good to introduce sociology

1. Course description:
 This course intends to help you understand the
complex human behaviors.
 The course is designed to give you basic
knowledge about society in general and rural
society in particular.
 It helps you to conceptualize definitions; nature
and scopes of sociology; historical development
and theories of sociology; the relationships
between sociology and other disciplines; society,
culture, socialization and social movements .

2.  Course Objective:
 After completing this course, you will be expected to:
 Explain the concepts of sociology and rural sociology
 Understand the nature, scope and importance of sociology
 Conceptualize the historical development and theories of
sociology
 Understand the relationships between sociology and other
disciplines
 Understand causes of theories of social change
 Explain socialization and social movements

3. Units to be covered in this course
 Topic one: Emergence of Sociology
1.1 The development of sociology,
1.2 Importance/significances of studying sociology
1.3 The major theoretical perspectives in sociology
1.4 Methods of sociological research
1.5 Definition of Rural Sociology?
1.6 Origins of Rural Sociology
1.7 Scope and Importance of Rural Sociology
1.8 The Concept of Rural and Difference between Rural
and Urban
1.9 Rural-Urban Continuum Debate

4. Topic Two: Culture
2.1 The concept of culture
2.2 Characteristics of culture
2.3 universality, generality and
particularity of culture
2.4 cultural variation and change.
2.5 Attitudes toward Cultural Variation
2.5.1 Ethnocentrism
2.5.2. Cultural relativism

5. Topic Three: Social groups, organizations
and social networks In rural societies
3.1 social groups and group processes
3.2 factors influencing group interaction
3.3 social organization and social networks

6. Topic Four: Social structure and
institutions of rural society
 4.1 social stratification
4.2. Rural Social Institutions
4.2.1 The Rural Family
4.2.2 Rural Religious Institutions
4.2.3. Rural School (Education)
4.2.4 Rural Leadership and political Institutions
4.2.5 Rural economic institutions

7. Topic Five: Socialization
5.1 The concept of socialization
5.2 human biological bases for socialization
5.3 Types and patterns of socialization
5.4 Agents of Socialization
5.5 Multiple and Contradictory Influences of
Socialization

8. Reference
 Smith,T and Zope,P(1970)Principles of Inductive Rural
Sociology.Philadelphia:F.A Davis Company
 Hurd,Geoffery and others(1973)Human Societies: An Introduction to
Sociology.London:Routleage and Kegan Paul Ltd
 Kon,I.S(ed)(1979)A History of Classical Sociology.Moscow:Progress
Publishers Lamm,RobertP.andSchaefer,Richard T.(1983)Sociology. New
York:McGraw Hill Lenski,Gerhard and Lenski,Jean(1982)Human Societies:
An Introduction to Micro Sociology (4thed).New York:McGraw Hill
 Poostchi,Iraj(1986)Rural Development and Developing Countries:An
Interdisciplinary Introductory Approach.Canada:The Alger Press Ltd
 Raj,Hans(1987)Introduction to Sociology with Objective Questions(2nded)New
Delhi:Surjeet Publications
 Maxwell, Milton A,Sutherland,RobertL.and Wood Ward Julian L.(1961)Introductory
Sociology (6thed).Chicago:J.B.Lippincott Company
 Schaefer,Richard T.(2000)Sociology:A Brief Introduction(3rded).Boston:McGraw Hill

9. Emergence of Sociology
 What is Sociology? Definition
 In the early part of the nineteenth century, the study of society was
institutionalized through the creation of the discipline of sociology.
 During this period, the French philosopher and socialist Auguste Comte
coined the term “sociology”.
 Sociology is a new branch of social science, which primarily focused on
society (social behavior).
 The term Sociology comes from the Latin “socius” meaning “companionship”
and the Greek “logos”, meaning “science or study”.
 Literally, therefore, sociology means the study or the science of human
society.
 Sociology can also be defined as referring to the formal study of how humans
behave in groups.
 Sociology tends to focus on how human groups originate, how they are
organized, and how they relate to one another.
 It is the scientific study of human societies and human behavior in the many
groups that make up a society.

10.  Sociology studies human society at three levels: Society as a
whole, Groups and associations, and Individuals within the social
settings.
 sociology covers a wide variety of human relationships.
 Different sociologists have given several definition of sociology,
including:
1) “Sociology is a scientific study or science of society or of
social phenomenon.” L. F. Ward
2) “It is the study of the relationship between man and his
human environment.” H. P. Fairchild
3) “Sociology is the study of human interactions, and
interrelations, and their conditions and consequences.” M.
Ginsberg
4) “Sociology seeks to discover the principles of cohesion and
of order within the social structure.” Mac Iver
5) “Sociology is a systematic study of the origin, growth and
development of institution as operated by the physical, mental
and moral forces.” A. Giddens

11. The Scope of Sociology
Macro and Micro sociology
 Some sociologists concentrate on the study of small
groups and the patterns and processes of human social
relations, i.e. face to face interactions between humans.
 This part of sociology is known as Micro sociology.
 Other most sociologists concentrate on large groups,
events or societies as a whole.
 This large scope sociology is known as macro sociology.
 Macro sociologists attempt to explain the fundamental
patterns and processes of large-scale social relations.

12. Development of Sociology
 Sociology is specifically the offspring of the 18th and the 19th century
philosophy and has been viewed as a reaction against the frequently non-
scientific approaches of classical philosophy to social phenomenon.
 Today's sociology has undergone through several stages of
developments.
 Sociology, as a distinctive way of thinking about society, was
concurrent with the rise of modernity; partly, means the rise of
scientific way of thinking.
 The idea of modernity originated as an account of the kind of
institutions, ideas and behavior that grew out of the decline of
medieval society in Europe.
 In the most basic sense, modernity is the mode of our time (here and
now). It is also an attitude of critical reflection on the past and
critical distance from the future. Therefore, modernity evokes the
idea of radically changing time.

13.  Factors That Contributed To the Development
of Sociology
 There are various social currents that put momentum in the
development of sociology in the 19th Century, including:
 a) Political Revolution
 B) Socio-economic Modernity: the rise of capitalism, industries,
cities, etc.
 c) The Rise of Socialism
 d) Intellectual Factors
 e) Colonization (exposure to different cultures)
 f) Secularization
 g) The demand for sociological inquiry in planning

14. Political Revolution
 One of the most influences behind the emergence of sociological thought
was the political modernity (the rise of the national law and democracy),
following different revolutionary movements, starting with the French
revolution in1789.
 In the French revolution for the first time in history there took place the
overall dissolution of social order by the movement guided by secular
ideas.
 The rise of the state was the leading consideration for numerous legal and
political writers in the 17th and 18th centuries.
 The idea of French philosophers (Voltaire Montesquieu and Rousseau)
included the percept (teaching, principle) that “all people are equal before
the law and are innocent until proved guilty.”
 They also argued that illness and misfortune are not symptoms of divine
maledictions, but have natural and social causes.
 Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, these ideas led numerous
projects to reform and national administration of the institutions of social
life, including the foundation of statute, schools, hospitals, prisons, and
police force.

15. B) Socio-economic Modernity: the rise of capitalism, industries, cities, etc.
 The industrial revolution was as important as political revolution for the
emergence of social thinking (sociological theory), mainly in the 19th
and 20th centuries.
 Majority of the peasant left their farms behind for the industrial
occupation offered by the growing factories.
 Bureaucracies arose to provide many service needed by industry and the
emerging capitalist economic system.
 People began to migrate from the surrounding areas to nearby urban
centers. Industrialization and urbanization were at the heart of the
transformations that have irreversibly dissolved most traditional forms of
society.
 what attracted the attention of many early theorists were not the positive
consequences but the negative effect of such changes (chaos and disorder
especially in France) they were united to restore order of society. This
interest in the issue of social order, therefore, became the major concern
of early social analysis.
 Sociology came in to being as though caught up in the initial series of
changes brought about by the two great revolutions, and sought to
understand the conditions of their emergence and their likely
consequences. The idea of free- market economy emerged.

16.  c) The Rise of Socialism
 K. Marx was an active supporter of the overthrown of
capitalist system and its replacement by socialist system.
 However, Weber and Durkheim were opposing to socialism.
They fear socialism more than they did capitalism. In fact,
in many cases, the rise of sociological imaginations in the
early times was a reaction against socialism.
 Generally, processes of industrialization and urbanization,
and ideas of democracy and enlightenment were all central
considerations for the 18th and 19th century social thinkers.

17. d) Intellectual Factors
 The emergence and development of sociology was speeded up by a
large number of intellectual movements and contributions.
 The movements include the rise of political economy, utilitarianism,
liberalism, positivism, Marxism, functionalism, and action theory.
 The idea of positivism, which was predominantly proposed by A.
Comte as a scientific study of social phenomena, was the corner
stone of sociological thoughts for the most parts of sociology’s early
history.
e) Colonization (exposure to different cultures)
 The late 19th century was a period of extensive colonization. Some
European countries got colony in North America, Africa, South
America, and Asia.
 This colonialism resulted in cross-cultural contacts among peoples
of these different continents of the world. During this time,
academic curiosity was increased and many scholars began to study
this cross-cultural contact.

18. f) Secularization
 Before the 19th century sacred outlooks dominated western
European thinking.
 This sacred outlook made many aspects of human society; including
government believe to have been predetermined by God.
 However, secularism has become one of the principles of industrial
societies and people became to think differently.
g) The demand for sociological inquiry in planning
 Governments needed to have social policies so as to solve different
social problems like homelessness, crime, unemployment, etc.
Therefore, governments used the applications of sociological
understandings to get rid of the social problems through appropriate
social policy formulation.

19. Importance/significances of studying
sociology
 Some of significances of sociology, including the following
(Indrani, 2003: 5-6):
 Sociology as a scientific study of society is of great importance or
a clear understanding and planning of society. Sociological
knowledge is necessary to understand the diverse social
experiences of a large variety of institutions and organizations as
well as policies, for social betterments are made on that basis.
 It provides knowledge of individual’s relation to society and such
knowledge is necessary for every individual’s relation to fellow
beings. Human understanding between individuals and different
cultural groups is obtained by the scientific study of society.
Sociology has changed our outlook with regard to the problems of
deviance and crime, etc through the science of deviance,
criminology, penology and criminal justice system.

20.  Sociology has made great contribution to enrich human culture.
Culture has been made richer by the contribution of sociology.
Sociology has given a training to have rational approach to the
questions concerning oneself, one’s religion, customs, moral and
institutions. Sociology studies role of the institutions in the
development of the individual. It is through sociology that
scientific study of the great fundamental social institutions; the
relation of the individual and society, the home and family, the
school and education, the church and religion, the state and
government, industry and work, etc is being made.
 Sociology is useful as a teaching subject. It is being accorded as
important place in the curriculum of colleges and universities
because it keeps us up-to-date on modern situations;
contributes in making good citizens; contributes to the
solution of community problems; adds to the knowledge of the
society; helps the individual to find his relations to society;
and Identifies good government within the community.

21. The major theoretical perspectives in
sociology
 Sociologists depend on theories to help them explain the social
world and organize their ideas about how it operates.
 A theory is the analysis and statement of how and why a set of
facts relates to each other.
 In sociology, theories help us understand how social phenomena
relate to each other. Theories help sociologists explain why and
how society works.
 Through the use of theory, they work to answer such questions as
“why are things as they are, what conditions produce them, and
what conditions change them into something else? If we have such
a theory, we will at last be in a position to know what we really can
do about the shape of our society” (Collins 1988, 119).

22.  By understanding the real causes of how and why things operate
as they do, we can find ways to address the things that need
improvement.
 However, not all sociologists do have the same view on society
(see their different views in the following pages).
 In sociology, theoretical paradigms differ in how much of society
or what aspects of society they focus on at one time.
 In other words, they differ on how “big” their look at society is.
 Macro perspectives are “big” perspectives that look at social
processes throughout society. Social theorists who take macro
perspectives examine the interrelationships of large-scale social
structures and interrelationships (e.g., the economy, the
government, and the health-care system). They look at how these
facets of society fit together and any troubles or stress within
these interrelationships.
 They are also interested in why and how society changes as a
result of these relationships.

23. Conversely, micro perspectives focus on patterns of individual
interactions.
Social theorists who take a micro perspective focus on the daily
interactions we have on an individual level.
They are interested in why and how individuals relate to each
other, how our day-to-day interactions with each other are shaped
by larger society, and how these day-to-day interactions can, in
turn, shape larger society.
 There are currently three major theoretical perspectives in
sociology:
 the structural-functionalist perspectives,
 the social-conflict perspectives, and
 the symbolic-interactionist perspectives (Babbie 1994).

24. Definition of Rural Sociology?
 Rural sociology is specialized field of sociology which is primarily
concerned with rural people and the conditions under which they
live and work and the natural resources and environment that are
typical of non-urban.
 The field of Rural Sociology is a sub-field of sociology, the study
of human societies and social groups.
 Rural sociologists focus on the study of social life in rural and non-
metropolitan areas domestically and internationally.
 They continue to develop theory and knowledge and produce
information relevant to public policy and local development.
 Rural Sociology research focuses on environmental well-being,
sustainable development of natural resources, social and
community quality of life, and diffusion and impacts of
technologies.

25.  Much of the research involves the Third World.
1. According to Sanderson, “Rural sociology is the sociology
of rural life in the rural environment”.
2. Bertand says, “Rural sociology is that study of human
relationships in rural environment”.
3. T.L. Smith, “Such sociological facts and principles as are
derived from the study of rural social relationships may be
referred to as rural sociology”.
4. F.S Chapin, “The sociology of rural life is a study of rural
population, rural social organization, and the rural social
processes operative in rural society”.
5. A.R Desai defines rural sociology as, “the science of rural
society….It is the science of laws of the development of rural
society”.

26.  The above definitions clearly justify that rural sociology
studies the social interactions, institutions and activities and
social changes that take place in the rural society.
 It studies the rural social organizations, structure and set up.
 In other words, it can be said that rural sociology acts as a
reflection of the rural social life and provides the norms and
values that govern the rural society. It provides a clear picture
of the rural population and the difference they possess from
the urban population.
 Rural Sociology, as indicated by its name, studies rural
society, rural social structures and institutions.
 The rural society is primarily dependent on agriculture and
hence rural sociology also concerns itself on the peasant
society. Rural sociology is centered on the rural community
life.

27.  Thus, rural sociology has been specially designed to study the
rural phenomena and it is a systematic study of the varied
aspects of the rural society.
 It is the study of the rural social networks and how they
operate for the smooth functioning of the society.
 The rural society is generally rooted in the villages, and rural
sociology studies the facets of the villages, the way it
functions, the various problems it faces and the how it tackles
to face the imminent challenges.
 Rural sociology offers viable solutions and ways of mitigating
the problems that found over the villages.

28. Origin and Development of Rural Sociology
 Sociology began to emerge as an independent and separate
discipline only around the middle of the 19th century.
 The main contributors to the development of rural sociology are-
Charles Sanderson, Burtherfield, Ernast Burnholme, John Morris
Gillin, Franklin H. Giddings and Thomas Nixon Carver.
 As a systematic science, rural sociology emerged in United
States of America and the American society was facing severe
disintegration from the period of 1890 to 1920.
 The problems included mass poverty, economic crises, and no land
rights with the cultivators etc. Such problems led to mass migration
of the people from the rural hinterlands to the cities.
 As a result, there was severe shortage of food grains and also there
was fear that the entire rural society was facing a threatening
decay.

29.  It was President Roosevelt who, through the appointment of
'Country Life Commission' gave a good encouragement to the
development to the rural sociology in 1908.
 The report of this Commission encouraged the studies of rural
society.
 The Country Life Commission (CLC) appointed in America to study
the degrading situation of the rural society provided relevant data
from the field and the findings were referred to the American
Sociological Society in 1912.
 Reputed sociologists, such as James Michel Williams, warren H.
Wilson and Newell L. Sims contributed extensively to the study of
American rural society. During those days, the rural sociologists
used statistical and historical data along with field interview to find
out empirical reality of the US country life.
 The works on rural sociology in America were discussed from
humanist viewpoint and the solutions that it offered were highly
revered in national level policy planning. The way general sociology
emerged due to the problems in general life, similarly rural life
problems necessitated the emergence of rural sociology.

30.  The Great Depression of 1930 provided another stimulus to the
growth of rural sociology.
 In 1937, 'Rural Sociological Society' was formed. It started
publishing a professional journal 'Rural Sociology' containing
results of rural sociological research. C. J. Galpin of University of
Wisconsin developed techniques for defining and delimiting the
rural community. His approach is still popular today.
 The Second World War gave yet another fillip to the growth of
rural sociology. The heavy destruction and damage to human
society caused by the war demanded reconstruction.
 The reconstruction work brought further encouragement to the
science. By 1958 there were about 1000 professional rural
sociologists in America. Rural sociology crossed the boundaries of
America and became popular in Europe.
 A European Society for Rural Sociology was formed in 1957, and
a similar organization was started in Japan also. In developing
countries, the role of the rural sociologists is primarily in the
applied field of more effective planning and operation of rural
community development programmes.

31.  The birth of rural sociology was due to the requirement of the
study of different conditions and aspects of rural life and the
prevailing problems that plagues the rural society.
 Earlier, many social sciences have strived to provide viable
solutions for the challenges found in the rural society but have not
been able to provide viable solutions to them.
 In order to provide a discipline for serious and focused study of
the rural society, rural sociology was born. According to Charles
R. Hoffer, “Like all sciences, Rural Sociology developed in
response to a need. It is an elementary fact in the realm of
scientific thought that a new science comes into existence
whenever phenomena confronting the human mind are not, or
cannot be understood satisfactorily by the existing disciplines or
sciences”.
 Though rural society exists since a long longtime, but rural
sociology had then not emerged due the static and unchanged
nature of the rural social life. In recent years, the components of
dynamism and change have escalated the capability to
comprehend the complex problems of life.

32.  During the 18th century, there was a major shift in the
scientific inventions and discoveries that helped in
transforming human thinking and life.
 The exponential growth of industrialization and
urbanization caused issues such as slums and overcrowding
in the cities. Such grave concerns diverted the attention
towards the villages and the migrating population.
 Rural people faced a lot of challenges and difficulties.
 Eventually, the streams of thought by the thinkers focused
on issues such as poverty, unemployment, health and
hygiene, education and disorganization etc. of rural people.

33. Scope or Subject-Matter of Rural Sociology
 By scope of the discipline, it is meant that what Rural Sociology refers
to what it studies.
 To draw attention on the scope, N.L. Sims says, “The field of Rural
Sociology is the study of association among people living by or
immediately dependent upon agriculture. Open country and village
groupings and groups behavior are its concern.”
 According to Lowry Nelson, “The scope of Rural Sociology is the
description and analysis of progress of various groups as they exist in
the rural environment.
 In the words of Bertrand and his associates: “In its broadest definition
Rural Sociology is the study of human relationship in rural
environment.”
 On account of the opinions given by Sims, Nelson and Bertrand, it is
observed that the scope of Rural Sociology revolves around rural
people, their livelihood and social relationship in rural environment.

34.  Though it studies society from the rural perspective, its main aim
is concentrated on rural lives.
 The subjects that are included within the scope are very
comprehensive in nature and we can say that its boundary is
varying large.
 The scope of Rural Sociology may be clear from the analysis of
the following subjects.
 Apart from studying the rural society, Rural Sociology also studies
its nature and primary components from the structural and
functional stances.
 The most crucial objective of rural sociology is to study rural
social life.
 Rural social life encompasses the behavior patterns, web of
relationship, social interactions, standard of living and socio-
economic conditions of the rural people.
 Therefore, the scope of Rural Sociology expands where the
boundary of Rural Society is expanded.

35. Rural Population:
 The population residing in the geographical rural area is the
basic essence of Rural Sociology.
 The discipline studies the nature, characteristics, size, density
and distribution of rural population from various angles.
 Rural Sociology aims at the study of the factors of growth of
population, its evil effects of Rural Society, rural –urban
migration for the greater interest of the country at large.
 It also tries to understand the behavioral patterns, prevailing
customs and folklores that dominate the day to day lives of
the rural population.

36. Rural Community:
 Rural community is considered as one of the primordial
organizations of mankind.
 Hence, Rural Sociology is chiefly concerned with the origin,
nature, characteristics, social attributes and human ecology of
rural community.
 It also studies the homogenous trajectory of the rigid and
conservative nature of hither to existing customs, traditions,
folkways, mores, norms, values and so on in rural community.

37. Rural Social Organization:
 Social organization plays the backbone of every society as
well as social life.
 The most imperative function of Rural Sociology, therefore,
is to offer fundamental knowledge about rural social
organization.
 Rural Social organization envelops the spiritual lives,
religious activities, sacred relationship and divine notion of
rebirth, Karmaphala etc. of the rural folk which intensely
affects the entire rural social life.
 Rural sociology, thus, for the betterment of rural life, studies
the future prospectus of rural social organization and
governing laws for its development.

38. Rural Social Institution:
 Rural social institutions imply the known figures of processes
that prevail among the relations between the rural people.
 Rural sociology, thus, studies the structure, characteristics and
functions of rural social institutions. Rural social institutions
comprise family, marriage, kinship, religion, caste.
 Rural Sociology studies the sociological significance of these
institutions in the rural context.

39. Rural Economy:
 Agriculture is the backbone of rural economy and majority of
the rural population are absorbed in it.
 They directly depend on agriculture for their livelihood and
sustenance.
 Rural Sociology, therefore, studies the causes liable for the
failure of agriculture and suggests various measures for the
development of agriculture in villages.
 Besides, the acceptance of new agricultural technology
among the farming centers, upgrading of old farming
methods, formation of open markets and providing
agricultural training to the farmers are the vital areas of the
study of rural society.

40. Rural social Process:
 Rural Sociology also studies the two process of rural social
interaction, namely, conjunctive and disjunctive.
 Rural conjunctive process includes co-operation, accommodation
and assimilation. Rural disjunctive process, on the other hand,
comprises competition and conflict.
 Thus, the nature, characteristics and social importance of these
processes are to be appropriately considered by the scope of Rural
Sociology.
Rural Religion:
 Religion plays a predominant role in the rural society, considered
as the soul of rural people and it is regarded as the chief
quintessence of rural life.
 The rural people blindly follow the religious ideas and values;
consider worshipping as a prime duty. Rural Sociology, in this
context, and studies the concept and social importance of rural
religion and its impact on rural society.

41. Rural Culture:
 Culture refers to that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, moral law, art, custom and any other
capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.
 Rural culture is firmly rooted in rigid and conservative
dogmas and it is generally very stagnant in nature. It includes
old customs, tradition, folkways, mores, norms, values and so
on.
 Rural Sociology studies the complexities of rural culture, its
different structural organizations, cultural patterns, cultural
traits and cultural lag in the rural contexts.

42. Rural Social Problems:
 One of the important contents of rural sociology includes the
study of problem engulfed in the rural life. These problems are
centered on socio-economic conditions, political, cultural ethos
and value based.
 The problems generally are poverty, unemployment, population
growth, illiteracy, casteism, untouchability etc.
 Rural Sociology, therefore, studies the causes and evil effects of
these problems and also suggests measures for their eradication
for the greater interests of the country at large.
 As these problems are rooted in the rural societies that are also
diverse from place to place, their causes, nature and remedies vary
from on one another.
 Rural sociology tries draw in the similarities as well as the
differences between the problems that stem from various existing
issues and also the discipline tries to provide viable remedies to it.

43. Rural Social Control:
 Social control is the control of society over an individual.
 In Rural Society, social control is in formal and rigid in
nature.
 Rural Sociology considerably studies the informal means and
agencies such as religions, customs, folkways, mores, norms
etc, of social control.
 In rural society, the imperative primary groups like family and
neighborhood play a vital role in social control

44.  Importance of Rural Sociology/Why we study rural
sociology/

46.  ባዕልኻ ምፍላጥ ናይ ስነ-ልቦናዊን ማሕበራዊን ክህሎት ኣካል እዩ።
 ኣብ ማሕበረሰብ ውሽጢ ኣወንታዊ ተሳትፎ ክህልወካ የኽእል።
መግለፂ ንባዕሎም ዝለዓለ ግምት ዝህቡ ሰባት
 ፀገማት ኣብ ዘጋጥሙዃ ኣድላይ ውሳነ ብምሃብ ቀልጢፍካ ት
ትፈትሖ
 ንባዕልኻ ተኽብር ፣ ዝለዓለ ግምት ብምሃብ ብዓርሰ እምነት
ትምራሕ
 ንካልኦት እውን ተኽብር ብቐሊሉ ውን ትረዳዳእ
 ዘለካ ዓቕሚ ብትኽክል ትፈልጥ
 ሓሳባትካ ብነፃ ትገልፅ
 ኣብ ባዕልኻ ትተኣማመን፣ መንነትካ ትቕበል

47. መግለፂ ንባዕሎም ትሑት ግምት ዝህቡ
ሰባት
 ባዕሎም የግልሉ፤ ባዕሎም ይፀልኡ፤ ናይ ታሕተዋይነት ስሚዒት
ይህልዎም፤
 ተኸታታሊ ዝኾነ ናይ ስነ-ኣእምሮ ጭንቀት ይህልዎም፤
 ኣብ ክእለቶም ይጠራጠሩ፤ ንበይኖም ክኾኑ ይደልዩ፤
 ምስ ካልኦት ምንባር ኣፀጋሚ ገይሮም ይወስዱ፤ ይሓስቡ፤
 ዘጋጥሞም ማሕበራዊ ፀገም ንምፍታሕ ዓቕሚ ይስእኑ፤
 ሓላፍነት ንምቕባል ድልዋት ኣይኮኑን፤
 ዝሓሰብዎ ምዝራብ ኣይደልዩን፤
 ይሓፍሩ፤ ይናደዱን ተቓውሞ የቕርቡን፤ ወዘተ እዮም።

48.  ሰባት ንባዕልኻ ብዘለካ ዋጋ እዮም ዝግምቱኻ
 ዘይምኽኣል ዝመፅእ ብናይ ኣተሓሳስባ ጉድለት እምበር ብኣካል
ጉድለት ኣይኮነን

49. መጠቓለሊ
 ጉድኣት ኣካል ኣብ ዝኾነ ሰብ ከጋጥም ዝኽእል ጉድኣት ስለዝኾነ እዚ
ናተይ ጸገም ኣይኮነን ክብል ዝኽእል የለን።
 ስለዚ ምክልኻል ጉድኣት ኣካል ካብ ነብስኻ እዩ ዝጅምር።
 ጉድኣት ኣካል ካብ ዝተፈላለዩ ኣገልግሎታት ተጠቀምቲ ክኾኑ
ምእንቲ ዝተፈላለዩ ኣህጉራዊ ስምምዓት ተፈሪሞም ኣለዉ።
 ብደረጃ ሃገር ዝተፈላለዩ ሕግታትን ስርዓታትን ኣዋጃትን ወጺኦም
ተግባራዊ ኮይኖም ኣለዉ።
 ነቲ ናይቲ ሕብረተሰብ ግጉይ ኣተሓሳስባ (ፅልዋ) ንምቕያር፡
ዝተፈላለዩ ናይ ግንዛበ ምዕባይ መድረኻት ብምምችቻው
ትምህርቲ ተዋሂቡ እዩ።
 ጉድኣት ኣካል ካብ ዝተፈላለዩ ኣገልግሎታት ተሃድሶ ተጠቀምቲ
ንኽኾኑ እውን ጻዕርታት ተገይሩ እዩ።

50.  ይኹን እምበር ስፍሓት እቲ ፀገም ኣብ ግምት ብምእታው እዚ ኩሉ ስራሕቲ
እኹላት እዮም ምባል ኣይከኣልን።
 መብዛሕትኦም ጉድኣት ኣካል ኣብ ገጠር ኣገልግሎት ተሃድሶ ኣብ ዘይብሉ
ከባቢታት ስለዝነብሩ፡ እንታይ ዓይነት ኣገልግሎት ተሃድሶ ከምዝወሃብ እኳ
ዝፈልጡ ጉድኣት ኣካል ቁጽሮም ቀሊል ኣይኮነን።
 መብዛሕትኡ ህዝቢ እታ ሃገርን ዞባናን ኣብ ገጠር ዝነብርን ዘይተማህረን
ስለዝኾነ፡ ኣረኣእያ ጉድኣት ኣካል ተዛቢዑ ይርከብ።
 ከም ውጽኢቱ ድማ ጉድኣት ኣካል ኩሉ ግዜ ከም ረዳኢ ዘይብሎምን ተስፋ
ዘይብሎምን ስለዝቑጸሩ፡ ኣብ ገዛ ተሓቢኦም ዘመናዊ ኣገልግሎት ከይረኽቡ
ይኽልክሉ።
 ዋላ ካብ ገዛ ክወጹ እንተኽኢሎም ብዙሓት ካብኣቶም ንዕድሎም ዝልምኑ
እምበር ኣብ ኣፍራዪ ስራሕ ስለዘይተዋፈሩ ኣብ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ጎደና፣ ኣብ ነፍሲ
ወከፍ መስጊድን ኣብ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ቤተክርስትያንን ክልምኑ ምርኣይ ልሙድ እዩ።
 ዝተፈላለዩ ፅልዋታት ተፃዊሮም ካብ ትምህርቲ ተረባሕቲ ዝኾኑ ጉድኣት ኣካል
እውን እንተኾነ ኣብ እዋን ስራሕ ዘጋጥሞም ፀገም ቀለልቲ ኣይኮኑን ብሰንኪ
ፀገም ኣተሓሳስባ፣ ቅንዕናን ዘይምግዳስን ፈፀምቲ ኣካላት።
 ኣብ ዓውዲ ጉድኣት ኣካል ዝሰርሑ ንመንግስቲ ክሕግዙ ዝኽእሉ ዘይመንግስታዊ
ትካላት ብዝሒ ኣዝዩ ውሑድን ዓቕሞም ድሩት ስለዝኾነን ክንዲ ኣድላይነቱ
ኣይሰርሑን እዮም።

51.  ስለዚ ፀገም ጉድኣት ኣካል ንምፍታሕ፣ ተሳትፎ ጉድኣት ኣካል ኣብ
ልምዓታዊ ስራሕቲ ንምጥንኻርን ካብ ውፅኢት ልምዓት
ተረባሕነቶም ንምርግጋፅን ብዘይካ እቲ ብህዝቢ ትግራይ ዝካየድ
ስራሕቲ... መንግስቲ፣ ምውህሃድ ዘይመንግስታዊ ትካላትን
ሕብረተሰብ መሰረት ዝገበረ ብዙሕ ዓውድታት ዝሓቖፈ ስራሕቲ
ክካየድ ይግባእ።

52. ኣብዚ ስልጠና ዝነበሩ ፅቡቓት
ጎንታት ፀሓፉ
ካብዚ ስልጠና ዝረኸብክምዎ
ትምህርቲ ግለፁ
ዝነበሩ ድኽመታት/ሕፅረታተ ወይ
ጎዶሎታት ክስተኻኸሉ ዝግበኦም
ግለፁ

53. ወዲአ ኣለኹ
የቐንየለይ