Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
Saturated Sodium chloride brine can be produced by desalination of seawater.Such high purity brine will become the raw material for the production of Caustic soda and Soda ash.This slide show explains how.
Desalination of the Sea Around Us, Part IICarol Reeb
This is a talk on seawater desalination I gave in Seaside California on October 19th, 2010. It is divided in two parts.
Part I contains information on seawater desalination and how the process can impact the marine environment.
Part II provides specific examples of how brine discharged from these plants can affect species, especially eggs and developing young.
It ends with an illustration of how water recycling could be a better long-term solution to our looming water crisis on the Monterey Peninsula and in the State of California.
Numerous municipal and industrial projects have enabled Degrémont to consolidate its world-leading position in the desalination field, in particular thanks to its mastery of water treatment technologies, its expertise as builder and operator, its operating support tools, its introduction of effective energy-recovery systems to reduce energy consumption, its solutions to preserve the Earth’s flora and fauna
Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
The subject consists of two processes,one is Desalination and next is reverse osmosis process. These process remove dissolved salts from water, thus provides fresh water from seawater or brackish water that is big challenge now a days.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Thermal modelling of solar still and different desalinationShantam Warkad
Thermal modelling of solar still can be done manually using a model or can be don on comparative basis using different software and compilers like ANSYS, C, MATLAB and different desalination
Presentation given at the San Diego County Water Authority's Special Board of Directors' Meeting on Nov. 29, 2012. To view agenda visit www.sdcwa.org/meetings-and-documents
Saturated Sodium chloride brine can be produced by desalination of seawater.Such high purity brine will become the raw material for the production of Caustic soda and Soda ash.This slide show explains how.
Desalination of the Sea Around Us, Part IICarol Reeb
This is a talk on seawater desalination I gave in Seaside California on October 19th, 2010. It is divided in two parts.
Part I contains information on seawater desalination and how the process can impact the marine environment.
Part II provides specific examples of how brine discharged from these plants can affect species, especially eggs and developing young.
It ends with an illustration of how water recycling could be a better long-term solution to our looming water crisis on the Monterey Peninsula and in the State of California.
Numerous municipal and industrial projects have enabled Degrémont to consolidate its world-leading position in the desalination field, in particular thanks to its mastery of water treatment technologies, its expertise as builder and operator, its operating support tools, its introduction of effective energy-recovery systems to reduce energy consumption, its solutions to preserve the Earth’s flora and fauna
Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
The subject consists of two processes,one is Desalination and next is reverse osmosis process. These process remove dissolved salts from water, thus provides fresh water from seawater or brackish water that is big challenge now a days.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Thermal modelling of solar still and different desalinationShantam Warkad
Thermal modelling of solar still can be done manually using a model or can be don on comparative basis using different software and compilers like ANSYS, C, MATLAB and different desalination
Presentation given at the San Diego County Water Authority's Special Board of Directors' Meeting on Nov. 29, 2012. To view agenda visit www.sdcwa.org/meetings-and-documents
CSCMP 2014: Water and Sustainability in the Supply ChainTaylor Wilkerson
Introduction for the "Supply Chain in Places You Least Expect It" panel discussion. Topics covered include sustainability, water consumption, developing country operations, and emergency response.
Presentation given at the San Diego County Water Authority's Board of Directors' Meeting on Jan. 24, 2013. To view agenda visit www.sdcwa.org/meetings-and-documents
We will discuss some strategies for incorporating water harvesting into sustainable landscaping, using example projects to illustrate our points. We will focus on residential systems for outdoor usage but will also touch on commercial applications and non-potable indoor use.
Austin Water is engaged in aggressive water conservation and climate programs aimed at reducing water use and addressing the water-energy nexus, while continuing to provide reliable and sustainable water and wastewater service to customers. The programs include: mandatory watering restrictions; installation of renewable energy at plants and facilities; and implementing employee ideas to save energy in operations – all while dealing with the worst drought since the historic drought of the 1950s.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
10. CalAm’s Monterey Peninsula Project Poseidon – Carlsbad
Purpose: Reduced reliance on the Carmel River Purpose: Profit
Per Capita Water Use: 48.3 GPCD Per Capita Water Use: 160 GPCD
Discharge of Treated Wastewater: 29.6 MGD Discharge of Treated Wastewater: 140-180 MGD
Size: 6.4 MGD or 9.6 MGD Size: 50 MGD (Total 215 MGD) Largest ocean
desalination facility in the Western Hemisphere
Environmental Protection: Subsurface intakes w/
treated wastewater to dilute brine discharges
Environmental Protection: Open ocean intake with
greater marine life impacts than Encina Power
Station. Will use flow augmentation to dilute
brine (Flow augmentation is illegal for all other
desalination facilities but Carlsbad).
11.
12. Israel California
Household Water Use: 44 GPCD So. Cal. Household Water Use: 105 GPCD
Reuse of Wastewater: 94% Reuse of Wastewater: 13%
Water for Ag: 1.6 acre-feet per acre of land Water for Ag: 3 acre-feet per acre of land
13. Ocean Desalination DPR
Cost $1,900 to more than $3,000/AF The lowest cost of $685/AF for
ATW
Energy Demand 9.50–14.75 kWh/gal 3.25–3.5 kWh/gal
Carbon Footprint 6.00 kg CO2e/gal 1.80 kg CO2e/gal
Water Supply Opportunity 0.4 Million ACY 1.1 Million ACY
Environmental Impacts Impingement & Entrainment;
Indirect GHG Emissions
Brine Toxicity
Sea Level Rise
Indirect GHG Emissions
Possible Instream Flow Issues
Environmental & Social Benefits Provides a Local Supply
Drought Resilient
Provides a Local Supply
Drought Resilient
Reduces Wastewater Discharges
14. Direct Potable Reuse Regulations:
• December 31, 2016 - Report to
the Legislature on the feasibility
of developing uniform water
recycling criteria for direct
potable reuse.
• Future DPR Regulations.
Demand risk is the risk that water demand will be insufficient to justify continued operation of the desalination plant due to the availability of less expensive water supply and demand management alternatives. In Australia, for example, four of the six desalination plants that have been developed since 2006 are being placed in stand-by mode. Likewise, the Tampa Bay Desalination Plant is operated considerably below full capacity because demand is lower than expected and less expensive water-supply options are available. Demand risk raises serious concerns about the size and timing of desalination projects, e.g., how big and when desalination plants should be built.
(3) Boron is found in very low levels in average U.S. drinking water supplies, but much higher levels are normally found in seawater. Boron is known to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity in animals and irritation of the digestive tract. It also accumulates in plants, raising concern about high boron levels in water used for irrigation or landscaping. RO membranes can remove between 50% and 70% of this element but pass the rest, where it is then concentrated in the product water. Concern has been expressed that boron may be found in desalinated water at levels greater than the World Health Organization’s provisional guidelines
Poseidon –
Pure Water - A water purification facility capable of producing up to 30 million gallons of purified water per day is scheduled to be operational by 2021. The long-term goal, producing 83 million gallons of purified water per day (one-third of San Diego's future drinking water supply), is scheduled for 2035.
As of December 2015, there were an estimated 10 active proposals for seawater desalination plants along the California coast, as well as two additional proposed plants in Baja California, Mexico that would provide water to southern California communities. This is down from an estimated 21 proposed projects in 2006 and 19 in 2012. Since 2006, only two projects have been built: a small plant in Sand City with a capacity of 300,000 gallons of water per day and a much larger 50-million-gallon per day plant in Carlsbad.
