Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the norms and behaviors necessary to function as members of society. It occurs throughout life as people take on new social roles. The main agents of socialization include family, schools, peer groups, media, and religion. Personality develops through both nature, such as hereditary factors, and nurture, meaning one's social environment and learning experiences. Cultural environment and factors like birth order also influence personality development.

2. Socialization and Personality

3. Socialization
 Man is not only social but also cultural.
 It is the culture that provides opportunities for man to develop the
personality.
 Development of personality is not an automatic process.
 Every society prescribes its own ways and means of giving social training to
its new born member so that they may develop their own personality.
 This social training is called socialization.

4. Defination
W.F.Ogburn:“Socialization is the process by which the
individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.”
 H.T Mazumdar: “socialization as the process whereby
original nature is transferred into human nature and the individual into
person.”


5. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION
FROM LAW PERSPECTIVE
 The human infant comes into the world as biological
organism with animal needs.
 He is gradually moulded into a social being and he learns
social ways of acting and feeling.
 Without this process of moulding, the society could not
continue itself, nor could culture exist, nor could the
individual become a person.

6. Youth who perceive their experiences
procedural justice being less fair
have more negative attitudes about
the law, legal system, and moral rules
and codes.
 Youth with more negative views of
the legal system and moral codes
participate in more delinquent
behavior.

7. Types of socialization:
Primary socialization:
This is the most essential and basic type of socialization. It takes
place in the early years of life of the new born individual. It
concentrates on the teaching of language and cognitive
skills, the interaction of culture, norms and values,
establishment of emotional ties and the appreciation of
other roles and perspectives.

8. Development socialization:
This kind of learning is based on the achievements of
primary socialization. “It builds on already acquired skills
and knowledge as the adult progress through new
situations such as marriage or new jobs. These new
expectations, obligations, and roles. New learning is added
to and blended with old in a relatively smooth and
continuous process of development”

9. Anticipatory socialization:
 Men not only learn the culture of the group of which they
are immediate members. They may also learn the culture of
groups to which they do not belong. A person who intends
to join the army may start doing physical exercises to
toughen his body and learning the manners of
army. Socialization is not a process that takes place merely
in early childhood. On the other hand, it takes at different
times and places throughout life.

10. Re socialization
It is not only do individuals change roles within groups, but
they also change membership – groups. It may also happen
in periods of rapid social mobility. For example a newly
wedded girl may be forced to change her role of student to
housewife.

11. Positive socialization
 positive socialization is the social learning that is best on
pleasure existing experience.

12. Negative socialization
 negative socialization occurred when others use
punishment.

13. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
 There are a number of things that can affect an individual’s socialization
process. The amount of impact that each of the agents has on an individual
will depend on the situation, the individuals experiences, and the stage of
life the individual is in.

15. Family
 Family is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and
fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an
extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to
know.
 The mother with whom the relation of the child is the most
intimate plays a significant role in the process of molding
the child in the initial stages.

16. Schools
Students are not in school only to
study math, reading, science, and
other subjects—the manifest function
of this system.
Schools also serve a latent function in
society by socializing children into
behaviors like practicing teamwork,
following a schedule, and using
textbooks.

17.  School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as
role models and leaders, regularly reinforce what society
expects from children.
 Sociologists describe this aspect of schools as the hidden
curriculum, the informal teaching done by schools

18. Peer group
 A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age
and social status and who share interests.
 Peer group socialization begins in the earliest years, such as
when kids on a playground teach younger children the
norms about taking turns, the rules of a game, or how to
shoot a basket.
 As children grow into teenagers, this process continues.

19. Peer groups are important to
adolescents in a new way, as
they begin to develop an
identity separate from their
parents and exert
independence.
 Additionally, peer groups
provide their own
opportunities for socialization
since kids usually engage in
different types of activities
with their peers than they do
with their families.

20. Mass Media
 Mass media distribute impersonal information to a wide
audience, via television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet.
With the average person spending over four hours a day in
front of the television (and children averaging even more
screen time),

21.  Media greatly influences social norms (Roberts, Foehr, and
Rideout 2005).
 People learn about objects of material culture (like new
technology and transportation options),
 As well as nonmaterial culture—what is true (beliefs), what
is important (values), and what is expected (norms)

22. Religion
 Religion has been an important factor in society. In the early
society religion provided a bond of unity.
 Though in modern society the importance of religion has
diminished, yet it continues to mould
our beliefs and ways of life.
 In every family some or other religious practice are
observed on one or other occasion.

23. The child sees his parents
going to the mosque and
performing religious
ceremonies.
 He listens to religious sermons
which may determine his
course of life and shape his
ideas

24. SOCIALIZATION THROUGH THE
LIFE COURSE
 Socialization refers to the process of learning and using
one's culture.
 Socialization prepares a person to live within human
society.
 It means the person acquires and adjusts to the customs
and norms of the society.
 Note that socialization is a lifelong process.
 It doesn't happen all at once. Though it starts in infancy,
people are continuously gaining the practices and skills
necessary to participate in society.
 They adapt to new roles and expectations.

25. What is personality?
 Sociologists say
 Sum total of behaviors, attitude, beliefs, and values that are
characteristic of an individual.
 Personality traits
 Determine how we adjust
 To our environment
 How we react in specific situations

26. Types of personality
 Extraversion personality –, signifies
the source and direction of a person’s energy expression. An
extravert’s source and direction of energy expression is mainly
in the external world, –
 Introversion personality -,
introvert has a source of energy mainly in their own internal
world.
 Sensing personality – , Sensing
means that a person mainly believes information he or she
receives directly from the external world.
 Intuition personality -,Intuition means that a person believes
mainly information he or she receives from the internal or
imaginative world.

27. Types of personality
 Thinking personality -,Thinking means
that a person makes a decision mainly through logic.
Feeling personality-, Feeling means that, as
a rule, he or she makes a decision based on emotion, i.e. based
on what they feel they should do.
 Judging personality–, Judging means
that a person organizes all of his life events and, as a rule, sticks
to his plans.
 Perceiving personality-, Perceiving
means that he or she is inclined to improvise and explore
alternative options.

28. Personalities over time
Personalities constantly change
during the first half of a person’s
life.
 Find new interests
 Like new things
Personalities change for all sorts
of reasons
2 largest reasons
 Nature
 Nurture

29. Nature vs. Nurture
 Heredity
The transmission of genetic characteristics
from parents to children.
 Social environment
Contact with other people

30. Nurture’s Argument
 A person’s behavior and personality are the result of his or
her social environment and learning

32. Heredity
Characteristics present at
birth.
 Body build
 Hair type
 Eye color
 Skin pigmentation
Aptitudes
 A capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of
knowledge.
 Natural talents
 Sports
 Music

33. Birth Order
 Personalities are influenced by whether we
have siblings:
 1st born
 Achievement oriented
 Middle child
 More affectionate but confused
 Last child
 Risk takers
 Intellectual rebels

34. Parental Characteristics
A parents personality directly impacts a
child’s personality
Hate
Anger
Happiness
politeness

35. Cultural Environment
 Cultural environment determines
 Basic types of personalities found in society.
USA Pakistan
Passive
Family oriented
Group oriented
Competitiveness
Assertiveness
individualism

36. Role of family in personality
development
 The family has very powerful effects on
the developing child, impacting attitudes, beliefs,
opportunities, habits, and personality traits.
 The family plays a critical role in determining who a child
becomes and what he or she accomplishes.