This document provides an overview of social and religious reform movements that occurred in modern India in response to Western influence. It discusses movements within Hinduism like the Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj led by figures such as Raja Rammohan Roy and Dayanand Saraswati who aimed to reform traditions and end social evils. It also mentions reformers from other faiths like Christianity and Islam, as well as movements promoting women's rights, education, and Dalit empowerment led by individuals such as Jyotirao Phule, Annie Besant, and Ramalinga Adigalar. The document traces the development of these reform movements from the 19th century onwards and their impact on
Political thought of Swami Vivekananda Rohit pandey
Swami Vivekananda played a key role in the renaissance and reformation of Hindu society. There was a new interpretation of the Vedanta philosophy of Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo Gosh were two major interpreters of Neo-Vedanta philosophy. They thought that Neo-Vedanta philosophy would increase
The cultural strength of Hinduism and pave the way for the growth of nationalism in modern India.Vivekananda’s social and political ideas followed from his Vedanta conception of the inner self as omnipotent and supreme. He wanted to get rid of all evil ideas of class and caste superiority and
tyranny which have made the Hindu society lose, stratified, and disintegrated. He mercilessly denounced the evils of untouchability and condemned all forms of inhuman practices prevalent in the traditional Hindu society.
Many social reformers play an important role in improvement of the society and abolish the discrimination related to race, caste, sex, religion, etc. They also play an important role to stop the child marriage and other types of social evils.
Political thought of Swami Vivekananda Rohit pandey
Swami Vivekananda played a key role in the renaissance and reformation of Hindu society. There was a new interpretation of the Vedanta philosophy of Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo Gosh were two major interpreters of Neo-Vedanta philosophy. They thought that Neo-Vedanta philosophy would increase
The cultural strength of Hinduism and pave the way for the growth of nationalism in modern India.Vivekananda’s social and political ideas followed from his Vedanta conception of the inner self as omnipotent and supreme. He wanted to get rid of all evil ideas of class and caste superiority and
tyranny which have made the Hindu society lose, stratified, and disintegrated. He mercilessly denounced the evils of untouchability and condemned all forms of inhuman practices prevalent in the traditional Hindu society.
Many social reformers play an important role in improvement of the society and abolish the discrimination related to race, caste, sex, religion, etc. They also play an important role to stop the child marriage and other types of social evils.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Literary sources in Tamil, Literary sources in other languages, Gajabahu synchronism, Archeological sources, Evidence for economic activities, Epigraphical sources.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Sangam Age
• The Cholas
• The Cheras
• The Pandyas
• The Kushanas
• Kanishka
• The Satavahanas
• Trade
• The Silk Route
• Religion
• Spread of Buddhism
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is for students only.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Literary sources in Tamil, Literary sources in other languages, Gajabahu synchronism, Archeological sources, Evidence for economic activities, Epigraphical sources.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Sangam Age
• The Cholas
• The Cheras
• The Pandyas
• The Kushanas
• Kanishka
• The Satavahanas
• Trade
• The Silk Route
• Religion
• Spread of Buddhism
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is for students only.
A PowerPoint on the Indian Philosopher Swami Vivekananda.
Has almost all the things about his life & preachings
Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.
The religious and social reforms had significant roles in Indian history in the 19th Century.
Various factors were responsible for the beginning of religious and social changes in India and it is known as Renaissance Period.
Indian society was replete with evil like Untouchability, Sati system, the plight of Dalits, human sacrifices, custom drinking, etc which let the society to the verge of degeneration
The situation forced the intellectual Indians to begin a reform movement.
https://www.themiku.in/
hello , my name is Smriti Bhoray a student of Lovely professional University and this ppt is made for class 8th social science - political part of how laws are made.
This is a power point presentation based on social studies 8th standard history book.it has a lot of illustrations and explanation it also has sound effects it also has an small visual quiz with 5 question i wish all of you to see this .especially for 8th graders who is having difficulties the history lessons i hope it will be boon to them
Swami Vivekananda: The Youth Icon By Dr.Monica SharmaMonica Sharma
Swami Vivekananda, a beacon of inspiration for the youth, ignited minds with his wisdom and spiritual fervor. His teachings emphasized self-discovery, universal harmony, and service to humanity. Vivekananda's electrifying speeches at the World's Parliament of Religions in 1893 left an indelible mark, fostering a global legacy of empowerment and enlightenment.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. Introduction
• The urgent need for social and religious reform that
began to manifest itself from the early decades of the 19th
century arose in response to the contact with Western
culture and education.
• The weakness and decay of Indian society was evident to
educated Indians who started to work systematically for
their removal.
• They were no longer willing to accept the traditions,
beliefs and practices of Hindu society simply because they
had been observed for centuries.
• The impact of Western ideas gave birth to new
awakening.
• The change that took place in the Indian social scenario
is popularly known as the Renaissance.
12. Raja Rammohan Roy
• The central figure of this cultural awakening was
Raja Rammohan Roy. Known as the “father of the
Indian Renaissance”, he was a great patriot, scholar
and humanist.
• He was moved by deep love for the country and
worked throughout his life for the social, religious,
intellectual and political regeneration of the Indians.
• born in 1772 in Radhanagar, a small village in
Bengal.
• Sanskrit literature and Hindu philosophy in
Varanasi and Persian, Arabic and Koran in Patna.
• Mastered several languages including English,
Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
13. • As a social reformer, Rammohan Roy fought
relentlessly against social evils like sati,
polygamy, child marriage, female infanticide
and caste discrimination.
• Organised a movement against the inhuman
custom of sati and helped William Bentinck to
pass a law banning the practice ‘sati’ (1829).
• It was the first successful social movement
against an age-old social evil.
14. • One of the earliest propagators of modern Western
education.
• As a major instrument for the spread of modern ideas in
the country.
• Associated with the foundation the Hindu College in
Calcutta (which later came to be known as the Presidency
College).
• Maintained at his own cost an English school in
Calcutta.
• Established a Vedanta College where both Indian
learning and Western social and physical science courses
were offered.
• Recognized the importance of vernaculars for spreading
new ideas.
15. • Rammohan Roy struggled persistently against
social evils.
• Argued that ancient Hindu texts the Vedas and
the Upanishads upheld the doctrine of
monotheism.
• To prove his point, he translated the Vedas and
five Upanishads into Bengali.
• In 1849 he wrote Gift to Monotheism in
Persian.
• He only wanted to mould Hinduism into a new
cast to suit the requirements of the age.
16. • In 1829 Rammohan Roy founded a new religious society
known as the Atmiya Sabha which later on came to be known
as the Brahmo Samaj.
• Based on the twin pillars of rationalism and the philosophy
of the Vedas.
• The Brahmo Samaj emphasised human dignity, criticised
idolatry and denounced social evils like sati.
• Represented the first glimmerings of the rise of national
consciousness in India.
• Opposed the rigidity of the caste system because it
destroyed the unity of the country.
• The poet Rabindranath Tagore has rightly remarked:
“Rammohan was the only person in his time, in the whole
world of men, to realise completely the significance of the
Modern Age.”
Brahmo Samaj
17. Debendranath Tagore
• Debendranath Tagore, the father of Rabindranath
Tagore, was responsible for revitalising the Brahmo
Samaj.
• Under him the first step was taken to convert the
Brahmo Samaj into a separate religious and social
community.
• In 1839, he founded the Tatvabodhini Sabha to
propagate Rammohan Roy’s ideas.
• Promoted a magazine to do a systematic study of
India’s past in Bengali language.
• The Samaj actively supported the movements for
widow remarriage, the abolition of polygamy,
women’s education and the improvement in the
condition of the peasantry.
18.
19. Arya Samaj
• Another organisation in northern India which aimed to
strengthen Hinduism through reform was the Arya Samaj.
• Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj in
Rajkot, was born into a Brahmin family in Kathiawar, Gujarat,
in 1824.
• At the early age of 14, he rebelled against the practice of idol
worship.
• He ran away from home at the age of twenty. For the next
fifteen years, he wandered all over India meditating and
studying the ancient Hindu scriptures.
• In 1863 Swami Dayanand started preaching his doctrine of
one God.
• He questioned the meaningless rituals, decried polytheism
and image worship and denounced the caste system.
• He wanted to purify Hinduism and attacked the evils that had
crept into Hindu society.
20. • Dayanand Saraswati believed that the Vedas contained
the knowledge imparted to men by God, and hence its
study alone could solve all social problems.
• So he propagated the motto “Back to the Vedas.”
Asserting that the Vedas made no mention of
untouchability, child marriage and the subjugation of
women, Swami Dayanand attacked these practices
vehemently.
• Dayanand began the suddhi movement which enabled
the Hindus who had accepted Islam or Christianity to
return to Hinduism, their original faith.
• Dayanand published his religious commentaries in
Hindi so as to make the common people understand his
preachings.
• The Satyarth Prakash was his most important work.
21. • The Swami worked actively for the regeneration of India.
• In 1875, Swami Dayanand founded the Arya Samaj in
Bombay.
• The Arya Samaj made significant contributions to the fields of
education and social and religious reforms.
• After his death, his followers had established the Dayanand
Anglo Vedic Schools first in Lahore and then in other parts of
India.
• Gurukuls were also established to propagate traditional ideals
of education.
• A network of schools and colleges both for boys and girls were
also established by the Arya Samaj.
• The Arya Samaj influenced mostly the people of northern
India, specially Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and
Punjab.
• Although it was not a political organisation, the Arya Samaj
played a positive role in creating a nationalist pride in Indian
tradition and culture.
23. Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa
• Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa was one of the greatest saints
of modern India.
• Ramakrishna was born in a poor Brahmin family of Bengal.
He showed a religious bent of mind from his childhood.
• He had no formal education but his discourses were full of
wisdom.
• He was the chief priest of the Kali temple at Dakshineswar
near Calcutta.
• People from all walks of life visited Dakshineswar to listen to
his discourses.
• Ramakrishna Paramhamsa was a man with a liberal outlook.
• He firmly believed that there was an underlying unity among
all religions and that only the methods of worship were
different.
• God could be approached by any form of worship as long as
it was done with single- minded devotion.
24. • Different religions were all different roads to reach
the same God.
• He believed that service to man was service to
God, for man was the embodiment of God on earth.
• As man was the creation of God, man-made
divisions made no sense to him.
• Ramakrishna Paramhamsa was a great teacher
who could express complicated philosophical ideas in
a simple language for everyone to understand.
• He believed that religious salvation could be
attained through renunciation, meditation and
devotion.
26. Swami Vivekananda
• Narendra Nath Dutta, better known as Swami Vivekananda, was the most
illustrious disciple of Sri Ramakrishna.
• He was born in Calcutta in January, 1863.
• He graduated from the Scottish Church College and was well-versed in
Western philosophy.
• Vivekananda was a man of great intellect and possessed a critical and
analytical mind.
• At the age of eighteen, Vivekananda met Sri Ramakrishna. This meeting
transformed his life completely.
• After the death of Sri Ramakrishna, he became a ‘sanyasi’ and devoted his
life to preaching and spreading Ramakrishna’s message to the people.
• His religious message was put in a form that would suit the needs of
contemporary Indian society.
• Vivekananda proclaimed the essential oneness of all religions.
• He condemned the caste- system, religious rituals, ceremonies and
superstitions.
• He had a deep understanding of Hindu philosophy and travelled far and
wide to spread its message.
• At the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago (1893), Vivekananda
spoke about Hindu religion at length.
27. • His brilliant speech on Hindu philosophy was well received.
American newspapers described him as an ‘Orator by Divine Right’.
• He delivered a series of lectures in the U.S.A., England and in
several other countries of Europe.
• Through his speeches, Vivekananda explained Hindu philosophy
and clarified the wrong notions that prevailed in Western countries
about the Hindu religion and Indian culture.
• In India, however, Vivekananda’s main role was that of a social
reformer rather than a religious leader.
• He propagated Ramakrishna’s message of peace and brotherhood
and emphasized the need for religious tolerance which would lead to
the establishment of peace and harmony in the country.
• He believed that it was the social responsibility of the better placed
people to take care of the downtrodden, or the ‘daridra narayan’.
• With his clarity of thought, deep understanding of the social
problems of India, Vivekananda undoubtedly left a deep mark on the
Indian intelligentsia as well as on the masses.
• At a time when the nation was in despair, he preached the gospel of
strength and self-reliance. Vivekananda died at the age of 39.
28. The Ramakrishna Mission
• In 1896, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission to
propagate social welfare.
• It laid emphasis not on personal salvation but on social good and
social service.
• The Ramakrishna Mission stood for religious and social reform
based on the ancient culture of India.
• Emphasis was put on the essential spirit of Hinduism and not on
rituals.
• Rendering social service was the primary aim of the Ramakrishna
Mission.
• It believed that serving a human being was the same as
worshipping God.
• The Mission opened a chain of schools, hospitals, orphanages and
libraries throughout the country.
• It provided relief during famines, earthquakes and epidemics. A
math or monastery was established in Belur near Calcutta.
• The Belur Math took care of the religious developments of the
people.
30. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule
• Jyotirao Govindrao Phule prominent role in
bringing about, reforms in Maharashtra.
• He fought for improving the condition of women, the
poor and the untouchables.
• He started a school for the education of girls of the
lower castes and founded an association called the
Satyasodhak Samaj.
• People from all castes and religions were allowed to
join the association.
• He was opposed to the domination of the Brahmins
and started the practice of conducting marriages
without Brahmin priests.
31. The Prarthana Samaj
• In 1867, the Prarthana Samaj was started in Maharashtra
with the aim of reforming Hinduism and preaching the worship
of one God.
• Mahadev Govind Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar were the two
great leaders of the Samaj.
• The Prarthana Samaj did in Maharashtra what the Brahmo
Samaj did in Bengal.
• It attacked the caste system and the predominance of the
Brahmins, campaigned against child marriage and the purdah
system, preached widow remarriage and emphasised female
education.
• In order to reform Hinduism, Ranade started the Widow
Remarriage Association and the Deccan Education Society.
• In 1887, Ranade founded the National Social Conference with
the aim of introducing social reforms throughout the country.
• Ranade was also one of the founders of the Indian National
Congress.
32. Henry Vivian Derozio
and the Young Bengal movement
• The establishment of the Hindu College in 1817 was a major
event in the history of Bengal.
• It played an important role in carrying forward the reformist
movement that had already emerged in the province.
• A radical movement for the reform of Hindu Society, known as
the Young Bengal Movement, started in the college.
• Its leader was Henry Vivian Derozio, a teacher of the Hindu
College.
• Derozio was born in 1809. He was of mixed parentage his father
was Portuguese and his mother was Indian.
• In 1826, at the age of 17, he joined the Hindu College as a teacher
and taught there till 1831.
• Derozio was deeply influenced by the revolutionery ideas of
liberty, equality and fraternity.
• He was a brilliant teacher and within a short period of time, he
drew around him a group of intelligent boys in the college.
33. • He inspired his students to think rationally and freely, to question
authority, to love liberty, equality and freedom and to worship
truth.
• By organising an association for debates and discussions on
literature, philosophy, history and science, he spread radical
ideas.
• The movement started by Derozio was called the Young Bengal
Movement and his followers were known as the Derozians.
• They condemned religious rites and the rituals, and pleaded for
eradication of social evils, female education and improvement in
the condition of women.
• Derozio was a poet, teacher, reformer and a fiery journalist. He
was perhaps the first nationalist poet of modern India.
• He was removed from the Hindu College because of his
radicalism and died soon after at the age of 22.
• The Derozians could not lead a very successful movement
because social conditions were not yet ripe for their ideas to
flourish.
• Yet they carried forward Rammohan’s tradition of educating the
people on social, economic and political questions.
35. Reform Movements in South India:
The Theosophical Society
• Many Europeans were attracted towards Hindu philosophy.
• In 1875, a Russian spiritualist named Madame Blavatsky and an American
called Colonel Olcott founded the Theosophical Society in America.
• The society was greatly influenced by the Indian doctrine of karma.
• In 1886 they founded the Theosophical Society at Adyar near Madras.
• Annie Besant, an Irish woman who came to India in 1893, helped the
Theosophist movement to gain strength.
• She propagated Vedic philosophy and urged Indians to take pride in their
culture.
• The Theosophists stood for the revival of the ancient Indian religion and
universal brotherhood.
• The uniqueness of the movement lay in the fact that it was spearheaded by
foreigners who glorified Indian religious and philosophical traditions.
• Annie Besant was the founder of the Central Hindu College in Banaras,
which later developed into the Banaras Hindu University.
• Annie Besant herself made India her permanent home and played a
prominent role in Indian politics.
• In 1917, she was elected President of the Indian National Congress.
37. Samarasa Suttha Sanmarga Sangam
• The VALLALAR was the one who affirmed
openly and clearly in an unmistakable
language the deathlessness of his body which
he attained by the power of what he called
"Arut Perum Joti", the Vast Grace-Light of the
Divine which he identified as the Truth-Light
of Knowledge, Satya Jnana Joti.
38. Vallalar’s Principles
• Universal brotherhoodness
Treating all souls are equal.
• Creating awareness to individual's self
diciplines.
• The God is one for all and worshipping Him as
Vast Grace Light or ArutperunJothi.
• No killing of animals.
• No eating of flesh.
• Jeeva Karunaya ; Showing mercy to hungry and
feeding them.
39. • Vallalar's great recipe for spiritual
enlightenment was thus:
1. Remain hungry.
2. Remain alone.
3. Remain awake
40. What is Suddha Sanmargam?
• Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sangam is
an Universal Evolutionary spiritual
movement created by Swami Ramalingam in the
1867.
• It is a fellowship for the path of Truth, Purity,
the Right (say Dharma) and Harmony.
• Technically, it is the path of Vast Grace-light (say
Grace-Light Yoga) and Science of Evolution in
progressing towards attaining the evolutionary
deathless divine physical body on the earth
itself.
41. WHO ARE THE TRUE FOLLOWERS OF SUDDHA SANMARGA?
• The true followers of Suddha Sanmarga are only those:
-Who have abandoned the ways of religions and philosophies which
are the chief impediments to the sanmarga; and
-Who have by intuitive knowledge protected themselves by rejecting
anger, sex etc.,when they invade;and
-Who have desisted from violence by killing and eating animal food.
They can save themselves from disease, aging, fear, suffering and
death etc. that is to say, they who, by a good effort of discipline,
protect themselves from the phenomenal qualities of nature can avoid
death by accident or any sudden cause due to the influence of
planetary motions. By simply remaining here (i.e., at the place of the
Swami's living) one cannot save himself from death. When Grace
manifests itself, one can experience the bhogas or enjoyments of the
world, according to the conditions of his purity, but not (automatically)
the knowledge-powers of the higher world (para loga bhoga Jnana
Siddhis).
42. Reform movements among the
Muslims
• Movements for socio-religious reforms among the
Muslims emerged late.
• Most Muslims feared that Western education would
endanger their religion as it was un-Islamic in character.
• During the first half of the 19th century only a handful
of Muslims had accepted English education.
• The Muhammedan Literary Society, established by
Nawab Abdul Latif in 1863, was one of the earliest
institutions that attempted to spread modern education.
• Abdul Latif also tried to remove social abuses and
promote Hindu- Muslim unity.
43. Aligarh Movement by Syed Ahmad Khan
• The most important socio-religious movement among the Muslims
came to be known as the Aligarh Movement.
• It was organised by Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1899), a man described
as the most outstanding figure among the Muslims.
• Syed Ahmad Khan was born in 1817 into a Muslim noble family and
had joined the service of the Company as a judicial officer.
• He realised that the Muslims had to adapt themselves to British rule.
• So Syed Ahmad advised Muslims to embrace Western education and
take up government service.
• In 1862, he founded the Scientific Society to translate English books
on science and other subjects into Urdu.
• He also started an English- Urdu journal through which he spread the
ideas of social reform.
• Through his initiative was established the Mohammedan Oriental
College which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University.
• It helped to develop a modern outlook among its students.
• This intellectual movement is called the Aligarh Movement.
44. • As a social reformer, Syed Ahmad Khan campaigned
against the purdah system, polygamy and the Muslim
system of divorce.
• He emphasised the need for removing irrational social
customs while retaining the essence of Islam and
encouraging a rational interpretation of the Koran.
• Syed Ahmad Khan believed that the interest of the
Muslims would be best served through cooperation
with the British Government.
• It was only through the guidance of the British that
India could mature into a full-fledged nation.
• So he opposed the participation of the Muslims in the
activities of the Indian National Congress.
45. Reform movements among
the Sikhs and the Parsis
• Religious and social movements among the Sikhs
were undertaken by various gurus who tried to
bring about positive changes in the Sikh religion.
• Baba Dayal Das propagated the nirankar
(formless) idea of God.
• By the end of the 19th century a new reform
movement called the Akali Movement was
launched to reform the corrupt management of
Gurdwaras.
• The Parsi Religious Reform Association was
started in 1851. It campaigned against orthodoxy
in religion.
46. The Jesuits
• Jesuits. Jesuits are members of the Society of Jesus
(SJ), the largest Religious Congregation for men in the
Catholic Church.
• The Society of Jesus was founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola,
a Spanish soldier, who, like most men of his time, initially
dreamed of bravery, fame, wealth and beautiful women.
• But while he was trying to recover from the injuries he
suffered after being seriously wounded in a battle, the
books he read completely transformed him.
• He wanted to serve God – not the king.
47. • The Society of Jesus (SJ) is a world-wide
organization of religious men, numbering about
22,000 spread over the world, of whom over
3000 are working in the provinces of India.
• In Tamil Nadu alone there are about 500 Jesuits
working in schools and colleges, youth services
and social work centers, in parishes and mission
out-reach programmes, and in almost every
form of service and ministry associated with
the church.
49. Patron of the Missions
• The Jesuit presence on the Indian Sub-Continent
dates back to the arrival of St.Francis Xavier in
Goa on 6th May, 1542.
• In the Tamil country, St.Francis Xavier and his
companions worked in the Pearl Fishery Coast,
Mylapore and in other parts.
• He preached the Gospel and planted the Catholic
Church.
• The whole of India, including the Tamil Country
was part of the Goa Province, having St. Francis
Xavier as its first Provincial.
50. • After Francis Xavier came Antony Criminali
(1520 – 1549) who was later killed by the
Badagas in a raid near Vedalai, Ramnad
District,Tamil Nadu.
• Henri Henriques (1520 –1600), Goncalo
Fernandez (1541–1621), Robert de Nobili
(1577 –1656) and others were sent from Goa
to the Tamil region to continue the work of
evangelisation.
51. • After Robert de Nobili, 122 Jesuits worked in
the Madurai Mission till 1759.
• Among them are courageous, holy men like
St John de Britto (1647–1693), martyred in
Oriyur, Ramnad district.
• The renowned Tamil scholar, Constantine
Joseph Beschi, who is known by the Tamil
name he adopted - Veeramamunivar (1680–
1747).
52. Women Reformers
Pandita Ramabai:
• The British Government did not take substantial
steps to educate women.
• Still, by the end of the 19th century, there were
several women who had become aware of the
need for social reform.
• Pandita Rama bai had been educated in United
States and in England.
• She wrote about the unequal treatment meted out
to the women of India.
• She founded the Arya Mahila Sabha in Pune and
opened the Sarda Sadan for helping destitute
widows.
53. Sarojini Naidu
• Sarojini Naidu was a renowned poet and
social worker.
• She inspired the masses with the spirit of
nationalism through her patriotic poems.
• She stood for voting rights for women, and
took an active interest in the political
situation in the country.
• She also helped to set up the All India
Women’s Conference.
54. Literature and the Press
• Literature was used as a powerful weapon for spreading
social awareness among the people.
• It was also used for promoting social reforms. The social
reformers made valuable contributions to literature.
• Bharatendu Harish Chandra, Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay and Rabindranath Tagore spread the
ideas of social reform and condemned social injustice in
Hindi and Bengali.
• Poets like Iqbal and Subramania Bharati inspired the
masses. Premchand wrote about the sufferings of the
poor and thus made the people aware of social injustice.
• Rabindranath Tagore composed the National Anthem.
Bankim Chandra and Iqbal composed two other national
songs Bande Mataram and Saare Jahan Se Achchha.
55. Growth of the Press
• Most reformers started journals of their own.
• Through these journals and newspapers they
put forward their demands for social,
economic and political changes.
• Thus, the press acted as a vehicle for
disseminating ideas of social transformation.
56. Characteristics of the Reform Movements
An analysis of the reform movements of the 19th century brings
out several common features:
1. All the reformers propagated the idea of one God and the
basic unity of all religions. Thus, they tried to bridge the gulf
between different religious beliefs.
2. All the reformers attacked priesthood, rituals, idolatry and
polytheism. The humanitarian aspect of these reform
movements was expressed in their attack on the caste
system and the custom of child marriage.
3. The reformers attempted to improve the status of girls and
women in society. They all emphasised the need for female
education.
4. By attacking the caste system and untouchability, the
reformers helped to unify the people of India into one
nation.
5. The reform movements fostered feelings of self-respect, self-
reliance and patriotism among the Indians.
57. Contribution of the reform movements
• Many reformers like Dayanand Saraswati and
Vivekananda upheld Indian philosophy and culture.
• This instilled in Indians a sense of pride and faith in their
own culture.
• Female education was promoted.
• Schools for girls were set up.
• Even medical colleges were established for women.
• This led to the development, though slow, of girls’
education.
• The cultural and ideological struggle taken up by the
socio-religious movements helped to build up national
consciousness.
• They, thus, paved the way for the growth of nationalism.