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This document provides information on stimulant drugs including cocaine, amphetamines, and caffeine. It discusses the history, mechanisms of action, effects, and risks of these substances. Key points include:
- Cocaine was historically used as a local anesthetic but is now illegal due to its high risk of addiction and health effects. It blocks the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin.
- Amphetamines were originally used to combat fatigue but are now regulated due to risks of dependence and toxicity. They stimulate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters like dopamine.
- Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, soda, and other products. It acts by blocking adenosine receptors and produces mild
This document contains information about alcohol from multiple perspectives. It discusses alcohol's effects on the body and brain, including its impacts on judgment, motor skills, and other functions. It also addresses topics like alcohol metabolism, blood alcohol content, alcoholism as a potential disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, and health effects of both moderate and excessive drinking. The document contains questions and polls for readers to gauge their understanding of content.
This document contains information about alcohol from multiple perspectives. It discusses the physiological effects of alcohol on various body systems like the brain, liver and immune system. It also addresses the sociological impacts of alcoholism on individuals, families and society as a whole. These include increased risks of various health issues, accidents, violence and costs associated with different family roles that sometimes develop in homes with alcoholism. The document examines perspectives on alcoholism as a disease and factors influencing alcohol consumption across cultures, regions, gender and age groups.
This document summarizes key topics related to alcohol including:
1. The pharmacology of alcohol including how it is absorbed in the body and metabolized in the liver. Alcohol primarily impacts the limbic system part of the brain.
2. The behavioral effects of different blood alcohol content levels and types of alcoholism. Alcoholism is considered by some to have genetic and psychosocial risk factors.
3. The impacts of alcoholism on families including increased risks for children of alcoholics developing alcoholism or other disorders themselves. Family roles that sometimes develop in alcoholic families are also outlined.
4. The social costs of alcoholism including increased risks of violence, suicide, and accidents when alcohol is involved. W
This document provides an overview of alcohol including its pharmacology, effects on the body and brain, alcoholism, impacts on individuals and society, and physiological toxicity. Key points include that alcohol is metabolized in the liver, it impairs judgment, reasoning and motor skills, and excessive drinking can damage major organs like the liver and brain. Drinking while pregnant can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. The document also discusses cultural and demographic patterns of alcohol use and the costs of alcoholism on families.
The document summarizes information about alcohol, including its production, pharmacology, effects on the brain and behavior at different blood alcohol content levels, and the disease of alcoholism. It discusses the genetic and environmental factors that influence alcoholism risk and the physical withdrawal symptoms. It also outlines the impacts of alcohol on individuals, families, and society, including effects on children of alcoholics, domestic violence, suicide, accidents, and fetal development. The document examines prohibitions on alcohol and trends in drinking behaviors among college students and in different countries, age groups, and cultures. It details the physiological toxicity and damage alcohol can cause to major organ systems like the brain, liver, and heart.
This document provides information about commonly used drugs among youth. It discusses marijuana, noting that 29 million Americans have used it in the past year and over 2.5 million are registered medical marijuana users. It also discusses the risks of marijuana use, including increased likelihood of violence, theft, and problems with alcohol. Signs of marijuana abuse and the legal consequences of use are outlined. The document then provides similar information about heroin, methamphetamines, prescription drugs, alcohol, and cocaine.
This document provides an overview of alcohol including its pharmacology, effects on the body and brain, alcoholism, impacts on individuals and society, and physiological toxicity. It discusses how alcohol is metabolized in the liver and its behavioral effects at different blood alcohol content levels. It also summarizes genetic and psychosocial factors related to alcoholism, symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, and impacts of alcohol on families and society such as violence, suicide, and accidents.
This document provides information on stimulant drugs including cocaine, amphetamines, and caffeine. It discusses the history, mechanisms of action, effects, and risks of these substances. Key points include:
- Cocaine was historically used as a local anesthetic but is now illegal due to its high risk of addiction and health effects. It blocks the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin.
- Amphetamines were originally used to combat fatigue but are now regulated due to risks of dependence and toxicity. They stimulate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters like dopamine.
- Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, soda, and other products. It acts by blocking adenosine receptors and produces mild
This document contains information about alcohol from multiple perspectives. It discusses alcohol's effects on the body and brain, including its impacts on judgment, motor skills, and other functions. It also addresses topics like alcohol metabolism, blood alcohol content, alcoholism as a potential disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, and health effects of both moderate and excessive drinking. The document contains questions and polls for readers to gauge their understanding of content.
This document contains information about alcohol from multiple perspectives. It discusses the physiological effects of alcohol on various body systems like the brain, liver and immune system. It also addresses the sociological impacts of alcoholism on individuals, families and society as a whole. These include increased risks of various health issues, accidents, violence and costs associated with different family roles that sometimes develop in homes with alcoholism. The document examines perspectives on alcoholism as a disease and factors influencing alcohol consumption across cultures, regions, gender and age groups.
This document summarizes key topics related to alcohol including:
1. The pharmacology of alcohol including how it is absorbed in the body and metabolized in the liver. Alcohol primarily impacts the limbic system part of the brain.
2. The behavioral effects of different blood alcohol content levels and types of alcoholism. Alcoholism is considered by some to have genetic and psychosocial risk factors.
3. The impacts of alcoholism on families including increased risks for children of alcoholics developing alcoholism or other disorders themselves. Family roles that sometimes develop in alcoholic families are also outlined.
4. The social costs of alcoholism including increased risks of violence, suicide, and accidents when alcohol is involved. W
This document provides an overview of alcohol including its pharmacology, effects on the body and brain, alcoholism, impacts on individuals and society, and physiological toxicity. Key points include that alcohol is metabolized in the liver, it impairs judgment, reasoning and motor skills, and excessive drinking can damage major organs like the liver and brain. Drinking while pregnant can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. The document also discusses cultural and demographic patterns of alcohol use and the costs of alcoholism on families.
The document summarizes information about alcohol, including its production, pharmacology, effects on the brain and behavior at different blood alcohol content levels, and the disease of alcoholism. It discusses the genetic and environmental factors that influence alcoholism risk and the physical withdrawal symptoms. It also outlines the impacts of alcohol on individuals, families, and society, including effects on children of alcoholics, domestic violence, suicide, accidents, and fetal development. The document examines prohibitions on alcohol and trends in drinking behaviors among college students and in different countries, age groups, and cultures. It details the physiological toxicity and damage alcohol can cause to major organ systems like the brain, liver, and heart.
This document provides information about commonly used drugs among youth. It discusses marijuana, noting that 29 million Americans have used it in the past year and over 2.5 million are registered medical marijuana users. It also discusses the risks of marijuana use, including increased likelihood of violence, theft, and problems with alcohol. Signs of marijuana abuse and the legal consequences of use are outlined. The document then provides similar information about heroin, methamphetamines, prescription drugs, alcohol, and cocaine.
This document provides an overview of alcohol including its pharmacology, effects on the body and brain, alcoholism, impacts on individuals and society, and physiological toxicity. It discusses how alcohol is metabolized in the liver and its behavioral effects at different blood alcohol content levels. It also summarizes genetic and psychosocial factors related to alcoholism, symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, and impacts of alcohol on families and society such as violence, suicide, and accidents.
The document summarizes information on alcoholism and unhealthy alcohol use, including health effects, signs of abuse, withdrawal, diagnosis, counseling, and relapse prevention. It discusses that the patient, a 50-year old executive, has an alcohol use disorder based on his blood alcohol level from a car accident, denial of a problem, and daily "eye openers". It recommends inpatient detoxification given his history of withdrawal symptoms. To prevent relapse, the document emphasizes attendance at self-help groups and counseling, and notes pharmacotherapies like disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate, and topiramate may provide modest benefits.
OCD and Substance Use Disorder IOCDF Conference 2020StaceyConroy3
The document discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Around 25% of people with OCD also have a co-occurring SUD. Effective treatment of OCD and SUD requires concurrent, integrated treatment that addresses both disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy, twelve step programs, and medication can all be part of an effective treatment plan for individuals with OCD-SUD. Assessment for SUD should be included when treating OCD patients to identify potential co-occurrence and need for integrated treatment.
Nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness which impacts self-esteem, relationships and ability to function. Good mental health allows one to realize their abilities and cope with stress, while poor mental health prevents a normal life. Mental health involves well-being and functioning well, while mental illness affects thinking, feelings and behavior. Risk factors for mental disorders include genetics, age, toxins, infections, and family/social problems. Both physical and mental health problems interact and influence each other. Prevention strategies target promotion, early intervention, treatment and social support/rehabilitation.
This document discusses alcohol use disorders and their management. It begins with an overview of the epidemiology, terminology, classification, and complications of alcohol use disorders. Globally, around 107 million people have an alcohol use disorder, with prevalence in India being 1.12%. The reward pathway in the brain is stimulated by substances like alcohol. Screening tools can identify alcohol use and abuse. Management includes detoxification using benzodiazepines, treating comorbidities, using anti-craving drugs like Naltrexone or Acamprosate, and psychological therapies like motivational enhancement and group therapy. Follow up is also important for management.
This document discusses adolescent substance abuse, including:
- Common drugs of abuse such as alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco and emerging trends like bath salts and e-cigarettes.
- How the adolescent brain is still developing which can increase risk-taking behaviors and substance abuse.
- The co-morbidity of substance abuse with mental health conditions like depression and anxiety.
- Prevention strategies are needed to address the myths surrounding substance use and the health risks to adolescents.
Alcohol Addiction Treatment - An Ultimate Guide to Overcome Your AddictionInspire Change Wellness
>> Psychological Conditions Depicting Alcohol Addiction.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment in 3 steps.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment through Group Therapies.
>> Social Life and Alcohol Addiction Treatment.
This document discusses addiction, including definitions and issues. It describes addiction as maintaining a relationship with something despite known negative consequences. Key issues discussed are health impacts on individuals and families. A 12-step program is presented as one strategy for wellness. Counselors face challenges in treating addiction, but also have strengths, and self-care is important to prevent burnout.
The document discusses alcohol and substance abuse. It begins by listing commonly abused substances like alcohol, tramadol, marijuana, and caffeine. It then notes that the region with the highest rates of abuse is the Northwest region of Nigeria. Some true statements about substance abuse are that cocaine is the most widely used illegal drug, marijuana may be a gateway drug, and men should drink no more than 21 units of alcohol per week. Risk factors for substance abuse include peer pressure, low self-esteem, and dysfunctional families. The document outlines the magnitude of alcohol and substance abuse in Nigeria and discusses various substances that are commonly abused as well as the causes and health effects of alcohol and substance abuse.
Reviews addiction theory, the Jellenik curve, reasons for use and risk and protective factors related to substance abuse. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Substance Abuse, Psychiatric Nursing, B. Sc (N) PPTNithiy Uday
The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
This document summarizes substance use disorders. It defines substances such as alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives/hypnotics, cocaine, caffeine, hallucinogens, and tobacco. It describes how to identify substance use disorders through self-report data, analysis of bodily fluids, clinical signs and symptoms, and informant history. It then explains different classifications of substance use disorders including acute intoxication, harmful use, dependence syndrome, tolerance, withdrawal states, psychotic disorders, amnesic syndromes, and residual/late onset psychotic disorders. It provides examples of each classification.
We know that if a person is consuming something like drug or alcohol he or she is taking something extra to his or her body which is harmful for the health of individual or for others also.
This document provides an overview of understanding addiction and substance use disorders. It discusses where addiction starts and the effects of commonly used substances like alcohol, cannabis, opioids, and tobacco. A substance use disorder is defined as a chronic relapsing brain disease. The document emphasizes treating substance use disorders as chronic illnesses rather than moral failings and using people-first language to reduce stigma.
There are many myths surrounding drug addiction, such as 'all drug users are addicts' or 'only hard drugs are dangerous'. In this slideshow, we bust these myths and provide the truth around drug addiction.
www.drugabuse.com
Its defined as patterns of drinking or using drugs (prescription and illicit) that result in harm to a person’s health, well-being, relationships, and productivity. A person who abuses drugs and alcohol is not necessarily an addict. However, abuse of these substances is a risk factor for developing an addiction because continuous abuse can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
Alcohol and Drugs Awareness Suggestions | Len MistrettaLen Mistretta
We share all the matter related drugs and alcohol via this guidelines as per Len Mistretta. These are too beneficial so real and understand these tips.
The document discusses the neuroscience of drug addiction, including the brain regions and neurotransmitters involved in reward pathways that can become dysregulated with chronic drug use. It covers the stages of the addiction cycle and various animal models used to study different stages. The summary also outlines pharmacological and behavioral therapies used to treat drug addiction.
1) Substance abuse and dependence are significant problems, with over 15% of the US population over 18 having a serious substance use disorder, mostly involving alcohol or other drugs.
2) Substance use disorders involve both behavioral and physical dependence, and are considered medical disorders rather than character flaws.
3) The DSM-IV classification system categorizes several substance-induced disorders outside of the main substance use disorders category, including substance-induced persisting dementia and substance-induced psychotic disorders.
This document discusses the history of drug regulation in the United States from the 18th century to present day. Early attempts focused on alcohol and opium, establishing taxes and restrictions. The 20th century saw the passage of laws regulating proprietary drugs, narcotics, and the creation of the FDA. Modern drug laws classify substances by schedule and aim to balance public health and criminal enforcement, though debates continue around decriminalization and legalization.
This document discusses various approaches to treating drug addiction. It covers assessing addiction severity and readiness to change using tools like the Addiction Severity Index. It outlines principles of treatment including using a variety of behavioral and pharmacological therapies tailored to the individual. Comorbidity between substance abuse and mental illness is common requiring accurate diagnosis and integrated treatment. Factors like age, gender, criminal justice involvement and availability of treatment influence outcomes.
The document summarizes information on alcoholism and unhealthy alcohol use, including health effects, signs of abuse, withdrawal, diagnosis, counseling, and relapse prevention. It discusses that the patient, a 50-year old executive, has an alcohol use disorder based on his blood alcohol level from a car accident, denial of a problem, and daily "eye openers". It recommends inpatient detoxification given his history of withdrawal symptoms. To prevent relapse, the document emphasizes attendance at self-help groups and counseling, and notes pharmacotherapies like disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate, and topiramate may provide modest benefits.
OCD and Substance Use Disorder IOCDF Conference 2020StaceyConroy3
The document discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Around 25% of people with OCD also have a co-occurring SUD. Effective treatment of OCD and SUD requires concurrent, integrated treatment that addresses both disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy, twelve step programs, and medication can all be part of an effective treatment plan for individuals with OCD-SUD. Assessment for SUD should be included when treating OCD patients to identify potential co-occurrence and need for integrated treatment.
Nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness which impacts self-esteem, relationships and ability to function. Good mental health allows one to realize their abilities and cope with stress, while poor mental health prevents a normal life. Mental health involves well-being and functioning well, while mental illness affects thinking, feelings and behavior. Risk factors for mental disorders include genetics, age, toxins, infections, and family/social problems. Both physical and mental health problems interact and influence each other. Prevention strategies target promotion, early intervention, treatment and social support/rehabilitation.
This document discusses alcohol use disorders and their management. It begins with an overview of the epidemiology, terminology, classification, and complications of alcohol use disorders. Globally, around 107 million people have an alcohol use disorder, with prevalence in India being 1.12%. The reward pathway in the brain is stimulated by substances like alcohol. Screening tools can identify alcohol use and abuse. Management includes detoxification using benzodiazepines, treating comorbidities, using anti-craving drugs like Naltrexone or Acamprosate, and psychological therapies like motivational enhancement and group therapy. Follow up is also important for management.
This document discusses adolescent substance abuse, including:
- Common drugs of abuse such as alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco and emerging trends like bath salts and e-cigarettes.
- How the adolescent brain is still developing which can increase risk-taking behaviors and substance abuse.
- The co-morbidity of substance abuse with mental health conditions like depression and anxiety.
- Prevention strategies are needed to address the myths surrounding substance use and the health risks to adolescents.
Alcohol Addiction Treatment - An Ultimate Guide to Overcome Your AddictionInspire Change Wellness
>> Psychological Conditions Depicting Alcohol Addiction.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment in 3 steps.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment through Group Therapies.
>> Social Life and Alcohol Addiction Treatment.
This document discusses addiction, including definitions and issues. It describes addiction as maintaining a relationship with something despite known negative consequences. Key issues discussed are health impacts on individuals and families. A 12-step program is presented as one strategy for wellness. Counselors face challenges in treating addiction, but also have strengths, and self-care is important to prevent burnout.
The document discusses alcohol and substance abuse. It begins by listing commonly abused substances like alcohol, tramadol, marijuana, and caffeine. It then notes that the region with the highest rates of abuse is the Northwest region of Nigeria. Some true statements about substance abuse are that cocaine is the most widely used illegal drug, marijuana may be a gateway drug, and men should drink no more than 21 units of alcohol per week. Risk factors for substance abuse include peer pressure, low self-esteem, and dysfunctional families. The document outlines the magnitude of alcohol and substance abuse in Nigeria and discusses various substances that are commonly abused as well as the causes and health effects of alcohol and substance abuse.
Reviews addiction theory, the Jellenik curve, reasons for use and risk and protective factors related to substance abuse. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Substance Abuse, Psychiatric Nursing, B. Sc (N) PPTNithiy Uday
The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
This document summarizes substance use disorders. It defines substances such as alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives/hypnotics, cocaine, caffeine, hallucinogens, and tobacco. It describes how to identify substance use disorders through self-report data, analysis of bodily fluids, clinical signs and symptoms, and informant history. It then explains different classifications of substance use disorders including acute intoxication, harmful use, dependence syndrome, tolerance, withdrawal states, psychotic disorders, amnesic syndromes, and residual/late onset psychotic disorders. It provides examples of each classification.
We know that if a person is consuming something like drug or alcohol he or she is taking something extra to his or her body which is harmful for the health of individual or for others also.
This document provides an overview of understanding addiction and substance use disorders. It discusses where addiction starts and the effects of commonly used substances like alcohol, cannabis, opioids, and tobacco. A substance use disorder is defined as a chronic relapsing brain disease. The document emphasizes treating substance use disorders as chronic illnesses rather than moral failings and using people-first language to reduce stigma.
There are many myths surrounding drug addiction, such as 'all drug users are addicts' or 'only hard drugs are dangerous'. In this slideshow, we bust these myths and provide the truth around drug addiction.
www.drugabuse.com
Its defined as patterns of drinking or using drugs (prescription and illicit) that result in harm to a person’s health, well-being, relationships, and productivity. A person who abuses drugs and alcohol is not necessarily an addict. However, abuse of these substances is a risk factor for developing an addiction because continuous abuse can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
Alcohol and Drugs Awareness Suggestions | Len MistrettaLen Mistretta
We share all the matter related drugs and alcohol via this guidelines as per Len Mistretta. These are too beneficial so real and understand these tips.
The document discusses the neuroscience of drug addiction, including the brain regions and neurotransmitters involved in reward pathways that can become dysregulated with chronic drug use. It covers the stages of the addiction cycle and various animal models used to study different stages. The summary also outlines pharmacological and behavioral therapies used to treat drug addiction.
1) Substance abuse and dependence are significant problems, with over 15% of the US population over 18 having a serious substance use disorder, mostly involving alcohol or other drugs.
2) Substance use disorders involve both behavioral and physical dependence, and are considered medical disorders rather than character flaws.
3) The DSM-IV classification system categorizes several substance-induced disorders outside of the main substance use disorders category, including substance-induced persisting dementia and substance-induced psychotic disorders.
This document discusses the history of drug regulation in the United States from the 18th century to present day. Early attempts focused on alcohol and opium, establishing taxes and restrictions. The 20th century saw the passage of laws regulating proprietary drugs, narcotics, and the creation of the FDA. Modern drug laws classify substances by schedule and aim to balance public health and criminal enforcement, though debates continue around decriminalization and legalization.
This document discusses various approaches to treating drug addiction. It covers assessing addiction severity and readiness to change using tools like the Addiction Severity Index. It outlines principles of treatment including using a variety of behavioral and pharmacological therapies tailored to the individual. Comorbidity between substance abuse and mental illness is common requiring accurate diagnosis and integrated treatment. Factors like age, gender, criminal justice involvement and availability of treatment influence outcomes.
The document discusses various aspects of drug abuse prevention programs and strategies. It provides statistics showing that in 2011, about 20.6 million Americans aged 12 or older were dependent on or abused substances. It also outlines the goals of prevention programs as enhancing protective factors, addressing all forms of drug abuse, and tailoring programs to specific audiences. Finally, it describes different levels and examples of prevention programs, including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as well as school-based, community-based, and family-based approaches.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts related to drugs and society. It discusses commonly abused drugs and drug use statistics. It also addresses factors that influence drug use such as biological, cultural, social and contextual factors. The document defines types of drug use and users. It provides statistics on drug use trends in the United States and costs of drug use and addiction to society.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to drugs and society. It discusses what constitutes a drug, common drug types, statistics on drug use, factors that influence drug use, the stages of drug dependence, and costs of drug use to society. It also describes different types of drug users and notes that drug use can lead to criminal behavior and negatively impact workplaces. The document aims to help readers better understand the complexity of drug use and abuse in society.
This chapter discusses drug use in contemporary society. It notes that nearly every American has used a mind-altering substance such as alcohol, cigarettes, or caffeine. It provides statistics on drug use from national surveys. It discusses the health, social, and economic costs of drug use as well as patterns of drug taking and the extent of drug use according to national surveys. It also covers topics like drug use and education/employment outcomes, drug testing policies, and the large illegal drug business.
This document provides an overview of the history and definitions related to various drugs, including:
- Drugs have played different roles over time and definitions are subjective based on experiences. A drug is defined as any substance altering one's ability to function.
- Drug misuse involves inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs. Drug abuse results in physical, emotional, financial or social consequences for the user.
- The document then summarizes the histories of alcohol, marijuana, opiates, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, hallucinogens, tobacco, cigarettes, and cigars. It discusses their origins and cultural roles over time.
This document summarizes key information about narcotics from a class on drugs and society. It discusses the differences between opioids, opiates, and narcotics. It also covers the medical uses of narcotics, their physical and emotional effects, and the risks of dependency, overdose, and withdrawal. The document provides details on specific narcotics like heroin, morphine, and oxycodone. It also discusses policy approaches to narcotics issues, like needle exchange programs and the use of drugs like methadone or suboxone to help people quit opioid use.
1. Drug use has negative social and economic consequences including deaths, emergency room visits, lost productivity, criminal behavior, and costs of treatment.
2. Surveys and reports provide information on the extent of drug use in the U.S. and trends over time, but may be missing some data.
3. Drug use is associated with negative outcomes including family instability, lower education and employment prospects, and increased crime. However, correlation does not imply causation.
4. There are ongoing debates around issues like drug policy, regulation, testing, and treatment. Overall the document discusses the complex social issues related to drug use.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and definitions related to psychoactive drugs and substances. It begins with definitions of terms like drug, psychoactive drug, misuse, abuse, addiction, dependency, and substance use disorder. It then covers historical perspectives and categories of drugs, including depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, and sedative-hypnotic drugs. For each drug category, brief histories are provided on substances like alcohol, marijuana, opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and inhalants. Medical uses are discussed along with notes on popularization and criminalization of certain drugs over time.
This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It begins by defining pharmacology and how drugs interact with living organisms. It then describes the nervous system and key components like neurons, the peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, and neurotransmitters. The document goes on to explain several major neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate. It also discusses how drugs can alter neurotransmitter availability and classifications of drugs. Additional sections cover drug dose, routes of administration, distribution, mechanisms of action, and tolerance.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the colonial period to modern times. It discusses how the first substances regulated were alcohol and opium in the late 18th/early 19th centuries. Major milestones include the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, marijuana prohibition in 1937, and the 1970 Controlled Substances Act. The document also examines debates around approaches to drug policy enforcement versus treatment.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook Drugs & Society. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, psychoactive drug, misuse, abuse, addiction, and substance use disorder. It then discusses several major drug classes - alcohol, marijuana, narcotics, cocaine, amphetamines, and sedative-hypnotic drugs - providing brief historical perspectives on their use. The document aims to introduce students to the complex social histories of various psychoactive substances.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs, which are central nervous system depressants that produce relaxing to sleep-inducing effects. It describes three main types - barbiturates, nonbarbiturate sedatives, and minor tranquilizers. The document also discusses the medical uses of these drugs to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures, as well as the risks of dependence, withdrawal, toxicity, and fatal interactions with alcohol.
This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body. It also discusses how drugs act on different parts of the nervous system, including the brain and neurotransmitters. Specific neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and GABA are explained in terms of their functions and how they relate to drug actions and effects. The document also covers concepts like drug classifications, dose-response relationships, routes of administration, distribution and tolerance.
The document summarizes factors that influence drug use according to Chapter 3 of the Goldberg text. It finds that the most common motivations for drug use are curiosity, boredom, escape from problems, social influences, and rebellion. It also discusses societal and family influences on drug use. Biological, psychological, and social theories are described to explain why individuals continue to use drugs.
This document summarizes key information about narcotics and opioids from Chapter 8 of the textbook Drugs & Society. It discusses the medical uses of opioids like morphine and codeine, as well as recreational drugs derived from opium like heroin and oxycodone. It also covers the physical, emotional, and social effects of opioid use, dependency and withdrawal symptoms, treatment options using drugs like methadone and suboxone, and harm reduction strategies like needle exchange programs.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs, which are central nervous system depressants that produce relaxing to sleep-inducing effects. It covers different types of sedative-hypnotic drugs like barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. It also discusses their medical uses, mechanisms of action, dangers of abuse and overdose, and risks of dependence and withdrawal.
This document discusses narcotics and opioids. It begins with an overview of common opioids like morphine, codeine, heroin, and synthetic prescription narcotics. It then covers the medical uses of narcotics, as well as the physical, emotional, and social effects of opioid use. The document also discusses dependency and withdrawal from opioids, noting that withdrawal can be difficult and dangerous. It presents information on treating opioid addiction with alternatives like methadone and suboxone.
This document provides an overview of psychotherapeutic medication. It begins by defining mental illness and providing demographic statistics. It then discusses the history of treatment, including early abusive practices and the development of electroconvulsive therapy. The document outlines several mental disorders like anxiety, mood disorders, and psychosis. It provides details on diagnosis and specific medications used to treat various disorders. The document notes challenges like dual diagnosis, non-compliance, and the increased societal impacts of widespread medication use.
The document discusses various aspects of dopamine, neurotransmitters, and alcohol. It provides true/false and multiple choice questions about their roles and effects. Dopamine is responsible for mood, pleasure/reward, and alertness. Natural pain killers in the body are endorphins. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and primarily impacts the limbic system of the brain. It can increase violence and accidents when misused. College binge drinking is common and negatively impacts academic and social functioning.
This document discusses alcohol, including its pharmacology, effects on the brain and body, alcoholism, and impacts of alcohol use. Key points include:
- Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and its effects include impaired judgment, reasoning, and motor skills as it acts on the cerebrum and limbic system.
- Alcoholism is considered by some to be a disease, and is influenced by genetics, environment, and psychosocial factors. Withdrawal can cause severe symptoms.
- Heavy alcohol use is associated with increased risks of accidents, violence, and health issues like liver disease and cancer, while moderate use may provide some heart benefits.
This document discusses alcohol, including its pharmacology, effects on the brain and body, alcoholism, and impacts of alcohol use. Key points include:
- Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and its effects include impaired judgment, reasoning, and motor skills. Heavy drinking can damage the liver, brain, and increase risks of certain cancers.
- Alcoholism is considered a disease, characterized by loss of control over drinking and withdrawal symptoms. Genetics and environment contribute to risk.
- Children of alcoholics often experience negative health, social, and emotional impacts like low self-esteem or acting out behaviors. Underage drinking is associated with higher risks of accidents, injuries, and premature death.
The document summarizes Chapter 3 of Goldberg which discusses motivations for drug use. It finds that curiosity, boredom, escape from problems, social factors, and rebellion are the main motivations. It also notes that characteristics of drugs can reinforce continued use through altered states of consciousness. Societal, community, and family factors influence initial use while drug factors influence continued use. Peer influence is important for many young people but parental influence remains significant. Experimentation is common among youth due to natural curiosity. Drugs are also used for pleasure/escape from boredom, social interaction, self-discovery, and rebelliousness against societal norms.
The document summarizes motivations for drug use according to a chapter on the topic. It finds that curiosity, boredom, escape from problems, and rebellion are the main motivations for trying drugs initially. However, characteristics of the drugs themselves and societal/family influences determine whether a person continues drug use. A variety of theories on drug addiction are also summarized, including biological factors like genetics and brain chemistry as well as social and psychological elements.
Alcohol addiction is a disease that results in persistent alcohol use despite negative consequences. It affects people differently based on genetic and social factors. Overcoming alcohol addiction can be difficult but treatment is available and recovery is possible. Treatment programs like Alcoholics Anonymous have helped many addicts by providing a support system to help them stay sober one day at a time. While alcohol continues to be highly addictive for those predisposed, seeking help and support can help addicts regain control of their lives.
This document discusses alcohol misuse and dependence. It defines various categories of alcohol use from moderate to risky, hazardous, and harmful drinking. It describes the criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence according to diagnostic manuals. It also discusses screening tools like the CAGE questionnaire and AUDIT test. The health effects of chronic alcohol misuse are outlined, as well as psychiatric and brain consequences. Approaches to diagnosis, management, and prevention are summarized.
The document discusses alcohol misuse and dependence. It defines various categories of alcohol use from moderate drinking to alcohol abuse and dependence. It describes screening tools like the CAGE questionnaire and discusses the medical, psychological, and social consequences of chronic alcohol misuse including withdrawal symptoms, medical complications affecting multiple organ systems, increased risk of accidents and injuries, and psychiatric issues like depression and anxiety. Management involves referral for treatment, brief counseling, and FDA-approved medications like disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate combined with behavioral support.
Alcoholism is defined as excessive and repetitive drinking of alcohol that harms the drinker or others physically, mentally, socially, legally, or economically. It is considered a disease by most clinicians. Risk factors include family history, peer pressure, low self-esteem, and easy availability of alcohol. Alcoholism can cause health issues like liver disease and heart problems. It also impacts families by increasing intimate partner violence, child abuse/neglect, and risk of the children later developing alcohol use disorders. During lockdowns, initially alcoholism cases decreased due to lack of availability but then increased as unemployment rose and liquor became gradually available again, triggering withdrawal symptoms and related issues.
Alcohol a social problem by dr. rajan bikram rayamajhi for medical studentswrigveda
This document discusses alcohol and smoking as social problems. It notes that alcohol abuse is associated with negative health, social, and economic consequences. Alcohol abuse is influenced by easy accessibility, perceptions of social norms, and cultural factors. Binge drinking and chronic drinking are defined. Smoking rates are also provided for Nepal. Smoking is linked to increased health risks and addiction. Both alcohol abuse and smoking are influenced by familial and social connections. They also result in significant societal and economic costs. Prevention strategies discussed include increased taxation, advertising regulation, brief interventions, and education.
The document discusses several social issues including gambling, drugs, alcohol, and racism. It notes that gambling addiction can be caused by desires for money, thrills, or social status and signs include feeling secretive about gambling or gambling beyond one's means. Drugs affect the brain's reward system and risk factors include genetics, environment, mental health, and early age of first use. Alcoholism develops from chemical changes in the brain that increase pleasurable feelings from drinking and signs include cravings and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.
This document contains a chapter about stimulant drugs from a drugs and society college course. It discusses the history, pharmacology, effects, and forms of several stimulants including cocaine and amphetamines. For cocaine, it outlines its early medical uses, increasing legal control and prohibitions, and how it is processed from coca leaves. For amphetamines, it discusses their development and uses for conditions like ADHD and weight loss, as well as the risks of abuse. It also covers caffeine, sources of intake, pharmacological effects, acceptable intake levels, and circumstances for reducing consumption. Interactive polls are included throughout to gauge readers' opinions.
1. 4 Most common Crack Addiction Symptoms.
2. 3 Common Myths about Crack Addiction.
3. An Overview of Hydromorphone Abuse.
4. What Is Alcohol Abuse?
5. Alcohol Abuse – Causes, Signs and Treatment.
6. How Effective Is Alcohol Or Drug Addiction Treatment?
7. Getting Your Facts Straight On Alcohol Abuse, Alcohol Dependence and Alcoholism.
8. Life After Rehab: How to Live a Normal Life Post Addiction Treatment.
Alcoholism is defined as a chronic illness marked by dependence on alcohol consumption that interferes with physical or mental health, and social, family or job responsibilities. It can lead to liver, circulatory and neurological problems. Alcoholism is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, biological, and psychological factors and can result in immediate health risks like injuries, violence and risky sexual behaviors as well as long term risks like cancer, liver disease and cardiovascular and neurological problems. It also commonly causes social problems like losing friends and jobs, and domestic violence as well as financial problems from neglecting bills and medical costs.
This document discusses alcoholism, including its definition, types, history, symptoms, causes, effects on the human body, and how to determine if someone may be alcoholic. Alcoholism is defined as a chronic disease characterized by control problems with alcohol use and continued drinking despite negative consequences. There are several subtypes of alcoholism described in the document. The causes are complex but include genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms include craving, loss of control, tolerance, and withdrawal. Effects on the body can impact the brain, psychological health, and increase risk of diseases. The social impacts of alcoholism are also outlined.
human health n diseases - part 4.ppsx.pptxtanishqyadav27
This document discusses alcoholism and its effects. It notes that alcoholics consume beverages and spirits containing 5-15% or over 50% alcohol, respectively. Effects of alcoholism include impacts on thinking, movements and reflexes as well as diseases of the liver, cardiovascular system, and brain. It causes fetal alcohol syndrome and family/social problems. Alcohol also increases risks of traffic accidents by impacting judgment, coordination, vision, and reaction time. Treatment involves medical and social/group therapies as well as aversion therapy.
This document discusses sensory disabilities related to hearing and vision loss. It covers the changing experiences of people with these disabilities since special education laws were passed. It also defines and classifies different types of hearing and vision loss, describes their characteristics and prevalence. The document outlines causes and risk factors, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood for children with sensory disabilities.
This document discusses severe and multiple disabilities, including definitions, characteristics, causes, assessment, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. It describes how the lives of those with severe disabilities have changed since IDEA, and outlines interventions and supports to help them develop skills and participate inclusively in school and community life. The goal is for those with severe disabilities to lead happy, productive lives.
This document outlines the key points of a chapter about autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It discusses:
1) How understanding and support for people with ASD has improved since special education laws were passed.
2) The various definitions and classifications of ASD.
3) The characteristics of ASD including difficulties with social skills and repetitive behaviors, as well as strengths like savant skills.
4) Potential causes of ASD and the multifactorial nature of its origins.
This document outlines the learning objectives for Chapter 10 which covers communication disorders. It discusses the changes in lives of people with communication disorders since IDEA, typical communication development processes, and various communication disorders including their definitions, prevalence, causes, identification and interventions. Specific disorders covered include language disorders, speech sound disorders, child onset fluency disorder, social communication disorder, and voice and resonance disorders.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter Nine, which examines intellectual and developmental disabilities. The chapter discusses how the lives of those with intellectual disabilities have changed since special education laws were passed, provides definitions and classifications of intellectual disabilities, and describes characteristics, causes, assessments, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. It emphasizes that individuals with intellectual disabilities can achieve autonomy and independence with appropriate long-term supports.
The document describes gifted, creative, and talented individuals and their education. It covers:
1) Definitions of giftedness have changed from IQ to multiple measures including creativity and talent. 2) 2-5% of students are typically identified as gifted, increasing to 10-25% in special programs.
3) Identification methods include teacher nomination, intelligence/achievement tests, and creativity tests. Interventions include early education programs, differentiated learning, acceleration, and addressing needs of underrepresented groups.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter Nine, which examines intellectual and developmental disabilities. The chapter describes how the lives of those with intellectual disabilities have changed since protections like IDEA were established. It defines intellectual disability, exploring factors like IQ, adaptive behaviors, and age of onset. It also looks at prevalence rates, potential causes, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood to support independence.
The chapter discusses emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) and interventions for children with EBD. It covers definitions of EBD, characteristics and prevalence, causes and risk factors, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. These include positive behavior support, response to intervention, functional behavior assessments, and wraparound services. The chapter emphasizes evidence-based practices, systems of care, early intervention, and school-wide behavior support to help children with EBD achieve better outcomes.
This document discusses learning disabilities (LD), including:
1) It provides an overview of definitions and classifications of LD according to IDEA, including that LD are neurological disorders that affect areas like reading, writing, and math.
2) It describes the characteristics of individuals with LD, including challenges with academic achievement, intelligence, perception, and social/emotional skills.
3) It discusses interventions and support for individuals with LD throughout development from elementary school through adulthood.
This document outlines learning objectives for a chapter that describes various physical disabilities and health disorders. It discusses 13 objectives that will cover conditions such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, HIV/AIDS, asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, traumatic brain injury, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For each objective, the document will describe the prevalence and causation of the condition and interventions.
The document discusses drug abuse prevention and approaches, including how serious the problem of drug dependence is in the US with an estimated 20.6 million people classified with substance dependence or abuse. It covers goals and levels of prevention programs from primary to tertiary, as well as strategies, examples of programs, and ways to make drug education more effective, such as establishing links between messages and students' lives.
The document discusses various topics related to marijuana, including:
1. The history of marijuana use and its changing perceptions over time, from its medicinal uses in early colonial times to the criminalization of marijuana in the 1900s.
2. The physiological and psychological effects of marijuana, including its effects on the cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous systems. It also covers tolerance and withdrawal.
3. Current debates around marijuana, including its medical uses, toxicity, and changing public attitudes toward legalization.
This document discusses hallucinogenic drugs. It begins by providing survey results about hallucinogen use. It then discusses terms used to describe hallucinogens and classes them. It provides details about specific hallucinogenic drugs like LSD, psilocybin, DMT and others. It discusses the history of use of these drugs, their effects both beneficial and adverse, and debates around therapeutic vs recreational use.
This document provides information about opioids (narcotics) from a class on drugs and society. It discusses various opioids like heroin, morphine, and codeine. It covers topics like opioid abuse patterns in the US, methods of opioid administration, physical and psychological effects of opioids, dependency and withdrawal. The document also discusses medical uses of opioids and harm reduction strategies like needle exchange programs and medications like suboxone and methadone to help treat opioid addiction.
This document discusses how drugs work and their intended and unintended effects. It explains that intended responses are the reason for using the drug, while unintended responses like side effects are unexpected. Common side effects include nausea, changes in alertness, dependence, withdrawal, and allergic reactions. The dose and method of administration can impact effects. Drugs are distributed throughout the body and metabolized at different rates depending on their properties. Factors like tolerance and interactions with other drugs also influence drug responses.
The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including their history, effects, types, medical uses, and dangers of abuse. Some key points include: CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates were developed to treat conditions like anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. While usually prescribed medications, they can cause dependence and dangerous interactions if misused or abused. Long-term trends show a decline in barbiturate use due to safety issues, being replaced primarily by benzodiazepines which have a wider therapeutic margin.
This document discusses how drugs work and their intended and unintended effects. It explains that intended responses are the reason for using the drug, while unintended responses are side effects. Common side effects include nausea, changes in alertness, dependence, withdrawal, and allergic reactions. The dose and route of administration, as well as individual factors like age, gender, and metabolism influence a drug's effects. Long-term drug use can lead to tolerance, dependence, addiction, and abuse.
This document provides an overview of homeostatic systems and drugs. It discusses the nervous system and endocrine system, which work together to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system consists of neurons that send and receive electrochemical signals via neurotransmitters. Common neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin are described. The central nervous system structures like the brain and spinal cord are covered as well as the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. The endocrine system is introduced as a second messenger system using hormones to regulate bodily functions. Anabolic steroids are discussed as a hormone that is sometimes abused.
The document discusses the history of drug regulation laws in the United States from the early 1900s to present day. It covers major acts and amendments that aimed to regulate drugs and drug development, including the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, Harrison Act of 1914, 1970 Controlled Substances Act, and Kefauver-Harris Amendments. The "War on Drugs" of the 1980s is also summarized, which took a criminal justice approach to drug abuse. Prevention strategies discussed include supply reduction, demand reduction, and harm reduction approaches.
This document summarizes the history of drug regulation laws in the United States from the early 1900s to present day. It covers major acts like the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, and amendments that strengthened safety requirements for clinical drug trials and approval processes. Key topics discussed include scheduling of controlled substances, exceptions for fast-tracking new drugs, switching drugs from prescription to over-the-counter status, advertising regulations, and strategies for preventing drug abuse through education, treatment programs, and drug testing.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Dopamine is responsible for
A. Mood
B. Pleasure/reward
C. Alertness
D. Pain control
M
ood
Pleasure/rew
ard
Alertness
Pain
control
4% 0%4%
92%
2. Your body’s natural pain killers are
A. Inhibitory
neurotransmitters
B. Dopamine
C. Opiates
D. Endorphins
Inhibitory
neurotransm
itters
Dopam
ine
Opiates
Endorphins
16%
56%
28%
0%
3. The neurotransmitter responsible for
mood is:
A. Dopamine
B. GABA
C. Serotonin
D. Glutamate
Dopam
ine
GABA
Serotonin
Glutam
ate
0% 0%
68%
32%
4. This neurotransmitter is the major
excitatory neurotransmitter
A. Glutamate
B. GABA
C. Endorphins
D. Dopamine
Glutam
ate
GABA
Endorphins
Dopam
ine
69%
0%0%
31%
5. This neurotransmitter is excitatory and is
implicated in the fight or flight response
A. GABA
B. Glutamate
C. Serotonin
D. Norepinephrine
GABA
Glutam
ate
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
7%
93%
0%0%
6. This neurotransmitter is implicated in
muscle movement
A. Norepinephrine
B. Anandamide
C. Serotonin
D. Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Anandam
ide
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
0%
67%
0%
33%
7. The body’s own cannabinoid is
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Anandamide
D. THC
Dopam
ine
Acetylcholine
Anandam
ide
THC
0%
15%
85%
0%
13. You can increase your rate of metabolizing
alcohol by exercise or by taking caffeine
A. True
B. False
True
False
48%
52%
14. Alcohol’s Effects
• Alcohol acts on the
cerebrum affecting
▫ Judgment
▫ Reasoning
▫ Inhibitions
▫ Motor activity
▫ Impairs the senses
• Mouse Party
15. BAC (%)
Behavioral Effects
•0.05 Lowered alertness, release of inhibitions, impaired
judgment
•0.10 Slower reaction times, impaired motor function, less
caution
•0.15 Large, consistent increases in reaction time
•0.20 Marked depression in sensory and motor capability,
intoxication
•0.25 Severe motor disturbance, staggering, great impairment
•0.30 Stuporous but conscious—no comprehension of what’s
going on
•0.35 Surgical anesthesia; about LD1, minimal level causing
death
•0.40 About LD50
16. Alcohol primarily impacts this part of
the brain:
A. Limbic system
B. Cerebellum
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Basal ganglia
Lim
bicsystem
Cerebellum
Cerebralcortex
Basalganglia
0% 0%
42%
58%
17. Alcohol sedates by increasing
glutamate’s action – an agonist
response.
A. True
B. False
True
False
74%
26%
18. Alcoholism
• Alcoholism
▫ Condition in which an individual loses control over
intake of alcohol
• Substance Use Disorder
▫ Physical, social, intellectual, emotional, or financial
problems resulting from the use of alcohol
▫ Withdrawal symptoms
▫ Tolerance
▫ Blackouts
19. Alcoholism
• Some consider alcoholism to be a disease
▫ Compared to heart disease or diabetes
▫ 1956 American Medical Association declared it a
disease
▫ Disease can be used as a legal defense
▫ Receive treatment rather than punishment
20. Do you agree alcoholism is a disease?
A. Yes
B. No
C. I’m not sure
Yes
No
I’m
notsure
52%
26%
22%
21. Alcoholism
• Genetics
▫ 50-60% of alcoholism vulnerability has a genetic
basis
▫ Environmental factors affect the impact of
genetics
22. Alcoholism
• Psychosocial factors
▫ 20% of alcoholics have a mood or anxiety disorder
▫ Individuals are more likely to drink heavily when
in a group
▫ Expectations about alcohol are predictors of
dependence
▫ Associated with a greater number of sexual
partners
26. Family Effects
• Children of alcoholics
▫ Often experience sleep difficulties, depression,
loneliness, and stomach problems
▫ Alienated from parents, have poor communication
skills, less trust, and more emotional longing
▫ Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs)
▫ Feelings of failure and self-deprecation
▫ Feel a great need to be in control
27. Addict
• Behaviors
▫ Use of
chemicals
▫ Abusive
▫ Controlling
▫ Withdrawal of
love, attention,
affection
▫ Blaming
▫ Anger
▫ Self-
righteousness
Underlying
feeling:
SHAME
33. I know that for Friday’s discussion, I
need to interview two people.
A. Got it
B. I do now!
Gotit
Ido
now
!
0%0%
34. Which do you most identify with?
A. Addict
B. Co-dependent
C. Hero
D. Scapegoat
E. Lost Child
F. Mascot
AddictCo-dependent
Hero
Scapegoat
LostChild
M
ascot
7% 7% 7%
20%
7%
53%
36. Correlations with
Violence
As alcohol use escalates,
so does violence
▫ Domestic partner
violence 66%
▫ Sexual Assault 37%
▫ Homicides 40%
▫ Child abuse 70%
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/sciprc/pdf/ALCOHOL_AND_VIOLENCE.pdf
37. Suicide
▫ About 7% of alcoholics commit
suicide
▫ 16% of men and 10% of women
entering alcohol treatment have
contemplated suicide
▫ 38% of people who hanged
themselves had alcohol in their
system
▫ 32% of veterans who attempted
suicide were diagnosed with
alcohol abuse or disorder
40. Prohibition
• Temperance
Movement – view of
alcohol
• Prohibition
• States 1851
• Federal 1919
• Repealed in 1933
• Since 1933, states
regulate alcohol
• Federal taxation
42. Who drinks and why
• Cultural Differences
• Trends in US
• Regional Differences
• Gender Differences
• Drinking Among College Students
43. Most college students reduce their
binge drinking after graduating
from college.
A.True
B.False
True
False
7%
93%
44. The younger one is when drinking
alcohol for the first time, the more
likely one will become a problem
drinker.
A.True
B.False
True
False
38%
62%
45. Underage Drinking
• Underage drinking is associated
with premature death, disease,
injury, property damage, motor
vehicle crashes, alcohol-related
crime and loss of productivity
• There is a significant
relationship between drinking
before age 13 and suicide
attempts
46. Underage Drinking
• High school students who engaged in binge
drinking were six times more likely to drink and
drive
▫ 7.2% of 8th-grade students binge drink
▫ 16.3% of 9th-grade students binge drink
▫ 23.2% of 12th-grade students binge drink
47. Moderate alcohol drinkers have
lower rates of cardiovascular
disease than abstainers.
A.True
B.False
True
False
77%
23%
49. When someone passes out from
alcohol use:
A. Put them on their
back
B. Put them to bed
and let them sleep
it off
C. Put them on their
side Putthem
on
theirback
Putthem
to
bed
and
let...Putthem
on
theirside
0%
92%
8%
51. There is a safe level of alcohol to
consume while pregnant
A. True
B. False
True
False
86%
14%
52.
53. Physiological
Toxicity - Brain
• Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome develops
because alcohol impedes
the body’s ability to
utilize thiamine (a B vitamin)
• Alcohol use is associated with psychological
symptoms: depression, anxiety
54. Physiological Toxicity - Liver
• Three main conditions associated
with alcohol:
▫ Fatty liver
▫ Alcohol hepatitis
▫ Cirrhosis
• Cirrhosis is irreversible, even if
alcohol use stops
55. Physiological Toxicity – Digestive System
• In moderate amounts, alcohol aids digestion by
increasing gastric juice in the stomach
• Too much alcohol can irritate
the stomach, leading to internal
bleeding
• Heavy alcohol use is implicated in acute pancreatitis
• Alcoholics often have malnutrition because alcohol
interferes with the body’s ability to utilize nutrients
56. Physiological Toxicity – Circulatory System
• Moderate alcohol use reduces risk of heart
disease, boosts good (HDL) cholesterol and
helps prevent type 2 diabetes
• Effects of heavy alcohol use:
▫ Degeneration of the heart muscle
▫ High blood pressure
▫ Cardiac arrhythmias
▫ Ischemic heart disease
▫ Strokes
57. Physiological Toxicity – Immune System
• Studies show that
moderate alcohol use
reduces immunity
• Alcohol interferes
with white blood
cells, particularly T
lymphocytes, which
help to resist
infections
58.
59. How’s your group doing?
A. We rock.
B. Working on it.
C. We need help.
D. Group? What group?
W
erock.
W
orkingon
it.
W
eneed
help.
Group?
W
hatgroup?
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Editor's Notes
Fermentation = the production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts
Forms the basis of all alcoholic beverages
Fruits + yeast = fermentation will begin
Fruits naturally contain sugar
Cereal grains contain starch, which must be converted to sugar by malt before fermentation can begin
Yeast has a limited tolerance for alcohol
When the concentration reaches a certain percentage (15% is possible, but standard for wine is about 12%) the yeast dies and fermentation ceases.
Distillation = evaporation and condensing of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with alcohol content higher than 15 percent
Perhaps first used in Arabia around AD 800
Introduced into Europe in about the 10th century
In U.S., began on a large scale at the end of the 18th century
Grain neutral spirits—clear, tasteless, nearly pure alcohol (190 proof) produced by distillation
May be sold as Everclear or used in research
Ethanol is used in commercial products as a gasoline additive, cleaner, solvent
Used to make various beverages
Gin: distillate filtered through juniper berries and then diluted with water
Vodka: mixture of grain neutral spirits and water
Contains relatively few congeners
Whiskey = distillate of fermented malted barley
Early U.S. distiller from Bourbon County, KY, gave beverage its name
Distilled at a lower proof (160) and so contains more congeners and some flavor from the grain used
Rye whiskey, corn whiskey (bourbon), blended whiskey
Usually aged for at least two years
Liqueurs or cordials
Alcohol content 20 to 25 percent
Originally made from brandy mixed with flavorings from herbs, berries, or nuts
Now typically made from flavored, diluted grain neutral spirits
Proof = alcohol content of a distilled beverage; twice the percentage of alcohol by weight
90-proof whiskey is 45 percent alcohol
Beer
Made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains
Hops are added with yeast to give beer its distinctive flavor
Lager—uses a type of yeast that settles to the bottom of the mash to ferment
Most common type in United States
Ale—uses a top-fermentation yeast, warmer fermentation temperature, more malt and hops
Light beer—fermented longer at a cooler temperature
More sugar is converted to alcohol, then water added
Result is a beverage with similar alcohol content but less sugar (and fewer calories) than regular beer
Most beer sold in the United States is mass-produced by the two largest brewers
Imported beers and microbreweries are growing in popularity
WINE
Made from fermented grapes
Produced by both small and large wineries
Most wines contain about 12% alcohol
Factors in quality include selection and cultivation of grapevines, good weather, timing of harvest, and careful monitoring of fermentation and aging
Generics vs. varietals
Determined by type of grapes and flavor
Red vs. white
Sweet vs. dry
Sparkling wines
Fortified wines
Alcohol content near 20 percent
Absorption
Some absorbed in the stomach, most in the small intestine
Absorption is slower if there is food or water in the stomach
Absorption is faster in the presence of carbonated beverages
Factors that affect rate of absorption:
Food in the stomach slows absorption
Wine and beer absorbed slower than distilled spirits
Carbonation increases absorption
Strong emotions increase absorption
Males absorb alcohols slowly and break it down quickly
Women absorbs alcohol more quickly during the premenstrual phase
Women who take birth control pills absorb alcohol more quickly
Distribution
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of the concentration of alcohol in blood, expressed as a percentage in terms of grams per 100 ml
Alcohol is distributed throughout body fluids
Alcohol is less distributed in fatty tissues, so a lean person will have a lower BAC than a fatter person of the same weight
Metabolism: Liver metabolizes about 0.25 ounces of alcohol per hour
If rate of intake = rate of metabolism, BAC is stable
If rate of intake exceeds rate of metabolism, BAC climbs
Standard drink has about 0.5 ounces of pure alcohol
12 ounces of beer
4 ounces of wine
1 ounce of100-proof spirits
Women tend to be more susceptible than men to the effects of alcohol after consuming the same amount
Alcohol dehydrogenase (a stomach enzyme) is more active in men
Women absorb a greater proportion of the alcohol they drink
Women tend to weigh less and have a higher proportion of body fat
“Tank” into which alcohol is added is smaller
About 2 percent of alcohol is excreted unchanged
About 90 percent is metabolized in the liver
Exercise, coffee, and other strategies do not speed up the rate of metabolism
Liver responds to chronic intake of alcohol by increasing enzyme activity
Contributes to tolerance among heavy users
Can result in cross-tolerance to other depressants
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Central nervous system depressant
Used as anesthetic until the late 19th century
Alcohol has many effects on the brain and the mechanisms are difficult to pin down
Similar to barbiturates and benzodiazepines, it enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA at the GABA-A receptor
At high doses, it blocks the effects of the excitatory transmitter glutamate
It affects dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine neurons
Alcohol in the body is transformed by the liver into acetaldehyde, then further broken down into acetate, then water and carbon dioxide
Alcohol leaves the body at a rate of about 3/4 ounce per hour
One ounce of distilled spirits, a bottle of beer, and a glass of wine all have about the same amount of alcohol
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC):
Percentage of alcohol in the bloodstream
Rises when alcohol is consumed at a rate exceeding the rate at which it is metabolized or leaves the body
As BAC increases, behavioral and subjective effects become more pronounced
Drinking too much alcohol in a short time can be fatal
15% to 30% of nursing home patients are admitted because of permanent alcohol-induced brain damage
Five to six drinks daily adversely affects cognitive functioning
Time out from day-to-day expectations
Driving under the influence
Sexual behavior
Blackouts
Blood alcohol concentration determines effects
At low effective blood levels: complex and abstract behaviors disrupted
At higher blood levels: simpler behaviors also affected
Mood changes can include euphoria, reduced anxieties, and reduced inhibitions
Effects are greater when BAC is rising
A higher BAC is needed to impair a chronic heavy drinker
Expectations (placebo effects) explain many of the effects on social behavior
Alcohol use serves as a social signal for a time-out from responsibilities, work, and seriousness
Intoxicated individuals focus on the here and now, with little care for future consequences (alcohol myopia)
DRIVING UNDER INFLUENCE
Less than 40 percent of all traffic crash fatalities are linked to alcohol use
Risk of a fatal crash is dose-related
Single-vehicle fatalities are more likely to involve alcohol than are multiple-vehicle fatalities
Alcohol-related fatalities are more likely to occur during dark hours and on weekends
Men are more likely than women to be involved in an alcohol-related fatal crash
Anyone who drinks and drives (not just problem drinkers) is a potential threat
Current efforts
Keep repeat offenders off the road
Publicize the dangers of drinking and driving
Target younger drinkers for special prevention efforts
Sexual behavior
Alcohol use enhances interest in sex but impairs physiological arousal
Linked to unsafe sex
Blackouts
A danger sign of excessive alcohol use
Crime and violence—alcohol use is statistically related to violence
Homicide
Assault, including family violence, sexual assault, and date rape
Suicide
Peripheral circulation: Dilation of peripheral blood vessels means that drinkers lose body heat but feel warm
Fluid balance: Alcohol has a diuretic effect that can lower blood pressure in some people
Hormonal effects: Chronic abusers of alcohol can develop a variety of hormone-related disorders
Crime and violence
Physiological Effects
An alcoholic is a problem drinker, but a problem drinker is not necessarily an alcoholic
Alcoholics are dependent on alcohol – a problem drinker has interpersonal, financial, or social problems from drinking
The problem drinker may drink infrequently, but has problems when consuming alcohol
A common symptom of problem drinking is blackouts, characterized by temporary memory loss
Common elements of alcoholism
Alcoholics are unable to control their drinking
Some physical, social, or psychological consequence will result from their drinking
Genetics is not destiny
The family affected by alcoholism is not a normal family
Responsibility and blame for an alcoholic family do not rest with them
Growing up in an alcoholic household, although painful, can be a learning experience
ACOAs have to acquire skills to form healthy relationships
Guilt, self-hatred, helplessness, despair
Hurt, exhaustion, fearful, anxious, betrayed
Internalized messages
I will take care of everyone
I’m okay if I do well
I’m responsible for everything
I must look good at all costs
Underlying feeling: INADEQUACY
Payoff: Honor/worth
PAYOFF: REMOVE FOCUS FROM REAL PROBLEM, TARGET FOR PAIN
Internalized messages
I’ll show you
I don’t need anyone
I don’t care
I won’t feel
You can’t hurt me
PAYOFF: RELIEF OF RESPONSIBILITY
Internalized Messages
I don’t matter
I am invisible
I have no self
I am worthless
PAYOFF: FUN, DISTRACTION
Internalized Messages
I laugh instead of cry
If they laugh, they like me
I can fix it
I’m not worth taking seriously
I will stay little
According to the Violent Death Reporting System, in 2004 73% of suicides also tested positive for at least one substance (alcohol, cocaine, heroin or marijuana).
http://www.save.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=705D5DF4-055B-F1EC-3F66462866FCB4E6
Leading cause of death 15-20 years is motor vehicle crashes Highest rate of drunk driving fatalities is 21-24. in pedestrian fatalities, 48% involved alcohol.
Moped drivers is higher than that of automobile or motorcycle drivers, mortality rate is higher
38% of women and 48 % of men admitted to ERs tested positive for drugs, alcohol the most prevalent
In fire fatalities, victims were more likely to have high BAC than survivors
20% of boating fatalities are from alcohol related accidents
40% of drownings (Canada)
HISTORY
Alcoholic beverages have been consumed for thousands of years, at least as far back as 6400 BC (beer and berry wine)
Grape wine has existed for over 2,000 years
Mead may date back to the Paleolithic Age, around 8000 BC
Beer was consumed by Native Americans at the time of Columbus’s landing
Before American Revolution
People drank more alcohol than water
Drunkenness was viewed as misuse of positive product
After American Revolution
Alcohol itself viewed as the cause of serious problems, an active agent of evil
Alcohol was first psychoactive substance to become demonized in American culture
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)
Heavy drinking = health problems
Alcohol use damages morality
Alcohol addiction = a disease
Temperance societies
Initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits and moderate consumption of beer and wine
Later promoted total abstinence
Became fashionable to “take the pledge” (see right)
States began passing prohibition laws in 1851
By 1917, 64 percent of Americans lived in “dry” territory
Laws reflected issues of class, ethnicity, religion, immigration, and politics
People still drank illegally in speakeasies and private clubs and legally through purchase of patent medicines
Federal prohibition
18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, banning the sale of alcohol, was ratified in January 1919
National prohibition went into effect in January 1920
People continued to buy and sell alcohol illegally, and enforcement was challenging and expensive
Organized crime became more organized and profitable
Alcohol dependence and alcohol-related deaths declined
REPEALED
Concerns that widespread disrespect for Prohibition laws encouraged a general sense of lawlessness
Taxation: Alcohol taxes had been a major source of revenue
Repealed by the 21st Amendment
Ratified in 1933
Alcohol per capita sales and consumption increased slowly until after World War II, when they returned to pre-Prohibition levels
Regulation after 1933
Some states remained dry after national prohibition ended, but most allowed at least beer sales
Laws were slowly relaxed until the last dry state, Mississippi, became wet in 1966
Drinking ages were lowered in some states but raised again to 21 following concerns over increased drinking rates and alcohol-related traffic accidents
Taxation
Federal and state taxes and licensing fees = about half the price of an alcoholic beverage
When taxes go up, consumption goes down, but not dramatically
Colonial Times:
Pilgrims anchored at Plymouth because their supply of beer and spirits was becoming depleted
Attitudes of early settlers toward alcohol were positive
Two important factors: sanitation and nutrition
1640: Dutch opened the first distillery on Staten Island
Rum trade was New England’s most profitable business
Consumption peaked during Jefferson’s presidency
1784: Dr. Benjamin Rush described harmful effects
Early 1800s: movement to curb the escalating rate of alcohol use and abuse
Alcohol was seen as a major cause of crime and violence
Temperance movement sought to modify alcohol use, not to eliminate it
1808: independent organizations formed temperance groups
1826: American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
1830 to 1840, annual per capita use of alcohol declined from about 7 gallons per adult to about 3 gallons
Following the Civil War, the temperance movement became strong again
Three influential groups in alcohol reform:
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Anti-Saloon League
National Prohibition Party
1880 to 1889: 7 states passed prohibition laws
1907 to 1919: 34 states passed similar legislation
1920: U.S. Senate adopted the 18th Amendment (Volstead Act) which prohibited the manufacturing and sale of alcohol
Problems:
Illegal trade of alcohol
Organized crime
Enforcement problems
Toxic adulterants in black market alcohol
Home brewing was not illegal
Regional differences in the United States
Stress index: Drinking rates higher in states where people experience a great deal of social stress and tension
Drinking norms: Drinking rates higher in states where people tend to approve of the use of alcohol to relieve stress
Gender differences: Males more likely to drink than females, and more likely to drink more
Women’s drinking patterns:
Women who are unemployed, looking for work, or employed part-time outside the home
Women who are divorced, separated, or not married but living with a partner
Heavy drinking after a health problem such as depression or reproductive difficulties
Drinking among college students
College students drink more than their nonstudent peers
Many campuses have banned sale and advertising of alcohol, and many fraternities have banned keg parties
Alcohol use and drinking behavior hasn’t changed significantly in response
Today’s college students are less likely to drink and drive compared to students in the early 1980s
Student drinking patterns:
Australia: almost one-half of students drank to harmful or hazardous levels
Germany: 80% of university students drank heavily and 20% displayed problem drinking
37% of college students binge drink
44% reported being drunk within the past 30 days
Binge drinking:
Consuming five or more drinks (men) or four (women) in a short period of time
Typically starts at an early age and increases during adolescence
Motivations change as people age
Influenced by the perception of others’ use of alcohol
The highest rate of alcohol consumption is in the West while the lowest rate of consumption is in the South
Abstinence is increasing for men and women
Rates of abstinence and heavy drinking are greater in rural areas
The proportion of heavy drinkers in their 20s has increased slightly, along with problems related to alcohol dependency
Variables correlated with drinking patterns:
College students who are fraternity and sorority members have higher alcohol consumption rates
Gay men and lesbians are more likely to drink heavily
Binge drinking is more common in households with an annual income above $75,000
Adolescents who are victims of bullying are more likely to drink as a coping mechanism
European adolescents living in rural areas binge drink more than urban adolescents
People who engage in binge eating are more likely to engage in binge drinking
Drinking patterns by ethnicity:
Whites begin drinking at an earlier age than Blacks and Hispanics, and progress faster to alcohol dependence
Alcohol-related mortality is greater for Black and Hispanic men than for White and Asian American men
Mexican Americans had more alcohol-related problems than those of Puerto Rican or Cuban origin
Drinking patterns are affected by acculturation
Asian students resist social pressure to drink alcohol better than Caucasians
Native Americans have the highest rates of alcohol-related deaths of all ethnicities in the US
Cultural influences on drinking—ethnic and social factors
Trends in U.S. alcohol consumption
Use peaked in 1981, followed by a decline, mirroring patterns of illicit drug use
Decline particularly significant for distilled spirits
About one-third of Americans abstain
Average consumption among drinkers = about 3 drinks per day—but most drink far less
Half of all alcohol consumed in the United States is consumed by about 10 percent of the drinkers
Regional differences in the United States
Stress index: Drinking rates higher in states where people experience a great deal of social stress and tension
Drinking norms: Drinking rates higher in states where people tend to approve of the use of alcohol to relieve stress
Most people who drink today are social drinkers who are able to abstain from alcohol at will
People who cannot abstain and develop medical and social difficulties are called problem drinkers or alcoholics
A person can abuse alcohol and not be an alcoholic
Alcohol is a legal drug
Leads to belief that effects are not negative or severe
Belief that, if alcohol were bad, the government would limit its availability
Parents and other role models consume alcohol as part of their lifestyle
As costs increase, consumption levels decrease
An increase in taxes on alcohol appears to reduce consumption, especially among underage drinkers
A decline in alcohol drinking since the early 1980s has been reflected largely in less use of distilled spirits such as whiskey, vodka, gin, and rum
The definition of moderate drinking for men is no more than two alcoholic drinks per day – for women, no more than one alcoholic drink per day
There is no standard definition of heavy drinking
Binge drinking is consumption of five or more drinks at one sitting for men and four or more drinks for women
Alcohol overdose (poisoning) is common and dangerous
If someone drinks enough to pass out
Place her or him on side and monitor breathing or take to ER immediately
Do not leave the person alone
If someone drinks enough to vomit
He or she should stop drinking
Vomiting reflex indicates a rapidly rising BAC but is suppressed at BACs above 0.20 percent
HANGOVER
Symptoms: upset stomach, fatigue, headache, thirst, depression, anxiety, and general malaise
Possible causes: alcohol withdrawal, exposure to congeners, cellular dehydration, gastric irritation, reduced blood sugar, and/or the accumulation of acetaldehyde
Moderate drinking is the only way to avoid a hangover
LONG TERM RISKS
Brain tissue loss and intellectual impairment
Liver disease: hepatitis, fatty liver, cirrhosis (see right)
Heart disease: cardiomyopathy, heart attack, hypertension, stroke
Alcohol’s effects on HDL may reduce heart attack risk among moderate drinkers
Cancer
Impaired immunity
FAS = a collection of physical and behavioral abnormalities caused by the presence of alcohol during fetal development
Diagnostic criteria
Growth retardation before and/or after birth
Pattern of abnormal features of the face and head
Evidence of central nervous system abnormality
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD):
Various effects that occur as a result of women who drink alcohol while pregnant
Effects can be behavioral, physical, and/or mental
Leading known cause of mental retardation
Fetus is especially vulnerable during the first trimester of pregnancy
Smaller brain at birth, head and facial anomalies, retarded growth, central nervous system problems, and malformations of major organs, eye problems
Alcohol use is associated with neurotic and psychotic symptoms from depressive reactions to generalized anxiety disorders and panic attacks
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a brain disorder due to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency.
Causes
Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are different conditions. Both are due to brain damage caused by a lack of vitamin B1.
Lack of vitamin B1 is common in people with alcoholism. It is also common in persons whose bodies do not absorb food properly (malabsorption), as sometimes occurs with a chronic illness or after obesity (bariatric) surgery.
Korsakoff syndrome, or Korsakoff psychosis, tends to develop as Wernicke symptoms go away. Wernicke encephalopathy causes brain damage in lower parts of the brain called the thalamus and hypothalamus. Korsakoff psychosis results from permanent damage to areas of the brain involved with memory.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Wernicke encephalopathy include:
Confusion and loss of mental activity that can progress to coma and death
Loss of muscle coordination (ataxia) that can cause leg tremor
Vision changes such as abnormal eye movements (back and forth movements called nystagmus), double vision, eyelid drooping
Alcohol withdrawal
Symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome:
Inability to form new memories
Loss of memory, can be severe
Making up stories (confabulation)
Seeing or hearing things that are not really there (hallucinations)
Exams and Tests
Examination of the nervous/muscular system may show damage to many nerve systems:
Abnormal eye movement
Decreased or abnormal reflexes
Fast pulse (heart rate)
Low blood pressure
Low body temperature
Muscle weakness and atrophy (loss of tissue mass)
Problems with walk (gait) and coordination
The person may appear poorly nourished. The following tests are used to check a person's nutrition level:
Serum albumin (relates to person's general nutrition)
Serum vitamin B1 levels
Transketolase activity in red blood cells (reduced in people with thiamine deficiency)
Liver enzymes may be high in people with a history of long-term alcohol abuse.
Other conditions that may cause vitamin B1 deficiency include:
AIDS
Cancers that have spread throughout the body
Extreme nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum)
Heart failure (when treated with long-term diuretic therapy)
Long periods of intravenous (IV) therapy without receiving thiamine supplements
Long-term dialysis
Very high thyroid hormone levels (thyrotoxicosis)
A brain MRI may show changes in the tissue of the brain. But if Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is suspected, treatment should start immediately. Usually a brain MRI exam is not needed.
Treatment
The goals of treatment are to control symptoms and to prevent the disorder from getting worse. Some people may need to stay in the hospital early in the condition to help control symptoms.
Monitoring and special care may be needed if the person is:
Comatose
Lethargic
Unconscious
Vitamin B1 may be given by injection into a vein or a muscle, or by mouth. It may improve symptoms of:
Confusion or delirium
Difficulties with vision and eye movement
Lack of muscle coordination
Vitamin B1 usually does not improve loss of memory and intellect that occur with Korsakoff psychosis.
Stopping alcohol use can prevent more loss of brain function and damage to nerves. Eating a well-balanced, nourishing diet can help, but it is not a substitute for stopping alcohol use.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Without treatment, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome gets steadily worse, and can be life-threatening. With treatment, it is possible to control symptoms (such as uncoordinated movement and vision difficulties). This disorder can also be slowed or stopped.
Some symptoms, especially the loss of memory and thinking skills, may be permanent. Other disorders related to alcohol use may also occur.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000771.htm
The liver is the main site of metabolism of alcohol
Heavy drinkers are prone to infections such as pneumonia and peritonitis
Alcohol dependence reduces immunity to diseases such as HIV
Research links alcohol abuse with cancers of the nasopharynx, esophagus, larynx, and liver
Risk of colon cancer is 26% higher for people who have more than two alcoholic drinks per day
Drinking red wine has been associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and kidney cancer
Cancers of the lower gastrointestinal tract associated with beer consumption may be attributable to congeners