◦ Cooperative spirit
◦ Organization – to complete specific task
◦ Laws – numbers to follow rules, regulations

55. Difference between Institution and Association:
◦ Structure - No structure
◦ Abstract - Concrete
◦ Evolutionary - Formed