Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater before it reaches the aquifer. It is practiced widely in parts of India like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Kerala. The process involves collecting rainwater via catchment areas and conduits, filtering it, and storing it in tanks to recharge groundwater. Advantages include providing an independent water supply during restrictions and promoting water and energy conservation.
Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's considerationCPWF Mekong
By Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Stockholm Environment Institute
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 2b: Hydropower, Irrigation and Multiple-Use: Experiences from the Region
Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's considerationCPWF Mekong
By Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Stockholm Environment Institute
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 2b: Hydropower, Irrigation and Multiple-Use: Experiences from the Region
Hydro is the most well-established form of renewable electricity production.
Hydro comprised about 80% of all of the renewable electricity capacity in the world, and accounted for about 20% of global electricity production capacity.
Hydropower is also the most efficient means we know of to convert energy into electricity.
Typically 85%-95% of the energy in water is converted to electricity, compared to 15%-20% for PV solar, 35%-45% for wind, and 30%-45% for coal.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
Hydro is the most well-established form of renewable electricity production.
Hydro comprised about 80% of all of the renewable electricity capacity in the world, and accounted for about 20% of global electricity production capacity.
Hydropower is also the most efficient means we know of to convert energy into electricity.
Typically 85%-95% of the energy in water is converted to electricity, compared to 15%-20% for PV solar, 35%-45% for wind, and 30%-45% for coal.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
Oleochemicals - What are they?
fatty acids
fatty alcohols
fatty methyl esters
fatty amines
glycerine
Oleochemical pathways
What are they used for?
Where do they come from?
Review of Organic Functional Groups
Fatty Acids
- Uses
- Process
- Splitting
- Hydrogenation
Ni Catalyst for FA hydrogenation
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Comparison pore size & TG/FA molecules
Effect of pore dimensions in fatty acid hardening
Effect of premixing timeon catalyst activity
Effects of catalyst dissolution summarized:
Reducing Ni soaps
Issues
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (i)
Precious metal catalyst cycle
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (ii)
Fatty Alcohols
- Uses
- Process
Fatty Ester Hydrogenolysis
Fixed Bed Hydrogenolysis
Slurry Phase Hydrogenolysis
Fatty OH polishing
Fatty Methyl Esters
- Uses
Advantages of ME vs FA as a feedstock
FME - Biodiesel
Fatty Amines
Glycerin
- Uses
- The Future
REFERENCE:
Some graphs and photographs, in particular the photo of "The nickel deposits in the tube section", were extracted from Johnson Matthey contributions to International conferences.
Palm Oil, Palm Kernel Oil Process - Fractions, Derivatives and Product UsesGreenPalm
One of our previous infographics looked at an overview of the complexity in the palm oil / palm kernel oil supply chain. RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil) certified oil still remains a market niche (16% of total palm oil production now RSPO certified); keeping physical oil separated from non certified oil can be very difficult and impossible depending on where you are based and the types of process and products used. If the world just used crude palm oil, tracing physical sustainable palm oil would be simpler.
We now delve a little deeper into the supply chain, identifying the various processes along the supply chain. Included are examples of product applications with a key that describes the various products and processes e.g Fractionation, Hydrogenation, distillation, IE Palm Stearin, RBD Palm Kernel Stearin, Emulsifier etc.
The product examples we provide do not cover all individual products that palm or palm kernel oil are used in. All main refinery processes are covered; however further blending and manufacturing processes do take place passed what is shown in this graphic.
Processes
- Palm Oil Mill Process
- Crushing
- Refining RBD
- Fractionation
- Interesterification
- Hydrogenation
- Glycerolysis
- Distillation
Products
- RBD Palm Oil
- RBD Palm Olein
- RBD Palm Stearin
- Double Olein (or Super Olein)
- Palm Mid Fraction
- Double Stearin
- Mid Stearin
- Palm Kernel Expeller
- RBD Palm Kernel Oil
- RBD Palm Kernel Olein
- RBD Palm Kernel Stearin
- Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD)
- Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillates (PKFAD)
- Oleochemicals
- Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil (HPKO)
- Emulsifier
- Hydrogenated Palm Olein
- Hydrogenated Double Olein
- Hydrogenated Palm Oil
- Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Olein
- IE Palm
- IE Palm Olein
- IE Palm Stearin
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
Social science fa4 (1)
1.
2. 1. To keep rates low. Maximizing
current water supplies helps defer the
need to develop new, more expensive
sources of water.
2. To prepare for a drought. Many
areas of the country have experienced
drought conditions in the past few
years. Water conservation helps
prepare for these worst of times.
3. To comply with regulations. Many
states and local regulators have
established efficient water use
regulations.
4.To save money. Lower consumption
means lower water bills.
5. It is a resource that is a benefit to
everyone.
3. What is it?
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition
of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
Advantages :-
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water
supply during regional water restrictions .
Promotes both water and energy conservation
It helps in the availability of clean water by reducing
the salinity and the presence of iron salts.
Where in India is it practiced?
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan
Kerala
4. How is it done?
Rainwater harvesting is done in 3 steps:1. Collecting and transporting water- done through catchment areas and
conduits.
2. Filtration -A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media to
remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or
recharge structure.
3. Storage in tanks for recharging the groundwater- harvested water is
stored in tanks which is later used to recharge groundwater.
5.
6. What is sustainable development?
Sustainable economic development or sustainability
means that ‘development should take place without
damaging the environment, and development in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the
future generations’.
Reasons for groundwater depletion :-
The primary cause of groundwater depletion is
sustained groundwater pumping. We are
pumping out water at a faster rate than it is
getting replenished.
7. Effects of groundwater depletion :-
1. Lowering of the water table– caused by excessive pumping.
2. Increased costs- as the water table lowers, water must be pumped
farther to reach the surface, using more energy.
3. Land subsidence- Land subsidence occurs when there is a loss of
support below ground.
Ways to conserve groundwater :-
1. Reduce chemical use- we should minimize chemical use.
2. Manage waste- waste disposal should be watched over.
3. Save water- close the taps when not in use.
8.
9. India’s growth story has been impressive so far
with industry and service sectors being the growth
drivers. Along with industrial and population
growth, the demand for water also increases.
Unpredictable rainfall patterns because of climate
change, depleting water resources because of
extreme groundwater extraction, contamination of
available surface/groundwater resources due to
discharge of untreated sewage, and/or industry
effluents have had an impact on water quantity
and quality. Per capita water availability is
expected to reach 1,140 cubic meters by 2050 from
1,820 cubic meters in 2001. As India’s water
problems are self-inflicted, the need to adopt
sustainable water management practices is crucial.
10. With mounting water issues, municipalities are
under stress to provide water (potable and nonpotable) to industrial, commercial, and
residential segments. Though wastewater
recycling and reuse is an option to meet water
requirements, some factors are limiting its
use, such as:• High price sensitivity towards advanced
wastewater treatment systems.
• Negative perception about wastewater
recycling .
• Lack of technological awareness and skilled
manpower .
• Fragmented nature of the market.
• Weak enforcement of regulations and policies.
11. There are many ways to recycle water. Out
of which some are stated below :1. Use gray water on garden and plantsGray water is termed for water which
is already used.
2. Use sink water to flush toilet waste.
3. Harvest rainwater- this will help us
save a considerable amount of water.
4. Reuse water that drains out of flower
pots.
5. Save kitchen water.
12.
13. Objective :-
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement against a number of
large dams being built across the Narmada river. It aims to stop the building of
such dams.
Formation :-
There were groups such as Gujarat-based Narmada Asargrastha Samiti
(Committee for people affected by the Narmada dam), Madhya Pradesh-based
Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee for a new life in the
Narmada Valley) who either believed in the need for fair rehabilitation plans
for the people or who vehemently opposed dam construction despite a
resettlement policy.
14. People involved :-
Amongst the major celebrities who have shown their support for Narmada
Bachao Andolan are Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy and Aamir Khan
Ways to pressurize the government:-
Within the focus of Narmada Bachao Andolan towards the stoppage of the
Sardar Sarovar dam, Patkar advised addition of World Bank to their
propaganda. Using the right to fasting, she undertook a 22-day fast that
almost took her life. In 1991, Patkar's actions led to an unprecedented
independent review by the World Bank.
15. Supreme court’s decision :-
The Supreme Court's decision is still pending, seeking stoppage of
construction of the Sardar sarovar dam. The court initially ruled the
decision in the Andolan's favor, thereby effecting an immediate stoppage
of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to first complete
the rehabilitation and replacement process.
16.
17. This is the most traditional and reliable source of energy. A
quarter of our energy requirement is fulfilled by hydro power
plants. The kinetic energy of flowing water or the potential
energy of water at a height is used. Hydro power plants
convert the potential energy of falling water into electricity.
There are not many waterfalls for hydro power generation.
Therefore, it mainly depends on dams.
How do hydro power plants work:-
To produce hydel electricity, high rise dams are constructed on the
river to obstruct the flow of water and thereby collect water in
large reservoirs. The water level rises and in this process the kinetic
energy of flowing water gets transformed into potential energy.
The water from the high level in the dam is carried through pipes,
to the turbine at the bottom of the dam.
18. Due to the gravitational pull of mainly the moon on the spinning earth, the
level of sea water rises and falls. This phenomenon is called high and low
tides and the difference in sea level gives us the tidal energy. It is harnessed
by constructing a dam across a narrow opening to the sea. A turbine fixed at
the opening of the damn converts tidal energy to electricity. But, the
locations where these dams can be built are limited.
19. Due to geological changes, molten rocks formed in the deeper hot regions of
earth’s crust are pushed upward and trapped in certain regions called ‘hot
spots’. When underground water comes in contact with the hot spot, steam is
generated. Sometimes hot water from that region finds outlets at the surface.
Such outlets are known as hot springs. The steam trapped in rocks is routed
through a pipe to a turbine and used to generate electricity. There are very
few commercially viable sites where such energy can be exploited. There are
many geothermal power plants in New Zealand and United States of
America.
20.
21. What is ‘hard water’?
Perhaps you must have noticed mineral deposits on your cooking dishes, or rings
of insoluble soap scum in your bathtub. These are signs of hard water from the
municipal water supply. Hard water is water that contains cations with a
charge of +2, especially Ca2+ and Mg2+. These ions do not pose any health
threat, but they can engage in reactions that leave insoluble mineral deposits.
These deposits can make hard water unsuitable for many uses, and so a variety
of means have been developed to "soften" hard water.
Problems with hard water :-
Mineral deposits are formed by ionic reactions resulting in the formation of an
insoluble precipitate. For example, when hard water is heated, Ca2+ ions react
with bicarbonate (HCO3) ions to form insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
22. Some strategies to soften hard water:-
Household water softeners typically use a different process, known as ion
exchange. Ion-exchange devices consist of a bed of plastic (polymer) beads
covalently bound to anion groups, such as -COO-. The negative charge of these
anions is balanced by Na+ cations attached to them. When water containing
Ca2+ and Mg2+ is passed through the ion exchanger, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions
are more attracted to the anion groups than the Na+ ions. Hence, they replace
the Na+ ions on the beads, and so the Na+ ions (which do not form scale) go
into the water in their place.
23. When hard tapwater passes through the ion exchanger (left), the calcium ions
from the tapwater replace the sodium ions in the ion exchanger. The softened
water, containing sodium ions in place of calcium ions, can be collected for
household use. Unfortunately, many people with high blood pressure or other
health problems must restrict their intake of sodium. Because water softened
by this type of ion exchange contains many sodium ions, people with limited
sodium intakes should avoid drinking water that has been softened this way.
Several new techniques for softening water without introducing sodium ions
are beginning to appear on the market.