Hydroelectricity harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water and is the most widely used renewable energy source, accounting for 16% of global electricity. China produces the most hydroelectricity but dams can harm local ecosystems by interrupting river flows. Tidal energy converts the kinetic energy of tides into electricity and has potential but high costs and limited sites have restricted its use. Geothermal energy uses heat from within the earth as a renewable source for power plants. Wave energy devices extract energy from ocean wave motion and pressure fluctuations. The Narmada Bachao Andolan is a social movement against large dams on the Narmada River in India, including the Sardar Sarovar Dam, due to environmental and social impacts
Hard water is water that has high levels of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. It causes scaling in pipes and reduces the effectiveness of soap. Soft water contains little to no calcium or magnesium. Various methods can be used to reduce water hardness, like installing a water softener or filter. Overuse of groundwater can lead to depletion of storage, reductions in streamflow, loss of wetlands, land subsidence, and changes in quality - threatening sustainability. Factors like these must be considered to ensure sustainable groundwater use.
Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for centuries around the world to collect and store rainwater for irrigation and drinking. It involves collecting rainwater, transporting it, filtering it, and storing it for groundwater recharge or other uses. Popular struggles have occurred related to water privatization and large dam projects that displaced communities or restricted access to water sources. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs, and groundwater can be preserved by reducing chemical and waste pollution, conserving water usage, and practicing reuse and recycling.
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project in Telangana aims to utilize 240 TMC of water from the Godavari River through three barrages - Medigadda, Annaram and Sundilla. It involves the construction of 20 lifts, 19 pump houses including the world's largest underground pumping station, 88 pumps, tunnels totaling 203 km, 1800 km of canals and 20 reservoirs. The project will irrigate over 18.5 lakh acres of land across 14 districts in Telangana at an estimated cost of Rs. 80,190 crore, making it the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project.
Multipurpose River Valley Projects and alternate water supply methodsTannya
Role of multipurpose river valley projects (Included Map)
Evaluation of positive and negative aspects of river valley projects
Case study on one river valley and one local area conservation project(Include Map)
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Tehri Dam Andolan
The case study includes the following:-
Rehabilitation of the displaced population
Environment Impact Assessment
This document discusses water conservation and sustainable development. It covers several topics:
1. Water conservation aims to manage fresh water sustainably to meet human and environmental needs now and in the future, as population growth and climate change increase pressures on water resources.
2. Sustainable water supply networks require developing new water sources and reducing pollution. Strategies for water conservation include reducing water loss and waste, avoiding damage to water quality, and improving water management practices.
3. At home, water-saving technologies like low-flow shower heads and toilets can significantly reduce water usage. Rainwater and greywater reuse are also effective conservation methods used worldwide.
It is a case study on the Narmada River Valley Project, it includes impact of dams on environment, other examples, critical acclaim and facts and figures related to the NRVP, and also many more details.
This document provides information about Uzma Afrin Akhter, a 10th grade student with registration number B114084140109 and roll number 52 studying social science. It then discusses various topics related to water conservation in India such as defining water conservation, importance of rainwater harvesting, watershed management, methods of water conservation like reuse of greywater and rainwater harvesting, and issues around overuse of groundwater in India. It also briefly summarizes India's legal framework around groundwater rights and challenges in implementing recent reform efforts.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Multipurpose projectsEbad Rahman
Multipurpose projects have several advantages: they can reduce flooding, impound water for irrigation, human and industrial use, power generation, and transportation. However, they also have disadvantages, including the inundation of land and forests, displacement of people, and disruption of infrastructure and aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, multipurpose projects face challenges of attracting private investment given their complexity, and require strong regulatory frameworks and coordination between different users and sectors to balance competing demands.
Hard water is water that has high levels of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. It causes scaling in pipes and reduces the effectiveness of soap. Soft water contains little to no calcium or magnesium. Various methods can be used to reduce water hardness, like installing a water softener or filter. Overuse of groundwater can lead to depletion of storage, reductions in streamflow, loss of wetlands, land subsidence, and changes in quality - threatening sustainability. Factors like these must be considered to ensure sustainable groundwater use.
Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for centuries around the world to collect and store rainwater for irrigation and drinking. It involves collecting rainwater, transporting it, filtering it, and storing it for groundwater recharge or other uses. Popular struggles have occurred related to water privatization and large dam projects that displaced communities or restricted access to water sources. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs, and groundwater can be preserved by reducing chemical and waste pollution, conserving water usage, and practicing reuse and recycling.
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project in Telangana aims to utilize 240 TMC of water from the Godavari River through three barrages - Medigadda, Annaram and Sundilla. It involves the construction of 20 lifts, 19 pump houses including the world's largest underground pumping station, 88 pumps, tunnels totaling 203 km, 1800 km of canals and 20 reservoirs. The project will irrigate over 18.5 lakh acres of land across 14 districts in Telangana at an estimated cost of Rs. 80,190 crore, making it the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project.
Multipurpose River Valley Projects and alternate water supply methodsTannya
Role of multipurpose river valley projects (Included Map)
Evaluation of positive and negative aspects of river valley projects
Case study on one river valley and one local area conservation project(Include Map)
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Tehri Dam Andolan
The case study includes the following:-
Rehabilitation of the displaced population
Environment Impact Assessment
This document discusses water conservation and sustainable development. It covers several topics:
1. Water conservation aims to manage fresh water sustainably to meet human and environmental needs now and in the future, as population growth and climate change increase pressures on water resources.
2. Sustainable water supply networks require developing new water sources and reducing pollution. Strategies for water conservation include reducing water loss and waste, avoiding damage to water quality, and improving water management practices.
3. At home, water-saving technologies like low-flow shower heads and toilets can significantly reduce water usage. Rainwater and greywater reuse are also effective conservation methods used worldwide.
It is a case study on the Narmada River Valley Project, it includes impact of dams on environment, other examples, critical acclaim and facts and figures related to the NRVP, and also many more details.
This document provides information about Uzma Afrin Akhter, a 10th grade student with registration number B114084140109 and roll number 52 studying social science. It then discusses various topics related to water conservation in India such as defining water conservation, importance of rainwater harvesting, watershed management, methods of water conservation like reuse of greywater and rainwater harvesting, and issues around overuse of groundwater in India. It also briefly summarizes India's legal framework around groundwater rights and challenges in implementing recent reform efforts.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Multipurpose projectsEbad Rahman
Multipurpose projects have several advantages: they can reduce flooding, impound water for irrigation, human and industrial use, power generation, and transportation. However, they also have disadvantages, including the inundation of land and forests, displacement of people, and disruption of infrastructure and aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, multipurpose projects face challenges of attracting private investment given their complexity, and require strong regulatory frameworks and coordination between different users and sectors to balance competing demands.
The development of major water resource projects like the Narmada Valley Scheme can lead to both positive and negative physical, economic, and social changes in the local environment, depending on the context. While the scheme aims to increase food production and provide irrigation and drinking water, it has also displaced many people, especially tribal communities, and risks becoming unsustainable due to issues like heavy silting reducing reservoir capacity over time. There are arguments on both sides as to whether the benefits outweigh the social and environmental costs.
The document discusses water resource management and the role of dams. It provides information on several key points:
1) Water resource management involves planning, developing, distributing and managing water resources in an optimal way. Dams play an important role in the development and management of water resources.
2) Dams have both positive and negative environmental impacts. They provide benefits like flood control and hydroelectric power but can also negatively impact ecosystems, cause displacement of people, and change physical and chemical properties of the environment.
3) Case studies of controversial dam projects in India, China, and Pakistan are discussed, including the proposed Subansiri dam project in India which has faced construction challenges. Mitigation of environmental impacts and controvers
Multi-purpose river valley projects can provide benefits like employment, flood control, power and water supply, conservation, and enabling agriculture and fisheries. However, they may also negatively impact people and ecosystems by causing displacement, disrupting fisheries, increasing earthquake risk, submerging lands, and exacerbating diseases. Specifically, the Bhakra Dam project in India provides irrigation for agriculture but displaced many communities, while the Damodar River Valley project generates electricity but also disrupted livelihoods and fisheries for some.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful for human uses like agriculture, industry, households, recreation and the environment. Only 3% of water on Earth is fresh water, with the majority found as groundwater or frozen in glaciers and ice caps. Water is a renewable resource, but groundwater depletion is occurring in many places around the world. Water is essential for agriculture, which accounts for about 70% of water usage globally. Managing water resources sustainably is important for reducing poverty, maintaining environmental health, and supporting economic development.
The document discusses water resources and water scarcity issues in India. It provides the following key points:
1) Though water is a renewable resource, nearly 2 billion people will face absolute water scarcity by 2025 due to over-exploitation and unequal access.
2) Water scarcity is caused not just by low rainfall but also factors like population growth, over-exploitation for irrigation and industries, urbanization, and pollution.
3) Dams were built for multiple purposes like irrigation, power, and flood control after independence, but they fragmented rivers and displaced populations, causing conflicts over water usage.
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
A multi-purpose project is a large-scale hydro project that includes dams for water retention, canals for irrigation, water processing and pipelines to supply water to cities, and power generation. These projects also provide transportation improvements, industrial growth, and flood control. Major multi-purpose projects in India include the Keralacheruthoni Dam, Madhya Pradesh Indira Sagar Dam, Karnataka Krishnarajasagar Dam, and others located across several states.
This document provides information about water recycling and conservation efforts in India. It discusses how water recycling works, types of recycled water, and its various uses. It also summarizes India's issues with groundwater depletion and overuse. Various methods to conserve groundwater are outlined, like rainwater harvesting projects in villages and disposal of chemicals. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of sustainable water management and conservation in India given its high population and water demands.
Water is essential but scarce due to unequal distribution and increased demand from population growth, agriculture, and industry. To manage water resources and ensure supply, various techniques have been used in ancient and modern India, including dams, rainwater harvesting, and other structures. While dams provide electricity, irrigation, and other benefits, they can negatively impact the environment and local communities. More sustainable methods of conserving water involve harvesting rainwater, floodwater, and groundwater through traditional techniques still used in various parts of India.
Water resources include surface water sources like rivers and lakes as well as groundwater sources located underground. Surface water is replenished by precipitation and flows through river systems, while groundwater is located in aquifers below the water table. People use water resources for household needs, agriculture which accounts for 69% of water usage globally, industry, recreation, and environmental purposes. Water pollution can occur from point sources like waste water treatment plants or nonpoint sources like stormwater runoff, harming water quality.
India faces increasing water scarcity due to factors like population growth, overexploitation of resources, and pollution from industry and agriculture. While India receives 4% of the world's precipitation annually, its available fresh water resources per person are low and expected to decline further by 2025. To address scarcity, India employs strategies like building dams and canals for irrigation, as well as multipurpose river valley projects. However, these projects have also caused conflicts over displacement and environmental impacts. Rainwater harvesting is presented as a more sustainable alternative that revives traditional techniques suited to local conditions.
Environmental impacts of hydroelectric powermrshansen
Damming rivers can permanently alter river systems and wildlife habitats. A dam blocks fish migration, stops nutrients from flowing downstream, and changes water quality, all of which negatively impact the river ecosystem. The Iron Gates dams on the Danube River block important spawning sites and do not have fish passes, disrupting the migration and spawning of endangered sturgeon species.
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater before it reaches the aquifer. It is practiced widely in parts of India like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Kerala. The process involves collecting rainwater via catchment areas and conduits, filtering it, and storing it in tanks to recharge groundwater. Advantages include providing an independent water supply during restrictions and promoting water and energy conservation.
social science project ppt on Water Resources
Contents:
Introduction.
Prior Knoledge.
About Water resources.
Division of water resources.
Source of Water resources.
Uses of Water.
This document discusses groundwater preservation and sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It highlights the importance of groundwater as a source of water where surface water is unavailable and discusses its uses for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The document also discusses the negative impacts of groundwater depletion such as lowering water tables, increased costs, reduced surface water supplies, and land subsidence. It emphasizes the need for conservation, rainwater harvesting, and watershed management to ensure sustainable groundwater usage.
Water resources (geography chapter 3, class 10)VJLEARNING
This document explains the class 10 geography chapter 3 Water Resources. This will help all the students.
Teachers can take the help of this document to explain this chapter to their students, as students learn better when they visualize their learning
Water resources (geography chapter 3, class 10)VJLEARNING
This document discusses water scarcity issues and various methods for water conservation and management in India. It notes that while water is a renewable resource, scarcity is caused by overexploitation and unequal access. Dams are described as multi-purpose projects that provide irrigation, power, and flood control, but can negatively impact ecosystems and cause issues like sedimentation. Rainwater harvesting techniques used historically in India are discussed, such as rooftop collection and storage in tankas.
The Tehri Dam is located in Uttarakhand, India. It is the highest dam in India and one of the tallest in the world. Phase 1 was completed in 2006 and the dam generates 1,000 MW of hydroelectricity. However, the dam has faced protests from environmental groups and local people due to concerns about displacement of over 100,000 people and impacts to the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. There are also concerns about the dam's stability due to its location in a major seismic zone.
Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal currents and potential energy of high and low tides to generate electricity. There are two main types of tidal power facilities - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages utilize potential energy differences by building dams across tidal estuaries, while tidal current turbines capture kinetic energy directly from tidal stream flows using underwater rotors similar to wind turbines. Tidal energy has advantages of being predictable and free once infrastructure is built, but development has been limited by high construction costs and environmental impacts of large-scale barrages.
Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that generates electricity from tides. There are two main types - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages use dams to capture potential energy from high and low tides, while tidal current turbines capture kinetic energy directly from tidal stream flows. While tidal energy has benefits like being renewable and causing less environmental damage than other sources, it also faces challenges like high upfront costs and impacts on local ecosystems. Development is ongoing to improve tidal turbine technologies and minimize environmental effects.
The development of major water resource projects like the Narmada Valley Scheme can lead to both positive and negative physical, economic, and social changes in the local environment, depending on the context. While the scheme aims to increase food production and provide irrigation and drinking water, it has also displaced many people, especially tribal communities, and risks becoming unsustainable due to issues like heavy silting reducing reservoir capacity over time. There are arguments on both sides as to whether the benefits outweigh the social and environmental costs.
The document discusses water resource management and the role of dams. It provides information on several key points:
1) Water resource management involves planning, developing, distributing and managing water resources in an optimal way. Dams play an important role in the development and management of water resources.
2) Dams have both positive and negative environmental impacts. They provide benefits like flood control and hydroelectric power but can also negatively impact ecosystems, cause displacement of people, and change physical and chemical properties of the environment.
3) Case studies of controversial dam projects in India, China, and Pakistan are discussed, including the proposed Subansiri dam project in India which has faced construction challenges. Mitigation of environmental impacts and controvers
Multi-purpose river valley projects can provide benefits like employment, flood control, power and water supply, conservation, and enabling agriculture and fisheries. However, they may also negatively impact people and ecosystems by causing displacement, disrupting fisheries, increasing earthquake risk, submerging lands, and exacerbating diseases. Specifically, the Bhakra Dam project in India provides irrigation for agriculture but displaced many communities, while the Damodar River Valley project generates electricity but also disrupted livelihoods and fisheries for some.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful for human uses like agriculture, industry, households, recreation and the environment. Only 3% of water on Earth is fresh water, with the majority found as groundwater or frozen in glaciers and ice caps. Water is a renewable resource, but groundwater depletion is occurring in many places around the world. Water is essential for agriculture, which accounts for about 70% of water usage globally. Managing water resources sustainably is important for reducing poverty, maintaining environmental health, and supporting economic development.
The document discusses water resources and water scarcity issues in India. It provides the following key points:
1) Though water is a renewable resource, nearly 2 billion people will face absolute water scarcity by 2025 due to over-exploitation and unequal access.
2) Water scarcity is caused not just by low rainfall but also factors like population growth, over-exploitation for irrigation and industries, urbanization, and pollution.
3) Dams were built for multiple purposes like irrigation, power, and flood control after independence, but they fragmented rivers and displaced populations, causing conflicts over water usage.
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
A multi-purpose project is a large-scale hydro project that includes dams for water retention, canals for irrigation, water processing and pipelines to supply water to cities, and power generation. These projects also provide transportation improvements, industrial growth, and flood control. Major multi-purpose projects in India include the Keralacheruthoni Dam, Madhya Pradesh Indira Sagar Dam, Karnataka Krishnarajasagar Dam, and others located across several states.
This document provides information about water recycling and conservation efforts in India. It discusses how water recycling works, types of recycled water, and its various uses. It also summarizes India's issues with groundwater depletion and overuse. Various methods to conserve groundwater are outlined, like rainwater harvesting projects in villages and disposal of chemicals. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of sustainable water management and conservation in India given its high population and water demands.
Water is essential but scarce due to unequal distribution and increased demand from population growth, agriculture, and industry. To manage water resources and ensure supply, various techniques have been used in ancient and modern India, including dams, rainwater harvesting, and other structures. While dams provide electricity, irrigation, and other benefits, they can negatively impact the environment and local communities. More sustainable methods of conserving water involve harvesting rainwater, floodwater, and groundwater through traditional techniques still used in various parts of India.
Water resources include surface water sources like rivers and lakes as well as groundwater sources located underground. Surface water is replenished by precipitation and flows through river systems, while groundwater is located in aquifers below the water table. People use water resources for household needs, agriculture which accounts for 69% of water usage globally, industry, recreation, and environmental purposes. Water pollution can occur from point sources like waste water treatment plants or nonpoint sources like stormwater runoff, harming water quality.
India faces increasing water scarcity due to factors like population growth, overexploitation of resources, and pollution from industry and agriculture. While India receives 4% of the world's precipitation annually, its available fresh water resources per person are low and expected to decline further by 2025. To address scarcity, India employs strategies like building dams and canals for irrigation, as well as multipurpose river valley projects. However, these projects have also caused conflicts over displacement and environmental impacts. Rainwater harvesting is presented as a more sustainable alternative that revives traditional techniques suited to local conditions.
Environmental impacts of hydroelectric powermrshansen
Damming rivers can permanently alter river systems and wildlife habitats. A dam blocks fish migration, stops nutrients from flowing downstream, and changes water quality, all of which negatively impact the river ecosystem. The Iron Gates dams on the Danube River block important spawning sites and do not have fish passes, disrupting the migration and spawning of endangered sturgeon species.
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater before it reaches the aquifer. It is practiced widely in parts of India like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Kerala. The process involves collecting rainwater via catchment areas and conduits, filtering it, and storing it in tanks to recharge groundwater. Advantages include providing an independent water supply during restrictions and promoting water and energy conservation.
social science project ppt on Water Resources
Contents:
Introduction.
Prior Knoledge.
About Water resources.
Division of water resources.
Source of Water resources.
Uses of Water.
This document discusses groundwater preservation and sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It highlights the importance of groundwater as a source of water where surface water is unavailable and discusses its uses for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The document also discusses the negative impacts of groundwater depletion such as lowering water tables, increased costs, reduced surface water supplies, and land subsidence. It emphasizes the need for conservation, rainwater harvesting, and watershed management to ensure sustainable groundwater usage.
Water resources (geography chapter 3, class 10)VJLEARNING
This document explains the class 10 geography chapter 3 Water Resources. This will help all the students.
Teachers can take the help of this document to explain this chapter to their students, as students learn better when they visualize their learning
Water resources (geography chapter 3, class 10)VJLEARNING
This document discusses water scarcity issues and various methods for water conservation and management in India. It notes that while water is a renewable resource, scarcity is caused by overexploitation and unequal access. Dams are described as multi-purpose projects that provide irrigation, power, and flood control, but can negatively impact ecosystems and cause issues like sedimentation. Rainwater harvesting techniques used historically in India are discussed, such as rooftop collection and storage in tankas.
The Tehri Dam is located in Uttarakhand, India. It is the highest dam in India and one of the tallest in the world. Phase 1 was completed in 2006 and the dam generates 1,000 MW of hydroelectricity. However, the dam has faced protests from environmental groups and local people due to concerns about displacement of over 100,000 people and impacts to the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. There are also concerns about the dam's stability due to its location in a major seismic zone.
Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal currents and potential energy of high and low tides to generate electricity. There are two main types of tidal power facilities - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages utilize potential energy differences by building dams across tidal estuaries, while tidal current turbines capture kinetic energy directly from tidal stream flows using underwater rotors similar to wind turbines. Tidal energy has advantages of being predictable and free once infrastructure is built, but development has been limited by high construction costs and environmental impacts of large-scale barrages.
Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that generates electricity from tides. There are two main types - tidal barrages and tidal current turbines. Tidal barrages use dams to capture potential energy from high and low tides, while tidal current turbines capture kinetic energy directly from tidal stream flows. While tidal energy has benefits like being renewable and causing less environmental damage than other sources, it also faces challenges like high upfront costs and impacts on local ecosystems. Development is ongoing to improve tidal turbine technologies and minimize environmental effects.
The document summarizes the key details of the Sardar Sarovar Project on the Narmada River in India and the protests against it led by the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement. It describes the project's conception in the 1960s, the benefits it aims to provide including irrigation, drinking water and power, and the problems of displacement of local tribes and loss of land and ecology. It outlines the leaders and tactics of the NBA protest movement, and the ongoing legal battle over the project that reached the Indian Supreme Court.
The document discusses water conservation and provides simple ways to conserve water. It explains that water conservation is important because people use fresh water faster than it can be naturally replenished. Some tips include only running full dishwashers and washing machines, adjusting sprinklers to avoid watering paved areas, watering lawns in the morning or evening to reduce evaporation, and washing produce in a pan of water instead of running the tap.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
The document presents a business plan for Dew Drops, a water conservation organization. Dew Drops aims to promote water conservation through education and technical assistance. It plans to serve agricultural, household, and commercial sectors. Dew Drops will implement strategies like water loss reduction, avoiding water quality damage, and improving management practices to beneficially use water. Located in Palakad, Dew Drops offers rainwater harvesting products and installation services.
Contemporary industry and agriculture account for 92% of global freshwater use primarily to increase food and goods production rather than sustainability. This unsustainable management of a finite resource causes water scarcity. As population grows and wealth increases, over-extraction and pollution of freshwater will exacerbate the crisis unless addressed.
This document proposes a micro hydel power generation system that uses the kinetic energy of rainwater flowing off a building roof to generate electricity. The system includes a water turbine connected to an alternator to produce alternating current, batteries to store the generated power, and an inverter to convert the stored power to alternating current to power AC/DC loads. The system aims to provide a reliable power source for rural areas prone to power failures in a cost-effective manner using readily available rainwater.
Students of Motilal Nehru Public School, India have done research on water crisis, sources of water, water pollution, govt policies on control of water pollution etc. of Sri Lanka
Medha Patkar is a social activist from India who founded the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement in 1986 to protest the Sardar Sarovar Dam project on the Narmada River. The dam project would displace hundreds of thousands of people and negatively impact the environment and livelihoods of local residents. Patkar's movement used non-violent protests and hunger strikes to raise awareness and successfully pressure the World Bank to withdraw funding from the project due to unaddressed social and environmental concerns. Her activism brought international attention to the issue and has opposed other large dam projects in India that negatively impact local communities.
Issues of water conservation in Bengallaru_Thippeswamy _2013India Water Portal
The document discusses water supply and management issues in Bengaluru city. It notes that Bengaluru's population has exceeded 10 million and water demand is increasing rapidly. The city's existing water sources of Arkavathi and Cauvery rivers are limited and groundwater levels are declining. Other challenges include water losses, equitable distribution, aging infrastructure, and impacts of climate change. It presents statistics on current and projected water usage in India and other countries. It also discusses strategies to improve supply such as water recycling, reducing losses, harvesting rainwater, and developing new sources.
Water conservation refers to reducing water usage and recycling wastewater. This can be done through implementing measures like fixing leaks, using appliances that use less water, collecting rainwater, and educating people on water conservation. Some benefits of water conservation include reducing water bills, lowering waste water flows which pollute the environment, protecting ecosystems, and improving drinking water quality.
A detailed explanation of the scheme of Tidal power production is given.Two live examples along with types of schemes,scenario in the world are elucidated.
This presentation discusses water sources, its use, wastage of water, importance of saving it, recycling and reusing it, water scarcity and ways to prevent the impending calamity
The Chipko movement was a non-violent movement in India in the 1970s that emphasized hugging trees to protect forests from being cut down. It began in the village of Reni in Uttarakhand when villagers, led by Gaura Devi, hugged trees to prevent them from being felled. The movement spread across India under environmentalists like Sunderlal Bahuguna and Chandi Prasad Bhatt, saving over a million trees from being cut down. Through non-violent protests and tree planting efforts, the Chipko movement brought attention to the importance of sustainably managing forests.
The Chipko movement began in the 1970s when villagers in Uttarakhand, India hugged trees to prevent deforestation by logging corporations. Led primarily by women, the non-violent protests stopped logging in certain areas. Over 260 years earlier, the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan sacrificed their lives hugging trees ordered to be cut, inspiring the name "Chipko" meaning "tree huggers." The movement brought attention to sustainable forestry and local control over forest resources.
This document discusses wastewater reuse and reclamation. It outlines various wastewater treatment technologies including conventional activated sludge processes and advanced treatments like reverse osmosis. Treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation, industrial uses, groundwater recharge, and potentially potable reuse. However, public health and environmental risks must be considered depending on the level of treatment and end use. With proper management, wastewater reuse provides benefits but improper practices could pose risks to public health and the environment.
Chipko Movement, One of the most important Environmental moveent in India that led to save many trees in India. But still people cut trees due to many reasons even if at some places it is illegal. it is the duty of all our citizen who love environment to stand against it and start awareness of not cutting trees.
Watershed management is the investigation of the applicable aspects of a watershed pointed at the reasonable dissemination of its assets and the methodology of making and executing arrangements . Green systems has different idea , way and Technology of Watershed Management In India .
The document discusses various topics related to water sustainability including the water cycle, water scarcity issues in India, groundwater levels declining, water conservation methods, and the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement. It provides details on hard water and soft water, water treatment methods like water softening, and different renewable energy sources that utilize water like hydropower and tidal power.
Hard water is water with high mineral content. It does not pose health risks but can cause issues for industrial equipment by forming scale. Water softening removes calcium and magnesium ions to reduce hard water's effects. Hard water reacts with soap to form precipitates rather than lather, and deposits scale in pipes and appliances. Water softening is commonly used to address these problems.
This document contains information about Aneesha Agarwal's school details and a report on the topic of water. It discusses water recycling, factors to consider in water recycling programs, benefits of using recycled water for irrigation, sources of hard water including calcium and magnesium, effects of hard water, water resources, hydro power, tidal energy, the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement, sustainability of groundwater, causes of groundwater overutilization in India, benefits of rainwater harvesting, and watershed management.
Water recycling involves treating wastewater and sewage to produce recycled water, which can then be reused for purposes such as irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and groundwater recharge. The key benefits of water recycling include increasing water supplies, reducing usage of potable water for non-drinking purposes, and decreasing wastewater discharges into the environment. However, public perception can be a challenge as many remain concerned about the safety and quality of recycled water despite extensive treatment processes.
Sustainable development aims to meet human needs while preserving natural systems for future generations by using resources sustainably without compromising the environment. Water resources management is one of the most important challenges faced and sustainable management of watersheds, rainwater harvesting, water conservation, and water recycling can help ensure sustainable water supplies. Recycling water provides environmental benefits by decreasing water extraction from sources and reducing pollution.
The document discusses the Narmada Bachao Andolan, a social movement against large dams being built across the Narmada River in India. The movement, led by Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, campaigns through hunger strikes and garnering support from celebrities. It was formed to protest the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat for displacing people without proper rehabilitation and not obtaining consent. The movement highlights environmental and social concerns around large dam projects.
The document discusses various ways that water can be used as an energy resource, including tidal energy, wave energy, and hydroelectric power. Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal flows and uses turbines to generate electricity. Wave energy captures energy from ocean waves. Hydroelectric power generates electricity from the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water through dams and turbines. The document provides details on how each of these resources works and their environmental impacts and potential.
This document provides information about the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement in India. It began as a social movement opposing large dams being built across the Narmada River in the states of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The movement, led by Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, campaigns through hunger strikes and garnering support from celebrities. It was formed to give voice to the concerns of adivasis, farmers and environmentalists about the negative impacts of the dams, especially the Sardar Sarovar Dam, on local communities without proper rehabilitation efforts. The movement received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991 for its activism on the issue.
The document discusses various ways that water can be used as an energy resource, including through tidal energy, wave energy, and hydroelectric power. Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal flows and uses turbines to generate electricity. Wave energy converters placed offshore capture energy from ocean surface waves. Hydroelectric dams generate electricity by harnessing the potential energy of falling or flowing water through turbines.
The document discusses various ways that water can be used as an energy resource, including tidal energy, wave energy, and hydroelectric power. Tidal energy harnesses the kinetic energy of tidal flows and uses turbines to generate electricity. Wave energy captures energy from ocean waves. Hydroelectric power generates electricity from hydropower by using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. All of these methods can provide renewable sources of energy from water.
This document provides biographical information about Reeti Bhattacharyya, a class 10 student, including her name, class, roll number, and school details. It then lists the various science and social science topics she has studied that relate to water, including chemistry, biology, physics, geography, political development, and economic development. The document proceeds to provide more details on several of these topics, including hardness of water, recycling water, water as a source of energy, water as a resource, and sustainability. It also discusses various water-related movements in India such as the Narmada Bachao Andolan.
This document provides information about the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement. It summarizes that the movement was started in 1985 against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River, including the Sardar Sarovar Dam, which would displace over 250,000 people. Led by activist Medha Patkar, the Narmada Bachao Andolan mobilized local people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists to peacefully protest the dams. The movement gained international support and pressured the World Bank to withdraw funding for the dam projects.
This document provides information about Narmada Bachao Andolan, a movement against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River in India. It discusses how the movement was started in 1985 to protest the Sardar Sarovar Dam and other projects that would displace over 250,000 people. Led by activist Medha Patkar, the movement mobilized local communities, farmers, environmentalists and others against the dams. It argues the dams will damage livelihoods and biodiversity while alternatives exist to provide water and energy. The movement has gained international support through peaceful protests, hunger strikes and media coverage, bringing attention to the issue.
This document provides information about Narmada Bachao Andolan, a movement against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River in India. It discusses how the movement was started in 1985 to protest the Sardar Sarovar Dam and other projects that would displace over 250,000 people. Led by activist Medha Patkar, the movement mobilized local communities, farmers, environmentalists and others against the dams. It gained international support and used non-violent protests, hunger strikes and media coverage to pressure officials.
Rainwater harvesting has a long history around the world. It involves collecting rainwater and storing it for later use before it reaches aquifers. It has been practiced as far back as the 3rd century BC in parts of India and Pakistan. It remains an important source of water for irrigation and other purposes. Rainwater harvesting systems typically involve three steps - collection, filtration, and storage. Water conservation aims to ensure sustainable access to water resources for current and future generations. It is important for both environmental and social reasons.
The Narmada Bachao Andolan was a social movement opposed to large dams being built on the Narmada River in India, including the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat. Led by activists Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, NBA organized protests like hunger strikes and a march to raise awareness about the environmental and social impacts of displacement. While the Supreme Court initially stopped dam construction, it later ruled in favor of the project subject to rehabilitation conditions. However, the movement successfully increased scrutiny of resettlement plans and environmental compliance for large dam projects in India.
The Narmada Bachao Andolan was a social movement opposed to large dams being built across the Narmada River in India, including the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat. Led by activists Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, NBA organized protests like hunger strikes and a march to raise awareness about the environmental and social impacts of displacement. While the Supreme Court initially stopped dam construction, it later ruled in favor of the project subject to rehabilitation conditions. However, the movement successfully increased scrutiny of displacement safeguards for large infrastructure projects impacting local communities in India.
The Narmada Bachao Andolan was a social movement opposed to large dams being built on the Narmada River in India, including the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat. Led by activists Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, NBA organized protests like hunger strikes and a march to raise awareness about the environmental and social impacts of displacement. While the Supreme Court initially stopped dam construction, it later ruled in favor of the project subject to rehabilitation conditions. However, the movement successfully increased scrutiny of resettlement plans and environmental compliance for large dam projects in India.
This document summarizes popular struggles related to water in Bolivia and Sudan. In Bolivia, the Cochabamba Water War protests took place from 1999-2000 in response to the privatization of the municipal water supply and dramatic rate increases. Tens of thousands protested, leading the government to reverse privatization. In Sudan, water conflicts stem from northern Arab expansion and mechanized farming threatening southern subsistence farmers. One conflict was over the Jonglei Canal project to drain swampland for farming, but it threatened local tribes and was attacked by the Sudan People's Liberation Army, forcing suspension of the project.
This document discusses water resources and management in India. It covers topics like water use and overexploitation of resources, floods, droughts, traditional water management systems, and the benefits and problems of large dams. Specifically, it notes that although water is abundant globally, only a small percentage is available for human use. It also outlines some of the environmental impacts that can occur both upstream and downstream from large dam construction projects.
This document discusses water recycling and various methods for recycling water. It begins by explaining that water is an important resource but can become scarce, so recycling water is important. It then describes several processes involved in water recycling, including microfiltration to remove bacteria and viruses, reverse osmosis to remove salts, and advanced oxidation to remove contaminants. Finally, it discusses some basic water recycling techniques that can be done at home.
Hydroelectricity is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16% of global electricity generation. China produces the most hydroelectricity, while the cost is relatively low, though dams can harm local ecosystems by interrupting river flows. Tidal energy converts tidal energy into electricity and has potential but high costs limit sites. Geothermal energy uses heat from the earth and is a renewable source often allowed on federal lands with little environmental harm. Wave energy devices extract energy from ocean waves with large energy potential.
Groundwater is water found underground in soil and rock formations called aquifers. It is a highly useful resource, providing half of the United States' drinking water and watering 40% of its agriculture. However, overuse of groundwater can cause water tables to drop significantly as aquifers are not recharging sufficiently. In places like India, extensive pumping of groundwater for irrigation has caused levels to drop dramatically in some areas. Integrating surface water and groundwater management is important to sustainably protect water supplies and ecosystems.
This document contains information about a student named Nirali Mehta's science project on recycling water. It includes sections that define recycled water, describe how water is recycled through processes like electrocoagulation, and list common uses of recycled water such as for landscaping, industry, agriculture, and potable drinking water. It also includes information about Nirali Mehta's chemistry project on water hardness, including what causes hard water, its effects like reducing soap lather, and methods for softening hard water through processes like water softening and adding chemicals.
This document contains information about a student named Nirali Mehta's science project on recycling water. It includes sections that define recycled water, describe how water is recycled through processes like electrocoagulation, and list common uses of recycled water such as for landscaping, industry, agriculture, and potable drinking water. It also provides details about Nirali Mehta's chemistry project on water hardness, including what causes hard water, its effects like reducing soap lather, and methods for softening hard water through processes like water softening and adding chemicals.
Water conservation encompasses policies and strategies to manage fresh water sustainably to meet current and future human and environmental needs. Population growth and climate change increase pressures on water resources, especially for agriculture which accounts for 70% of worldwide fresh water usage. Some argue for removing agricultural subsidies to incentivize more efficient irrigation and crop choices. Watershed management involves defining and managing drainage basins and land areas contributing to surface water resources. Rainwater harvesting systems collect and concentrate rainwater and runoff for irrigation, domestic use, livestock, and groundwater recharge. Delhi faces water issues due to its dry climate and increasing demand from private and industrial users, though groundwater extraction is illegal. Past privatization efforts were defeated by public movements concerned with
This document discusses various topics related to water including its hardness, recycling, and use as an energy source. It provides information on how to soften hard water through various methods like using soda, slaked lime, or boiling. It also discusses recycling of water in various industries like paper, poultry, and greenhouses. Additionally, it explains how water can be used to generate hydroelectric power and the benefits and drawbacks of hydropower. Lastly, it discusses rainwater harvesting as a method to conserve water.
This document discusses various topics related to water including science, social science, and methods of conserving water. It covers the hardness of water in chemistry and recycling of water in biology. In physics, it discusses water as a source of energy. For social science, it discusses topics like the sustainability of groundwater for economic development and movements related to water for political development. It also discusses the conservation of water in geography. The document then provides details on various methods of conserving water including rainwater harvesting and watershed management.
Water conservation encompasses policies and strategies to manage fresh water sustainably to meet current and future demand while protecting the environment. It is needed to ensure long-term availability, reduce energy usage for water distribution, and preserve freshwater habitats. Rainwater harvesting and watershed management are important techniques for water conservation. Rainwater collection stores roof runoff for irrigation and other uses, while watershed management aims to sustainably distribute resources within a drainage area. Recycling water through methods like rain barrel collection and reuse of drain water can also conserve fresh water supplies.
Nirali Mehta's 10th grade science project is on recycling water. The document discusses how water is recycled by treating wastewater to remove solids and impurities. This treated water can then be used for landscaping irrigation, replenishing groundwater, or augmenting streamflows. Water recycling technologies aim to reuse wastewater from drilling operations in a cost-effective way, such as using electrocoagulation to remove organic material. Recycled water has many potential uses as long as it is treated appropriately, including household and industrial uses as well as agriculture, firefighting, and groundwater recharge.
The Cochabamba Water War was a series of protests that took place in Cochabamba, Bolivia between 1999-2000 in response to the privatization of the city's municipal water supply company. The tensions erupted when the new private firm, Aguas del Tunari, dramatically raised water rates. Protests organized by the Coordinadora in Defense of Water and Life culminated in tens of thousands marching downtown and battling police, with one civilian killed. The water war ignited historic political and social change in Bolivia and shook the country's economic policies dominated by the IMF and World Bank to their core.
This document contains information about Uzma Afrin Akhter, a 10th grade student studying science, and summaries of chapters on chemistry, physics, biology, and water recycling. The chemistry section discusses how hard water forms mineral deposits and how ion exchange and the lime-soda process are used to soften hard water. The physics section covers various water energy resources like hydropower, tidal power, and technologies using saline water. The biology section discusses treating wastewater through recycling to remove solids and reuse it for irrigation. The final section provides examples of communities that safely reuse treated wastewater.
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presentation ppt
1. HYDROELECTICIY
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generate by hydropower. Hydro
comes from the Greek word for water. It is the most widely used form of renewable
energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation. China is the
largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010. The
cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable
electricity. However, damming interrupts the
The flow of rivers and can harm local
Ecosystems, and building large dams and
reservoirs often involves displacing people
and Wildlife.
2. TIDAL ENERGY
Tidal Energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful
forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has
potential for future electricity generation. Among sources of renewable energy
tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited
availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus
constricting its total availability. However, many recent technological development
and improvements, both in design and turbine technology, indicate that the
total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed, and
that economic.
3. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The term Geothermal originates from two Geek words 'GEO' and 'THERM'. The
Greek word ‘geo’ means the earth and ‘therme’ means heat from the earth.
Geothermal energy is energy derived from the heat of the earth. Geothermal energy is
the heat from the Earth. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow
ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and
down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.
Geothermal energy is a renewable source of energy.
Geothermal development is often allowed
on federal lands because it does not
significantly harm the environment.
Geothermal power plants are excellent
sources of base load power. Base load
power is power that electric utility
companies must deliver all day long.
4. WAVE ENERGY
Wave energy is the capacity of the waves for doing work. Ocean waves are generated
by the influence of the wind on the ocean surface first causing ripples. As the wind
continues to blow, the ripples become chop, fully developed seas and finally swells. In
deep water, the energy in waves can travel for thousands of miles until that energy is
finally dissipated on distant shores. Waves are caused by the wind blowing over the
surface of the ocean. In many areas of the world, the wind blows with enough
consistency and force to provide continuous waves along the shoreline. Ocean
waves contain tremendous energy potential.
Wave power devices extract energy from
the surface motion of ocean waves or from
pressure fluctuations below the surface
5. The property of water to form an insoluble curd with
soap instead of latter. In other words it is the destroying
property due to the presence of Bicarbonates, Sulphates
and Chlorides of Calcium and Magnesium. Hard water is
water that has high mineral content. Hard drinking water
is generally not harmful to one's health, but can pose
serious problems in industrial settings. The presence of
the metal cations makes the water hard.
IMPORTANT FACT
The World Health Organisation
says that "there does not appear
to be any convincing evidence
that water hardness causes
adverse health effects in
humans.”
6. TEMPORARY HARDNESS
Temporary hardness is a type of water hardness caused by the presence of dissolved
Bicarbonates minerals (calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate).
Temporary hardness can be reduced either by boiling the water, or by the addition
of lime (calcium hydroxide) through the softening process of lime softening.
PERMANENT HARDNESS
Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by
boiling. When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence
of calcium sulphate and/or magnesium sulphate in the water, which do not
precipitate out as the temperature increases.
7. It is often desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents contain ingredients that
counteract the effects of hard water on the surfactants. For this reason, water
softening is often unnecessary. Where softening is practiced, it is often recommended
to soften only the water sent to domestic hot water systems so as to prevent or delay
inefficiencies and damage due to scale formation in water heaters. A common method
for water softening involves the use of ion exchange resins, which replace ions like
Ca2+ by twice the number of monocations such as sodium or potassium ions.
Temporary hardness can be reduced either by boiling the water, or by the addition
of lime (calcium hydroxide) through the softening process of lime softening.
Permanent hardness can be removed by the addition of washing soda (sodium
carbonate).
8. DISADVANTAGES
Hard Water make peoples' cleaning efforts less effective. Clothes that are washed may
not appear clean. More cleaning products are generally required to complete tasks
such as mopping or scrubbing bathrooms. Hard Water tends to leave a film on
surfaces of the dishes. Soaps and detergents do not perform as well in hard water as
they normally do.
ADVANTAGES
The problem of hard water is caused by a high concentration of minerals, often
calcium and magnesium. When individuals drink this water, it may help them to meet
their needs for these nutrients.
9. Water conservation is the practice of saving water and reducing wastefulness.
The goals of water conservation efforts are:
SASTAINABILITY-To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of
fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.
ENEGY CONSERVATION - Water pumping, delivery
and waste water treatment facilities consume
a significant amount of energy. In some regions
of the world over 15% of total electricity
consumption is devoted to water management.
HABITAT CONSERVATION -Minimizing human water
use helps to preserve fresh water habitats for
local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as
as reducing the need to build new dams and
other water diversion infrastructures.
10. Water conservation is important because it creates more efficient use of the water
resources, it helps decrease in water pollution and increases in energy saving.
Conserving of water helps in protecting the water quality through improved
wastewater treatment. It is also very important in ensuring that we have enough
usable water. Our water resources have decreased
significantly. So it is our duty to protect water because
water is an important resource ,we will not be able
survive without water and it is we the people who
are polluting the water and making it unfit for drinking.
IMPORTANT FACT
SAVE WATER SAVE LIFE
AND OUR PLANET!
11. Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and
deposition of rainwater for reuse before it
reaches the aquifer, include water for garden,
water for livestock, water for irrigation, and
indoor heating for houses etc.. In many places
the water collected is just redirected to a
deep pit with percolation. The harvested
water can be used as drinking water as well
as for storage and other purpose
like irrigation.
DID YOU KNOW?
There are two types of
rain water harvesting :
Roof Top Rain Water
Harvesting
Drain Harvesting
12. •
•
•
•
Currently in China and Brazil rooftop rain water harvesting is being practiced for
providing drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small
irrigation and a way to replenish ground water levels. Gansu province in China and
semi-arid north-east Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects
ongoing.
In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting is made compulsory for every
building to avoid ground water depletion. It proved excellent results within five
years, and every other state took it as role model. Since its
implementation, Chennai saw a 50 percent rise in water level in five years and the
water quality significantly improved.
In Beijing, some housing societies are now adding rain water in their main water
sources after proper treatment.
In Sri Lanka rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water
for agriculture and for drinking purposes in rural homes.
13. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement consisting
of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists against a
number of large dams being built across the Narmada river. The river flows
through the states of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India. Sardar Sarovar Dam in
Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points
of the movement.
HISTORY
Post-1947, investigations were carried out to evaluate mechanisms for
using water from the Narmada River,which flows into the Arabian
Sea after passing through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat. Due
to inter-state differences in implementing schemes and sharing of
water, the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was constituted by
the Government of India on 6 October 1969 to adjudicate over the
disputes. This tribunal investigated the matters referred to it and
responded after more than 10 years. On 12 December 1979, the
decision as given by the tribunal, with all the parties at dispute binding
to it, was released by the Indian government.
As per the tribunal's decision, 30 major, 135 medium, and 3000 small
dams, were granted approval for construction including raising the
height of the Sardar Sarovar dam.
14. PEOPLE INVOLVED
FORMATION
Amongst the major celebrities who have shown
their support for Narmada Bachao Andolan
are Booker Prize winner Arundhati
Roy and Aamir Khan.
1994 saw the launch of Narmada: A Valley
Rises, by filmmaker Ali Kazimi. It documents
the five-week Sangharsh Yatra of 1991. The film
went on to win several awards and is
considered by many to be a classic on the issue.
In 1996, veteran documentary
filmmaker, Anand Patwardhan, made an awardwinning documentary: A Narmada Diary.
There were groups such as Gujarat-based ArchVahini(Action Research in Community Health
and Development) and Narmada Asargrastha
Samiti (Committee for people affected by the
Narmada dam), Madhya Pradesh-based
Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee
for a new life in the Narmada Valley) and
Maharashtra-based Narmada Dharangrastha
Samiti (Committee for Narmada dam-affected
people) who either believed in the need for fair
rehabilitation plans for the people or who
vehemently opposed dam construction despite
a resettlement policy.
While Medha Patkar established Narmada
Bachao Andolan in 1989, all these groups
joined this national coalition of environmental
and human rights activists, scientists,
academics and project-affected people with a
non-violent approach.
15. Within the focus of Narmada Bachao Andolan towards the stoppage of the Sardar
Sarovar dam, Patkar advised addition of World Bank to their propaganda. Using
the right to fasting, she undertook a 22-days fast that almost took her life. In 1991,
Patkar's actions led to an unprecedented independent review by the World Bank.
The Morse Commission, appointed in June 1991 at the recommendation of World
Bank President Barber Conable, conducted its first independent review of a World
Bank project. This independent review stated that "performance under these
projects has fallen short of what is called for under Bank policies and guidelines
and the policies of the Government of India."This resulted in the Indian
Government pulling out of its loan agreement with the World Bank. In response,
Patkar said "It is very clear and obvious that they used this as a face-saving
device," suggesting that if this were not to happen, the World Bank eventually
would have withdrawn the loan. The World Bank's participation in these projects
was cancelled in 1995.
She undertook a similar fast in 1993 and resisted evacuation from the dam site.In
1994, the Bachao Andolan office was attacked reportedly by a couple of political
parties, where Patkar and other activists were physically assaulted and verbally
abused. In protest, a few NBA activists and she began a fast; 20 days later, they
were arrested and forcibly fed intravenously.
16. The Supreme Court's decision is still pending, seeking stoppage of construction of the Sardar
Sarovar dam. The court initially ruled the decision in the Andolan's favor, thereby effecting an
immediate stoppage of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to first complete
the rehabilitation and replacement process.
The Court deliberated on this issue further for several years but finally upheld the Tribunal
Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The court introduced
a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlementpari passu with the raising of the height
of the dam through the Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states.
The court’s decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000 after seven years of
deliberations, has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits.
The court's final line of the order states, "Every endeavour shall be made to see that the
project is completed as expeditiously as possible"
The Narmada dam's benefits include provision of drinking water, power generation and
irrigation facilities. However, the campaign led by the NBA activists has held up the project's
completion, and the NBA supporters have attacked on local people who accepted
compensation for moving. Others have argued that the Narmada Dam protesters are little
more than environmental extremists who use pseudoscientific agitprop to scuttle the
development of the region and that the dam will provide agricultural benefits to millions of
poor in India. There had also been instances when the NBA activists turned violent and
attacked rehabilitation officer from Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) and
caused damage to the contractor's machinery.
The NBA has been accused of lying under oath in court about land ownership in areas
affected by the dam. The Supreme Court has mulled perjury charges against the group
17. Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed
aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and
implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed
functions that affect the plant, animal, and human
communities within a watershed boundary.
Features of a watershed that agencies seek to
manage include water supply, water quality,
drainage, stormwater runoff, water rights, and
the overall planning and utilization of
watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies,
stormwater management experts, environmental
specialists, water use surveyors and communities
all play an integral part in the management of a
watershed.
18.
As ageing large-scale surface
irrigation schemes have become
increasingly inefficient, and
farmers have begun growing a
wider range of crops requiring
water on demand, the number
of groundwater wells in India
has exploded. In 1960, there
were fewer than 100,000 such
wells; by 2006 the figure had
risen to nearly 12 million. In
India, a possible solution to
over-use of groundwater is
emerging, known as
'groundwater recharge'. It
involves capturing rainwater
that would otherwise run-off,
and using it to refill aquifers.
In the Punjab region of India, for
example, groundwater levels have
dropped 10 meters since 1979, and
the rate of depletion is accelerating.