This document discusses the history of drug regulation in the United States from the 18th century to present day. Early attempts focused on alcohol and opium, establishing taxes and restrictions. The 20th century saw the passage of laws regulating proprietary drugs, narcotics, and the creation of the FDA. Modern drug laws classify substances by schedule and aim to balance public health and criminal enforcement, though debates continue around decriminalization and legalization.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 4 of Goldberg's book on drugs and the law. It traces the historical regulation of substances like alcohol, opium, and proprietary drugs in the US. Major drug laws and their impacts are discussed, including the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the Harrison Act of 1914, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Issues around drug policy approaches like legalization/decriminalization and harm reduction are also summarized.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the 1700s to present day. It discusses how the first drugs regulated were alcohol and opium, and laws gradually expanded to include other substances like cocaine and marijuana. Major legislation over time aimed to tax drugs, require prescriptions, define schedules of controlled substances, and strengthen FDA oversight of new drugs. Debates continue around decriminalization, legalization, harm reduction strategies, and disproportionate impacts on minorities.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the colonial period to modern times. It discusses how the first substances regulated were alcohol and opium in the late 18th/early 19th centuries. Major milestones include the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, marijuana prohibition in 1937, and the 1970 Controlled Substances Act. The document also examines debates around approaches to drug policy enforcement versus treatment.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the 1700s to present day. It discusses early regulation of alcohol and opium, the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914, prohibition, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, and major drug laws passed in the 1960s-2000s that aimed to increase drug safety regulations, control narcotics, and enforce harsher penalties for drug offenses. It also explores debates around decriminalization, legalization, harm reduction strategies, and the impacts of the war on drugs.
The document discusses harm reduction strategies for drug policy. It summarizes the mission of Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP) to educate about the failure of the war on drugs and reduce harms. It also discusses overdose prevention, drug treatment courts, safe injection sites, and decriminalization efforts in places like Vancouver and the Netherlands that aim to improve public health and safety.
Hydropothecary announces new expansion. Join Hydropothecary Online And Learn About Our Artisan Grown Medical Marijuana, Marijuana Products And 24 7 Concierge Support Line.
Emerging drugs of Abuse and Emerging Drug TrendsGlenn Duncan
Last updated on May 14, 2018. Emerging drugs of abuse, including synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones (MDPV, Alpha-PVP), kratom, hallucinogens, MDMA (Molly), NBOMe, PCP, salvia, DXM, Lean (Purple Drank), Vaping, U-4770, and more. Also covered are emerging trends of existing drugs of abuse such as opiates, cocaine and alcohol.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 4 of Goldberg's book on drugs and the law. It traces the historical regulation of substances like alcohol, opium, and proprietary drugs in the US. Major drug laws and their impacts are discussed, including the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the Harrison Act of 1914, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Issues around drug policy approaches like legalization/decriminalization and harm reduction are also summarized.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the 1700s to present day. It discusses how the first drugs regulated were alcohol and opium, and laws gradually expanded to include other substances like cocaine and marijuana. Major legislation over time aimed to tax drugs, require prescriptions, define schedules of controlled substances, and strengthen FDA oversight of new drugs. Debates continue around decriminalization, legalization, harm reduction strategies, and disproportionate impacts on minorities.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the colonial period to modern times. It discusses how the first substances regulated were alcohol and opium in the late 18th/early 19th centuries. Major milestones include the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, marijuana prohibition in 1937, and the 1970 Controlled Substances Act. The document also examines debates around approaches to drug policy enforcement versus treatment.
This document summarizes the history of drug laws in the United States from the 1700s to present day. It discusses early regulation of alcohol and opium, the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914, prohibition, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, and major drug laws passed in the 1960s-2000s that aimed to increase drug safety regulations, control narcotics, and enforce harsher penalties for drug offenses. It also explores debates around decriminalization, legalization, harm reduction strategies, and the impacts of the war on drugs.
The document discusses harm reduction strategies for drug policy. It summarizes the mission of Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP) to educate about the failure of the war on drugs and reduce harms. It also discusses overdose prevention, drug treatment courts, safe injection sites, and decriminalization efforts in places like Vancouver and the Netherlands that aim to improve public health and safety.
Hydropothecary announces new expansion. Join Hydropothecary Online And Learn About Our Artisan Grown Medical Marijuana, Marijuana Products And 24 7 Concierge Support Line.
Emerging drugs of Abuse and Emerging Drug TrendsGlenn Duncan
Last updated on May 14, 2018. Emerging drugs of abuse, including synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones (MDPV, Alpha-PVP), kratom, hallucinogens, MDMA (Molly), NBOMe, PCP, salvia, DXM, Lean (Purple Drank), Vaping, U-4770, and more. Also covered are emerging trends of existing drugs of abuse such as opiates, cocaine and alcohol.
This document discusses the history and development of drug regulation in the United States. It notes that current drug laws trace back to the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906 and Harrison Act of 1914, which were influenced by concerns over fraudulent and dangerous patent medicines as well as fears about recreational drug use. Over time, these laws have been amended and updated, including through the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, to establish a drug scheduling system and further regulate pharmaceutical research, approval, and prescription. The impacts and effectiveness of this increasingly strict regulatory system continue to be debated.
This is the latest in both national, Virginia and Chesterfield County heroin task force updates. Includes the latest HARP statistics. File created by Valerie Murphy at SAFE, a nonprofit in Chesterfield County VA
This document discusses IRC Sec. 280E, which disallows deductions for businesses trafficking in controlled substances. It summarizes the statute's background and implications for the cannabis industry. While cannabis remains federally illegal, it is legal medically in most states and recreationally in some. This creates tension between state and federal law that impacts cannabis businesses' tax treatment. The rescinding of the Cole Memorandum increased uncertainty around federal enforcement of marijuana laws.
Political Economy of Medical Marijuana by Anthony WhiteAnthony White
This document provides a historical overview of the legal status of marijuana in the United States. It discusses how marijuana was initially a legal commodity but became criminalized in the 1930s due to anti-immigrant sentiment and propaganda linking it to Mexican immigrants. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 and Controlled Substances Act of 1970 officially prohibited marijuana. However, the document argues criminalization was based on racial prejudices rather than evidence, and its current illegal status is an anomaly compared to its historical acceptance in the US.
The document discusses the failures and negative consequences of the War on Drugs, arguing that it has been counterproductive. It outlines how the War on Drugs has led to soaring incarceration rates, racial disparities, violence from criminal underground markets, corruption, and has not reduced drug use. Despite massive spending, drugs are more available and potent today. The War on Drugs also undermines public health and civil liberties. Alternative approaches that decriminalize drugs could better address the issues at a lower cost.
This presentation discusses the legal implications and business impact that legalized marijuana has had across the United States and would have in Ohio if such a law was enacted. Topics covered included the national and international footprint of legalized marijuana, a history of its legalization, the current legislative landscape for states considering legalization, an overview of the stance of each presidential candidate on the issue, and the steps the Ohio legislature has been taking to research and understand the perspectives of voters across the state.
There was also an in-depth discussion about what legalization of medical or recreational marijuana would mean for Ohio employers and HR managers, including the new employee protections and accommodations that would likely change long-held workplace policies and create financial and administrative burdens on businesses.
Tony Fiore, an HR advocate and attorney-lobbyist at Kegler Brown, presented this program on March 10, 2016, to the Greater Cincinnati Human Resources Association.
This document summarizes state policies regarding the legalization of recreational marijuana. It discusses federal laws that classify marijuana as a Schedule I substance and prohibit possession. While states can pass their own marijuana laws, federal law overrides them. The document also discusses proposals in California and other states to legalize recreational marijuana and analyzes costs and benefits related to crime, health, and economics.
The U.S. government has pursued prohibition and criminalization of certain mind-altering substances for over a century, viewing it as a public policy goal. Both major political parties oppose drug use. The "War on Drugs" began in the 1880s and has cost over $160 billion annually, including for law enforcement and incarceration of drug offenders. Public service campaigns aim to discourage drug use, especially among youth, but have faced criticism over implementation and effectiveness. Debates continue over decriminalization approaches versus current prohibition policies.
This document provides an overview of a conference on chronic pain and addiction that will take place from April 10-12, 2012 at Walt Disney World Swan Resort. The conference will focus on prescription drug abuse in the US, the effects of prescription pain medication abuse over time, and advocating for continued education on addiction for pain management providers. Key statistics on prescription drug abuse in the US are presented, including that opioid analgesics are now the leading cause of accidental drug overdose deaths. Abuse of prescription drugs is rising among both adolescents and older adults.
What have been the major crimes and policy developments in the space of counterfeit medicines? PSM reviews major prosecutions and legislation from the first half of 2021.
PSM presented a special webinar for families affected by counterfeits and fentanyl. Learn about opportunities to make your voice heard. You can watch the presentation at https://youtu.be/FmBv3Bb7ZHI
Portugal decriminalized drug possession for personal use in 2001. Since then, drug usage rates have declined among teens and problematic drug users. New HIV infections from sharing needles have dropped, and more people are seeking treatment. Critics argue other factors contributed to the positive trends, but most data shows the policy has been a success in improving public health and reducing criminal justice costs. While not a perfect model for other countries, Portugal's experience suggests decriminalization could be a viable alternative to the war on drugs.
The document discusses the issue of counterfeit prescription drugs, particularly those imported from other countries. It notes that while the FDA's drug distribution system in the US is considered the safest in the world, the number of counterfeit drug cases has risen in recent years. The FDA ordered drugs from a website claiming to offer cheaper generics from Canada, but testing showed the drugs actually came from China and were either too strong or weak, or contained dangerous impurities. Importing drugs from other countries is not safe and raises legal and health issues.
explore the influences of culture, economics, politics and family on problem development. Basic concepts of social, political, economic, and cultural systems and their impact on drug-taking activity.
The history of licit and illicit drug use.
The 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act replaced all previous drug laws, put drugs under federal control, and increased funding for prevention and treatment. It classified drugs into 5 schedules based on their medical use and abuse potential, and assigned penalties for illegal drug manufacture, distribution, and possession. The Act also established rules for prescribing physicians and has been amended several times since.
21st Century Approach to Regulating CannabisNiall Neligan
Niall Neligan is a barrister-at-law and lecturer in Dublin who has published research on regulating cannabis in Ireland. His research includes a 2018 paper on medical cannabis access in Ireland and a 2018 public policy document proposing a 21st century approach to regulating cannabis. He is currently pursuing a PhD on the federal prohibition of marijuana in the US and state-level changes to legalization. His research profile lists his qualifications and publications.
A comprehensive look at the gross malfeasance of our war on drugs. The further DEA and our politicians attempt to squeeze the drugs out of our continent, the more our young adults and youth take to using, misusing, and abusing all the drugs they can get their hands on.
A publication by Drug Enforcement Agency here in the [once] United Stated of America.
2018 edition was released in Nov. 2018.
Yet no release for '19 yet?
Why is that?
Work is in the public domain being a federally funded government assessment of the shortcomings of our Drug Enforcement policy and Agency.
Copy is covered under a CC-BY 4.0 International License. Please attribute and link to the license here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ast
Tony Fiore, attorney at Kegler Brown and director of government affairs for the Ohio State Council of SHRM, moderated "Hazed and Confused" at the 2015 Ohio SHRM Employment Law + Legislative Conference on June 3, 2015.
The presentation examined the impact of marijuana legalization in Colorado and Washington and Ohio's proposed ballot initiatives. Additional speakers included Kelley Duke from Ireland Stapleton Pryor & Pascoe (Denver, CO) and Cliff Webster from Carney, Badley, Spellman (Seattle, WA).
I apologize, I do not actually have any information about a group you may be working with. I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
This document discusses various approaches to treating drug addiction. It covers assessing addiction severity and readiness to change using tools like the Addiction Severity Index. It outlines principles of treatment including using a variety of behavioral and pharmacological therapies tailored to the individual. Comorbidity between substance abuse and mental illness is common requiring accurate diagnosis and integrated treatment. Factors like age, gender, criminal justice involvement and availability of treatment influence outcomes.
The document discusses various aspects of drug abuse prevention programs and strategies. It provides statistics showing that in 2011, about 20.6 million Americans aged 12 or older were dependent on or abused substances. It also outlines the goals of prevention programs as enhancing protective factors, addressing all forms of drug abuse, and tailoring programs to specific audiences. Finally, it describes different levels and examples of prevention programs, including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as well as school-based, community-based, and family-based approaches.
This document discusses the history and development of drug regulation in the United States. It notes that current drug laws trace back to the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906 and Harrison Act of 1914, which were influenced by concerns over fraudulent and dangerous patent medicines as well as fears about recreational drug use. Over time, these laws have been amended and updated, including through the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, to establish a drug scheduling system and further regulate pharmaceutical research, approval, and prescription. The impacts and effectiveness of this increasingly strict regulatory system continue to be debated.
This is the latest in both national, Virginia and Chesterfield County heroin task force updates. Includes the latest HARP statistics. File created by Valerie Murphy at SAFE, a nonprofit in Chesterfield County VA
This document discusses IRC Sec. 280E, which disallows deductions for businesses trafficking in controlled substances. It summarizes the statute's background and implications for the cannabis industry. While cannabis remains federally illegal, it is legal medically in most states and recreationally in some. This creates tension between state and federal law that impacts cannabis businesses' tax treatment. The rescinding of the Cole Memorandum increased uncertainty around federal enforcement of marijuana laws.
Political Economy of Medical Marijuana by Anthony WhiteAnthony White
This document provides a historical overview of the legal status of marijuana in the United States. It discusses how marijuana was initially a legal commodity but became criminalized in the 1930s due to anti-immigrant sentiment and propaganda linking it to Mexican immigrants. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 and Controlled Substances Act of 1970 officially prohibited marijuana. However, the document argues criminalization was based on racial prejudices rather than evidence, and its current illegal status is an anomaly compared to its historical acceptance in the US.
The document discusses the failures and negative consequences of the War on Drugs, arguing that it has been counterproductive. It outlines how the War on Drugs has led to soaring incarceration rates, racial disparities, violence from criminal underground markets, corruption, and has not reduced drug use. Despite massive spending, drugs are more available and potent today. The War on Drugs also undermines public health and civil liberties. Alternative approaches that decriminalize drugs could better address the issues at a lower cost.
This presentation discusses the legal implications and business impact that legalized marijuana has had across the United States and would have in Ohio if such a law was enacted. Topics covered included the national and international footprint of legalized marijuana, a history of its legalization, the current legislative landscape for states considering legalization, an overview of the stance of each presidential candidate on the issue, and the steps the Ohio legislature has been taking to research and understand the perspectives of voters across the state.
There was also an in-depth discussion about what legalization of medical or recreational marijuana would mean for Ohio employers and HR managers, including the new employee protections and accommodations that would likely change long-held workplace policies and create financial and administrative burdens on businesses.
Tony Fiore, an HR advocate and attorney-lobbyist at Kegler Brown, presented this program on March 10, 2016, to the Greater Cincinnati Human Resources Association.
This document summarizes state policies regarding the legalization of recreational marijuana. It discusses federal laws that classify marijuana as a Schedule I substance and prohibit possession. While states can pass their own marijuana laws, federal law overrides them. The document also discusses proposals in California and other states to legalize recreational marijuana and analyzes costs and benefits related to crime, health, and economics.
The U.S. government has pursued prohibition and criminalization of certain mind-altering substances for over a century, viewing it as a public policy goal. Both major political parties oppose drug use. The "War on Drugs" began in the 1880s and has cost over $160 billion annually, including for law enforcement and incarceration of drug offenders. Public service campaigns aim to discourage drug use, especially among youth, but have faced criticism over implementation and effectiveness. Debates continue over decriminalization approaches versus current prohibition policies.
This document provides an overview of a conference on chronic pain and addiction that will take place from April 10-12, 2012 at Walt Disney World Swan Resort. The conference will focus on prescription drug abuse in the US, the effects of prescription pain medication abuse over time, and advocating for continued education on addiction for pain management providers. Key statistics on prescription drug abuse in the US are presented, including that opioid analgesics are now the leading cause of accidental drug overdose deaths. Abuse of prescription drugs is rising among both adolescents and older adults.
What have been the major crimes and policy developments in the space of counterfeit medicines? PSM reviews major prosecutions and legislation from the first half of 2021.
PSM presented a special webinar for families affected by counterfeits and fentanyl. Learn about opportunities to make your voice heard. You can watch the presentation at https://youtu.be/FmBv3Bb7ZHI
Portugal decriminalized drug possession for personal use in 2001. Since then, drug usage rates have declined among teens and problematic drug users. New HIV infections from sharing needles have dropped, and more people are seeking treatment. Critics argue other factors contributed to the positive trends, but most data shows the policy has been a success in improving public health and reducing criminal justice costs. While not a perfect model for other countries, Portugal's experience suggests decriminalization could be a viable alternative to the war on drugs.
The document discusses the issue of counterfeit prescription drugs, particularly those imported from other countries. It notes that while the FDA's drug distribution system in the US is considered the safest in the world, the number of counterfeit drug cases has risen in recent years. The FDA ordered drugs from a website claiming to offer cheaper generics from Canada, but testing showed the drugs actually came from China and were either too strong or weak, or contained dangerous impurities. Importing drugs from other countries is not safe and raises legal and health issues.
explore the influences of culture, economics, politics and family on problem development. Basic concepts of social, political, economic, and cultural systems and their impact on drug-taking activity.
The history of licit and illicit drug use.
The 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act replaced all previous drug laws, put drugs under federal control, and increased funding for prevention and treatment. It classified drugs into 5 schedules based on their medical use and abuse potential, and assigned penalties for illegal drug manufacture, distribution, and possession. The Act also established rules for prescribing physicians and has been amended several times since.
21st Century Approach to Regulating CannabisNiall Neligan
Niall Neligan is a barrister-at-law and lecturer in Dublin who has published research on regulating cannabis in Ireland. His research includes a 2018 paper on medical cannabis access in Ireland and a 2018 public policy document proposing a 21st century approach to regulating cannabis. He is currently pursuing a PhD on the federal prohibition of marijuana in the US and state-level changes to legalization. His research profile lists his qualifications and publications.
A comprehensive look at the gross malfeasance of our war on drugs. The further DEA and our politicians attempt to squeeze the drugs out of our continent, the more our young adults and youth take to using, misusing, and abusing all the drugs they can get their hands on.
A publication by Drug Enforcement Agency here in the [once] United Stated of America.
2018 edition was released in Nov. 2018.
Yet no release for '19 yet?
Why is that?
Work is in the public domain being a federally funded government assessment of the shortcomings of our Drug Enforcement policy and Agency.
Copy is covered under a CC-BY 4.0 International License. Please attribute and link to the license here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ast
Tony Fiore, attorney at Kegler Brown and director of government affairs for the Ohio State Council of SHRM, moderated "Hazed and Confused" at the 2015 Ohio SHRM Employment Law + Legislative Conference on June 3, 2015.
The presentation examined the impact of marijuana legalization in Colorado and Washington and Ohio's proposed ballot initiatives. Additional speakers included Kelley Duke from Ireland Stapleton Pryor & Pascoe (Denver, CO) and Cliff Webster from Carney, Badley, Spellman (Seattle, WA).
I apologize, I do not actually have any information about a group you may be working with. I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
This document discusses various approaches to treating drug addiction. It covers assessing addiction severity and readiness to change using tools like the Addiction Severity Index. It outlines principles of treatment including using a variety of behavioral and pharmacological therapies tailored to the individual. Comorbidity between substance abuse and mental illness is common requiring accurate diagnosis and integrated treatment. Factors like age, gender, criminal justice involvement and availability of treatment influence outcomes.
The document discusses various aspects of drug abuse prevention programs and strategies. It provides statistics showing that in 2011, about 20.6 million Americans aged 12 or older were dependent on or abused substances. It also outlines the goals of prevention programs as enhancing protective factors, addressing all forms of drug abuse, and tailoring programs to specific audiences. Finally, it describes different levels and examples of prevention programs, including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as well as school-based, community-based, and family-based approaches.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to drugs and society. It discusses what constitutes a drug, common drug types, statistics on drug use, factors that influence drug use, the stages of drug dependence, and costs of drug use to society. It also describes different types of drug users and notes that drug use can lead to criminal behavior and negatively impact workplaces. The document aims to help readers better understand the complexity of drug use and abuse in society.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts related to drugs and society. It discusses commonly abused drugs and drug use statistics. It also addresses factors that influence drug use such as biological, cultural, social and contextual factors. The document defines types of drug use and users. It provides statistics on drug use trends in the United States and costs of drug use and addiction to society.
This chapter discusses drug use in contemporary society. It notes that nearly every American has used a mind-altering substance such as alcohol, cigarettes, or caffeine. It provides statistics on drug use from national surveys. It discusses the health, social, and economic costs of drug use as well as patterns of drug taking and the extent of drug use according to national surveys. It also covers topics like drug use and education/employment outcomes, drug testing policies, and the large illegal drug business.
This document provides an overview of the history and definitions related to various drugs, including:
- Drugs have played different roles over time and definitions are subjective based on experiences. A drug is defined as any substance altering one's ability to function.
- Drug misuse involves inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs. Drug abuse results in physical, emotional, financial or social consequences for the user.
- The document then summarizes the histories of alcohol, marijuana, opiates, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, hallucinogens, tobacco, cigarettes, and cigars. It discusses their origins and cultural roles over time.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and definitions related to psychoactive drugs and substances. It begins with definitions of terms like drug, psychoactive drug, misuse, abuse, addiction, dependency, and substance use disorder. It then covers historical perspectives and categories of drugs, including depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, and sedative-hypnotic drugs. For each drug category, brief histories are provided on substances like alcohol, marijuana, opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and inhalants. Medical uses are discussed along with notes on popularization and criminalization of certain drugs over time.
This document discusses substance abuse treatment. It covers various treatment programs like inpatient, outpatient, counseling, pharmacotherapies, and 12-step models. The key goals of treatment include defining treatment goals and helping users move through stages of change like pre-contemplation and contemplation. Treatment is most effective when the program matches the individual's needs. Relapse is common due to negative emotions, conflicts, and social pressures. Overall, treatment is beneficial by reducing drug use, criminal behavior, and health risks.
This document discusses the pharmacology and physiology of drugs. It covers topics such as how drugs are administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body. It also discusses how drugs act on different parts of the nervous system, including the brain and neurotransmitters. Specific neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and GABA are explained in terms of their functions and how they relate to drug actions and effects. The document also covers concepts like drug classifications, dose-response relationships, routes of administration, distribution and tolerance.
1. Drug use has negative social and economic consequences including deaths, emergency room visits, lost productivity, criminal behavior, and costs of treatment.
2. Surveys and reports provide information on the extent of drug use in the U.S. and trends over time, but may be missing some data.
3. Drug use is associated with negative outcomes including family instability, lower education and employment prospects, and increased crime. However, correlation does not imply causation.
4. There are ongoing debates around issues like drug policy, regulation, testing, and treatment. Overall the document discusses the complex social issues related to drug use.
This document contains information about narcotics and opioids from a course on drugs and society. It discusses the medical uses of opioids like morphine and codeine, as well as recreational drugs derived from opium like heroin. It covers the physical, emotional, and social effects of opioid use, dependency and withdrawal symptoms. The document also mentions harm reduction strategies like needle exchange programs.
This document discusses how drug use impacts individuals and society. It notes that drug use can result in deaths, emergency room visits, lost productivity, broken homes, and higher medical costs. Surveys, reports, and questionnaires are used to track drug use trends over time. The document outlines various patterns of drug use and how perceptions of dependence have changed over time. It discusses how drug use can negatively impact families, social behavior, education attainment, employment, and fetal development. Testing methods and their limitations are also reviewed.
1. The document discusses substance abuse treatment, including different treatment programs, goals, components, and issues.
2. The main goals of treatment include abstinence, helping users make better decisions, and preventing relapse. Common treatment components are cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapies, detoxification, and maintenance.
3. Four key issues in treating drug abuse are whether treatment should be voluntary or compulsory, matching patients to the best treatment, effectiveness for adolescents, and programs addressing female addicts.
This document discusses opioids and narcotics, including:
1. It defines opioids, opiates, and narcotics and lists some common synthetic prescription narcotics like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl.
2. It describes the medical uses of narcotics for pain relief and treating intestinal disorders, while also outlining both the physical and emotional effects of narcotic use.
3. It discusses the risks of dependency and toxicity that can arise from chronic narcotic use, including infections from shared needles and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms are also detailed.
- Marijuana is derived from the cannabis plant and has historically been used for both medicinal and recreational purposes. It affects the neurotransmitter anandamide in the brain.
- While public opinion has shifted towards legalization, marijuana use can have negative health effects like respiratory issues and problems with memory. The effects of long term use are still being studied.
- There is ongoing debate around legalization policies and how to balance public health with civil liberties. Perspectives on marijuana have changed significantly over time and continue to vary within societies.
This document summarizes key information about narcotics and opioids from Chapter 8 of the textbook Drugs & Society. It discusses the medical uses of opioids like morphine and codeine, as well as recreational drugs derived from opium like heroin and oxycodone. It also covers the physical, emotional, and social effects of opioid use, dependency and withdrawal symptoms, treatment options using drugs like methadone and suboxone, and harm reduction strategies like needle exchange programs.
This document provides an overview of drugs and their historical contexts. It discusses various classes of drugs, including:
- Alcohol, which has been used for millennia and played an important economic and social role in early U.S. history.
- Marijuana, which has been cultivated for fiber and medicine for thousands of years around the world.
- Narcotics like opium, morphine and heroin, which have been used medically for thousands of years and were once legally available over the counter.
- Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines, which were once common ingredients in popular drinks and medicines before becoming regulated and illegal.
- Sedative-hypnotic drugs like
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook Drugs & Society. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, psychoactive drug, misuse, abuse, addiction, and substance use disorder. It then discusses several major drug classes - alcohol, marijuana, narcotics, cocaine, amphetamines, and sedative-hypnotic drugs - providing brief historical perspectives on their use. The document aims to introduce students to the complex social histories of various psychoactive substances.
This document contains information about stimulant drugs presented in a classroom format. It discusses the history of cocaine and its use as a local anesthetic. It also covers the mechanisms of action and effects of stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines. Additionally, it addresses the use of stimulant medications like Ritalin and Adderall to treat ADD/ADHD, including benefits, risks, and considerations around prescribing to children. The document also includes sections on caffeine as a drug, its sources, pharmacology, and effects, as well as perspectives on its consumption and potential age limits.
This document provides an overview of motivations for drug use and various theories of addiction. It discusses how curiosity, boredom, escape, peer influence, and rebelliousness can motivate drug use. It describes the "spiral of psychological addiction" and various theories including personality, reinforcement, biological, and social theories. Risk and protective factors for drug use are outlined. The role of media influence on depictions of drugs is also mentioned.
This document discusses arguments for legalizing drugs. It argues that prohibiting drugs infringes on individual freedom and does not stop drug use. It notes that other legal but unhealthy activities like fast food are not prohibited. The document also argues that legalizing drugs would eliminate criminal organizations' profits from the drug trade, free up law enforcement resources, reduce crime rates and corruption, and allow for regulation and education to reduce harm. Legalization could also generate tax revenue and slow the spread of diseases by allowing clean needles. However, it acknowledges that legalizing drugs may lead criminal groups to shift to other illegal activities.
The document discusses the history of drug regulation laws in the United States from the early 1900s to present day. It covers major acts and amendments that aimed to regulate drugs and drug development, including the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, Harrison Act of 1914, 1970 Controlled Substances Act, and Kefauver-Harris Amendments. The "War on Drugs" of the 1980s is also summarized, which took a criminal justice approach to drug abuse. Prevention strategies discussed include supply reduction, demand reduction, and harm reduction approaches.
This document discusses the history of drug regulation laws in the United States. It begins by covering early federal laws like the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act that required labeling of drug contents but did little to regulate safety. The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and later amendments in 1951 and 1962 strengthened regulations by requiring pre-market approval of drugs as safe and effective. The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 established a drug scheduling system to regulate substances based on abuse and medical potential. The document also discusses issues around legalization debates, prevention strategies, drug testing policies, and criticisms of discriminatory enforcement practices.
Drug Use, Regulation, and the LawChapter 3Guid.docxjacksnathalie
This document discusses guidelines for controlling drug development and marketing, including strategies for preventing drug abuse through supply reduction, inoculation, and demand reduction. It also summarizes regulations that have been implemented related to drug labeling, safety testing, and advertising in response to issues like fraudulent patent medicines and the thalidomide tragedy. Current drug scheduling is explained based on abuse potential and medical usefulness.
Drug use and regulation have occurred since colonial times, with early focus on alcohol and opium. Over time, laws targeted specific drugs like cocaine and marijuana, and established agencies like the FDA and DEA. Debate continues over whether drug laws deter use and whether alternative approaches could better balance public health and civil liberties. Enforcement efforts face challenges in stemming the flow of illegal drugs.
Drug use and regulation have occurred since colonial times, with early focus on alcohol and opium. Over time, laws targeted specific drugs like cocaine and marijuana, and established agencies like the FDA and DEA. Debate continues over whether drug laws deter use and whether alternative approaches could better balance public health and civil liberties. Enforcement efforts face challenges in stemming the flow of illegal drugs.
The document analyzes and rebuts the top 10 arguments made by the DEA against drug legalization. It finds the DEA's claims to be misleading and contradicted by facts. For example, it argues prohibition has failed to curb drug use and fueled criminal networks, while legal drugs like alcohol and tobacco are more harmful than illegal drugs like marijuana. The document concludes the DEA lacks credibility in arguing about drug laws given its mandate is enforcement, not policymaking.
The document discusses the history of drug regulation laws in the United States from the early 1900s to present day. It covers major milestones like the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 which categorized drugs based on their medical use and abuse potential. The challenges around balancing public health, crime prevention, and civil liberties in developing drug laws are also examined.
- Marijuana was made illegal in the 1930s largely due to racism, as it was associated with Mexican immigrants and black jazz musicians. Politicians at the time made explicitly racist statements about marijuana.
- Over time, different groups such as communists and hippies became associated with marijuana use and were targeted. However, racism was a major original factor in criminalizing it.
- Marijuana prohibition has failed to curb drug use and has created unintended harms. Legalizing marijuana could reduce the harms of prohibition while distinguishing it from more dangerous drugs. Treating marijuana differently than other illegal drugs may also increase trust in government.
This document provides an overview of drug legislation in the United States and India. It discusses key acts passed in the US in 1906, 1938, 1962, and more that established regulations around drug safety and efficacy. For India, it outlines the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940, the Pharmacy Act of 1948, and others that were enacted to regulate drug quality following reports of adulteration. The regulatory bodies for drugs are the US FDA and India's Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).
The document discusses potential policy changes regarding drug laws. It argues that current drug policies are based on fear and criminalization rather than public health. It advocates treating drug use as a public health issue and moving away from prohibition towards prevention, harm reduction, and decriminalization. Evidence from places that have implemented these approaches, like Switzerland's heroin prescription program, shows decreases in illegal drug use and drug-related crime. However, drug legalization remains poorly perceived by the public who see drugs as threatening social values and youth.
This document discusses sensory disabilities related to hearing and vision loss. It covers the changing experiences of people with these disabilities since special education laws were passed. It also defines and classifies different types of hearing and vision loss, describes their characteristics and prevalence. The document outlines causes and risk factors, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood for children with sensory disabilities.
This document discusses severe and multiple disabilities, including definitions, characteristics, causes, assessment, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. It describes how the lives of those with severe disabilities have changed since IDEA, and outlines interventions and supports to help them develop skills and participate inclusively in school and community life. The goal is for those with severe disabilities to lead happy, productive lives.
This document outlines the key points of a chapter about autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It discusses:
1) How understanding and support for people with ASD has improved since special education laws were passed.
2) The various definitions and classifications of ASD.
3) The characteristics of ASD including difficulties with social skills and repetitive behaviors, as well as strengths like savant skills.
4) Potential causes of ASD and the multifactorial nature of its origins.
This document outlines the learning objectives for Chapter 10 which covers communication disorders. It discusses the changes in lives of people with communication disorders since IDEA, typical communication development processes, and various communication disorders including their definitions, prevalence, causes, identification and interventions. Specific disorders covered include language disorders, speech sound disorders, child onset fluency disorder, social communication disorder, and voice and resonance disorders.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter Nine, which examines intellectual and developmental disabilities. The chapter discusses how the lives of those with intellectual disabilities have changed since special education laws were passed, provides definitions and classifications of intellectual disabilities, and describes characteristics, causes, assessments, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. It emphasizes that individuals with intellectual disabilities can achieve autonomy and independence with appropriate long-term supports.
The document describes gifted, creative, and talented individuals and their education. It covers:
1) Definitions of giftedness have changed from IQ to multiple measures including creativity and talent. 2) 2-5% of students are typically identified as gifted, increasing to 10-25% in special programs.
3) Identification methods include teacher nomination, intelligence/achievement tests, and creativity tests. Interventions include early education programs, differentiated learning, acceleration, and addressing needs of underrepresented groups.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter Nine, which examines intellectual and developmental disabilities. The chapter describes how the lives of those with intellectual disabilities have changed since protections like IDEA were established. It defines intellectual disability, exploring factors like IQ, adaptive behaviors, and age of onset. It also looks at prevalence rates, potential causes, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood to support independence.
The chapter discusses emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) and interventions for children with EBD. It covers definitions of EBD, characteristics and prevalence, causes and risk factors, assessment procedures, and interventions from early childhood through adulthood. These include positive behavior support, response to intervention, functional behavior assessments, and wraparound services. The chapter emphasizes evidence-based practices, systems of care, early intervention, and school-wide behavior support to help children with EBD achieve better outcomes.
This document discusses learning disabilities (LD), including:
1) It provides an overview of definitions and classifications of LD according to IDEA, including that LD are neurological disorders that affect areas like reading, writing, and math.
2) It describes the characteristics of individuals with LD, including challenges with academic achievement, intelligence, perception, and social/emotional skills.
3) It discusses interventions and support for individuals with LD throughout development from elementary school through adulthood.
This document outlines learning objectives for a chapter that describes various physical disabilities and health disorders. It discusses 13 objectives that will cover conditions such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, HIV/AIDS, asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, traumatic brain injury, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For each objective, the document will describe the prevalence and causation of the condition and interventions.
The document discusses drug abuse prevention and approaches, including how serious the problem of drug dependence is in the US with an estimated 20.6 million people classified with substance dependence or abuse. It covers goals and levels of prevention programs from primary to tertiary, as well as strategies, examples of programs, and ways to make drug education more effective, such as establishing links between messages and students' lives.
The document discusses various topics related to marijuana, including:
1. The history of marijuana use and its changing perceptions over time, from its medicinal uses in early colonial times to the criminalization of marijuana in the 1900s.
2. The physiological and psychological effects of marijuana, including its effects on the cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous systems. It also covers tolerance and withdrawal.
3. Current debates around marijuana, including its medical uses, toxicity, and changing public attitudes toward legalization.
This document discusses hallucinogenic drugs. It begins by providing survey results about hallucinogen use. It then discusses terms used to describe hallucinogens and classes them. It provides details about specific hallucinogenic drugs like LSD, psilocybin, DMT and others. It discusses the history of use of these drugs, their effects both beneficial and adverse, and debates around therapeutic vs recreational use.
This document provides information on stimulant drugs including cocaine, amphetamines, and caffeine. It discusses the history, mechanisms of action, effects, and risks of these substances. Key points include:
- Cocaine was historically used as a local anesthetic but is now illegal due to its high risk of addiction and health effects. It blocks the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin.
- Amphetamines were originally used to combat fatigue but are now regulated due to risks of dependence and toxicity. They stimulate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters like dopamine.
- Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, soda, and other products. It acts by blocking adenosine receptors and produces mild
This document provides information about opioids (narcotics) from a class on drugs and society. It discusses various opioids like heroin, morphine, and codeine. It covers topics like opioid abuse patterns in the US, methods of opioid administration, physical and psychological effects of opioids, dependency and withdrawal. The document also discusses medical uses of opioids and harm reduction strategies like needle exchange programs and medications like suboxone and methadone to help treat opioid addiction.
This document summarizes key topics related to alcohol including:
1. The pharmacology of alcohol including how it is absorbed in the body and metabolized in the liver. Alcohol primarily impacts the limbic system part of the brain.
2. The behavioral effects of different blood alcohol content levels and types of alcoholism. Alcoholism is considered by some to have genetic and psychosocial risk factors.
3. The impacts of alcoholism on families including increased risks for children of alcoholics developing alcoholism or other disorders themselves. Family roles that sometimes develop in alcoholic families are also outlined.
4. The social costs of alcoholism including increased risks of violence, suicide, and accidents when alcohol is involved. W
This document discusses how drugs work and their intended and unintended effects. It explains that intended responses are the reason for using the drug, while unintended responses like side effects are unexpected. Common side effects include nausea, changes in alertness, dependence, withdrawal, and allergic reactions. The dose and method of administration can impact effects. Drugs are distributed throughout the body and metabolized at different rates depending on their properties. Factors like tolerance and interactions with other drugs also influence drug responses.
The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including their history, effects, types, medical uses, and dangers of abuse. Some key points include: CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates were developed to treat conditions like anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. While usually prescribed medications, they can cause dependence and dangerous interactions if misused or abused. Long-term trends show a decline in barbiturate use due to safety issues, being replaced primarily by benzodiazepines which have a wider therapeutic margin.
This document discusses how drugs work and their intended and unintended effects. It explains that intended responses are the reason for using the drug, while unintended responses are side effects. Common side effects include nausea, changes in alertness, dependence, withdrawal, and allergic reactions. The dose and route of administration, as well as individual factors like age, gender, and metabolism influence a drug's effects. Long-term drug use can lead to tolerance, dependence, addiction, and abuse.
This document provides an overview of homeostatic systems and drugs. It discusses the nervous system and endocrine system, which work together to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system consists of neurons that send and receive electrochemical signals via neurotransmitters. Common neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin are described. The central nervous system structures like the brain and spinal cord are covered as well as the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. The endocrine system is introduced as a second messenger system using hormones to regulate bodily functions. Anabolic steroids are discussed as a hormone that is sometimes abused.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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5. Attempts have been made to
regulate the use of mind-
altering substances since
settlers first arrived in the New
World
The first substance regulated
was alcohol
The temperance movement
in the late 1700s advocated
that people become more
educated about the hazards of
alcohol
Click picture for video
6. Alcohol
1791: Congress passed an excise tax
on whiskey
Opium
1833: US treaty regulated international opium trade
1842:Tax on crude opium shipped to the US
1875: San Francisco prohibiting smoking in opium dens
1890: Only US citizens could manufacture or import opium
Proprietary drugs (over-the-counter drugs)
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
7. Do drug laws affect whether people use drugs?
Should drug laws be aimed at drug users, sellers,
or traffickers?
Should the role of government be to inform its
citizens about drugs or to prevent its citizens
from using drugs?
Should a person be prevented from engaging in
self-destructive behavior?
8. A. A problem best
handled by the
legal system
B. A problem best
handled as a public
health issue
A
problem
besthandled...
A
problem
besthandled...
75%
25%
9. Before 1906, patent medicines were
largely unregulated
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
was created to assess drug hazards and
prohibit sale of dangerous drugs
Law required drug manufacturers to
report adverse reactions to their
products
Law required that the amount or
proportion of drugs in the medicine had
to be listed on the label
10. A. Stop people from
using opium
B. Establish taxes on
drugs
C. Force people to get
prescriptions for
drugs
D. Keep dangerous
drugs off the market
Stop
peoplefrom
using...
Establish
taxeson
drugs
Force
peopleto
getpresc...
Keep
dangerousdrugsoff...
0%
88%
4%8%
11. The Harrison Act resulted from the need
to limit opiate use
Law governed the marketing and sale of
narcotics, regulated nonmedical narcotic
use, and made possession of narcotics
without a prescription illegal
Doctors and pharmacists had to keep
records of the prescriptions they wrote
To obtain drugs, an increasing number of
people resorted to criminal activity
12. A. Established taxes
on drugs
B. Made opium illegal
without a
prescription
C. Established jail
time for drug
offenses
Established
taxeson
drugs
M
ade
opium
illegalw
ith...
Established
jailtim
e
for...
4% 0%
96%
13. Began with the
Temperance
Movement
19th Amendment
passed in 1919
Speak-easies
Bootlegging
Increase in organized
crime
Repealed in 1933 by
the 21st Amendment
14. Forbade the recreational use of marijuana,
but not medicinal or industrial uses
Anyone using marijuana was required to pay
a tax – failure to comply meant a large fine
or prison term for tax evasion
AMA and others opposed marijuana
legislation
The Federal Bureau of Narcotics,
established in 1932, later became the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA)
16. Under 1906 guidelines, a drug manufacturer
could not be prosecuted for fatalities due to
toxic drugs
1938 Act required pharmaceutical companies to
file applications with the federal government
demonstrating that all new drugs were safe and
properly labeled
Manufacturers had to submit a “new drug
application” to the FDA, giving the FDA more
authority and responsibility
17. Did not cover drugs that were previously marketed
Drugs had to be proven safe, but not effective
Government had little authority to enact penalties
Manufacturers determined whether a drug would be
sold as a prescription or over-the-counter
Manufacturers conducted their own tests to
determine a drug’s effectiveness
18. A. Established taxes on
new drugs
B. Ensured that drugs
were proven
effective
C. Ensured that new
drugs were proven
safe
D. Enacted stiff
penalties for false
advertising
Established
taxeson
new
...
Ensured
thatdrugsw
ere...
Ensured
thatnew
drugs...
Enacted
stiffpenaltiesfor...
0% 4%
96%
0%
19. Serious birth defects caused by
thalidomide resulted in
implementation of stronger
regulations regarding drug testing
Kefauver-Harris Amendments, 1962,
gave the FDA the authority to
withdraw drugs from the
marketplace
Drug advertisements directed to
physicians were required to include
the drug’s side effects and its
contraindicated uses
Testing procedures required prior
approval from the FDA
20. 1972 Drug Efficacy Study:The FDA asked the National
Research Council to conduct a study of new drugs
Active ingredients were placed in one of three
categories:
Category I drugs: Determined to be safe, effective, and
properly labeled
Category II drugs: Not generally recognized as safe and
effective, or recognized as mislabeled; must be removed
from medications within six months
Category III drugs: Data insufficient to determine general
recognition of safety and effectiveness
21. A. The FDA had the
authority to remove
unsafe drugs from the
market
B. Taxes on drug
advertisements were
enacted
C. Advertisements must
include side-effects
D. Tests were required
prior to a drug’s
approval
TheFDA
had
theauthorit...
Taxeson
drugadvertise...
Advertisem
entsm
ustinc...
Testsw
ererequired
prior..
0% 0%
8%
92%
22. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
(Controlled Substances Act), effectively replaced all
previous laws dealing with narcotics and dangerous drugs
Expanded community health centers and Public Health
Service hospitals for drug abusers
Established a commission on marijuana and drug abuse
Divided drugs into five categories called schedules
24. Schedule Criteria Examples
I a. High potential for abuse
b. No accepted medical use
c. Lack of accepted safety
Heroin,
marijuana, MDMA
(Ecstasy)
II a. High potential for abuse
b. Currently accepted medical use
c. Abuse may lead to severe dependence
Morphine,
cocaine,
methamphetamine
III a. Potential for abuse less than I and II
b. Currently accepted medical use
c. Abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high
psychological dependence
Anabolic steroids,
most barbiturates,
Dronabinol (THC in pill
form)
IV a. Low potential for abuse relative to III
b. Currently accepted medical use
c. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological
dependence relative to III
Xanax, barbital,
chloral hydrate,
fenfluramine
V a. Low potential for abuse relative to IV
b. Currently accepted medical use
c. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological
dependence relative to IV
Mixture with small
amounts of codeine or
opium
25.
26. Legislation that emphasizes stringent
punishment of the drug user, to reduce drug
demand
Punishment could be waived if the user
completes a drug rehabilitation program
Greatly increased federal prison population and led to
a new Cabinet position, Director of National Drug
Control Policy
Under this law, drug users are punished more
stringently than rapists or robbers
27. A. Emphasized strict
punishment for drug
infractions
B. Allowed offenders to
complete treatment
rather than jail
C. Created lighter
sentences for drug
offenses
D. A & B
E. All of the above
Em
phasized
strictpunis...
Allow
ed
offendersto
co...
Created
lightersentences...
A
&
B
Alloftheabove
8%
0%
8%
84%
0%
28. A. Absolutely.
B. No, I disagree, it
was a bad idea.
C. I’m not sure or have
no opinion.
Absolutely.
No,Idisagree,itw
asab..
I’m
notsure
orhaveno
...
100%
0%0%
29. 1. Should the sale of drug paraphernalia be illegal?
2. Should people using small amounts of illegal drugs for
personal enjoyment receive harsh criminal penalties?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
decriminalizing or legalizing drugs?
4. What impact has drug enforcement had on drug use?
5. Should the vast amount of money spent on stopping
drugs be used differently?
31. A. Yep, already looked
at it.
B. Yeah…heard you
say that, but where
is it?
C. No, didn’t know
that.
D. There’s an exam
tomorrow???
Yep,alreadylooked
atit.
Yeah…heard
you
saythat...
No,didn’tknow
that.
There’san
exam
tom
orr...
0% 0%0%0%
32. Drug paraphernalia:
Items that are aids to using drugs (cigarette-
rolling papers, water pipes, razors, clay pipes,
roach clips, spoons, mirrors, and other products)
Prosecuting individuals for possessing drug
paraphernalia is viewed as a deterrent for
drug use
33. In 1988, Congress proclaimed that the
US would be drug-free by 1995
The monetary expense and human
resources employed to combat illicit
drug use are enormous – yet, the
number of Americans who have used
illegal drugs has increased
The government’s assault on illicit
drugs has resulted in social tension, ill
health, violent crime, compromised
civil liberties, and international conflict
35. A. For legalization
B. Against legalization
C. For legalization,
but only for some
drugs
Forlegalization
Againstlegalization
Forlegalization,butonly...
0% 0%0%
36. Some argue that
decriminalization would increase
drug use, addiction, and drug-
related deaths
Drug-related crimes might fall,
but the number of addicts would
rise
Legalization would result in more
dysfunctional addicts who would
be unable to support their
lifestyles and drug use through
legitimate means
37. Legal regulation of drugs
would protect drug takers
and save money
Billions of dollars spent on
drug enforcement might
be put to use more
effectively if the money
were directed toward
education and treatment
programs
38.
39. Drug enforcement is
designed to stem the flow of
drugs coming into the US
and to punish the user
To stop drugs at their source,
the State Department works
with a number of foreign
governments
DEA agents help block drugs
from leaving other countries,
eradicate crops, and find and
dismantle illegal laboratories
40. Farmers make more money from coca or
opium crops than from legal crops
On a global scale, less than 10% of illegal
crops are consistently eradicated
Interdiction is especially difficult because of
numerous points of entry
41. Harm reduction
Interventions that respond to
needs of drug users and the
community to reduce harm
caused by illicit drug use
Includes providing sterile syringes to reduce
spread of HIV infection, education, and increased
treatment
Treats drug abuse as a public health problem, not
a criminal problem
42. Normalization
Term used by the Dutch for the
practice of not prosecuting users of
soft drugs such as marijuana
Using some drugs is not illegal, but
drug traffic is illegal
Treatment assists physical and
social well-being of addicts rather
than try to stop their addiction
Result: Netherlands has less drug
use than the US and other
European countries
43. Questionable search warrants in
inner-city communities
People of color are stopped and
searched more often than others
on the basis of “drug courier”
profiles
Despite comparable drug usage, Blacks are
incarcerated at a higher rate thanWhites
Penalties for crack cocaine, used more by poor, are
greater than those for powder cocaine, used more by
middle class
44. Starting in 1984, Congress enacted
mandatory minimum penalties
specifically focusing on drugs and
violent crimes
It has been shown that mandatory
minimum drug sentences have not acted as
deterrents to further crime
Mandatory minimum drug sentences give no latitude
to judges to determine appropriate punishments
Treatment is 15 times more effective for reducing
serious crime than mandatory minimum sentencing
Editor's Notes
Current laws trace back to two pieces of legislation from the early 1900s
Racist fears about deviant behavior, including drug misuse, played a role in the development of drug regulation
Laws were developed to regulate undesirable behaviors
Fraud in patent medicines that were sold directly to the public
False therapeutic claims
Habit-forming drug content
In the early 1900s, Collier’s magazine ran a series of articles attacking patent medicines—
“Great American Fraud”
Opium and the Chinese
U.S. was involved in international drug trade
Opium smoking brought to U.S. by Chinese workers
Laws passed against the importation, manufacture, and use of opium– racism involved?
Cocaine
Present in many patent medicines (and, yes, Coca-Cola!)
Viewed as a cause of increasing crime
Racist connections
Required accurate labeling and listing of ingredients
Later amended to require safety testing and testing for effectiveness
A law that required those who “produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away” certain drugs to register and pay a special tax
Later expanded to include other federal controlled-substance regulations
The Pure Food and Drugs Act (1906)
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Goal: drugs are pure and honestly labeled
Harrison Act (1914)
U.S. Treasury Department
Goal: taxation of drugs to restrict commerce in opioids and cocaine to authorized physicians, pharmacists, and legitimate manufacturers
1. Purity
The contents of the product must be accurately listed on the label
FDA encouraged voluntary cooperation and compliance
1912 Sherley Amendment outlawed “false and fraudulent” therapeutic claims on labels
Safety
Originally—no legal requirement that medications be safe
1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act required pre-market testing for toxicity
Companies required to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA
FDA became a gatekeeper and expanded greatly
Directions must be included
Adequate instructions for consumer OR
Drug can be used only with physician prescription
3. Effectiveness
1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments
Pre-approval required before human testing
Advertising for prescription drugs must include information about adverse reactions
Every new drug must be demonstrated to be effective for the illnesses mentioned on label
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS Regulated more like food than drugs
Labels must be accurate
Products can’t make unsubstantiated direct claims
Products can make general health claims
Products can be marketed without first proving safety
Early enforcement
18th Amendment
Physicians and pharmacists arrested; growth of illegal drug trade
Stiffer penalties
Jones-Miller Act
Prohibition on importation of opium for heroin
Prison vs. rehabilitation
Punishment seemed not to be working
“Narcotic farms”
Bureau of Narcotics (Treasury Department)
“Drug Czar”
Marijuana Tax Act
Mandatory minimum sentences (1951)
1956 Narcotic Drug Control Act toughened penalties
Drug Abuse Control Act Amendments of 1965
Added new classes of drugs
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Replaced or updated all previous laws
Drugs controlled by the Act are under federal jurisdiction
In some cases, state and federal laws conflict
Prevention and treatment funding increased
Direct control of drugs, not control through taxation, is the goal
Enforcement separated from scientific and medical decisions
Possession and selling penalties
Omnibus Drug Act
Drug precursors
Drug paraphernalia
Office of National Drug Control Policy established
Preclinical research and development
IND submitted to the FDA
Clinical research and development
Phase One—low doses, 20-80 healthy volunteers
Phase Two—few hundred patients who could benefit
Phase Three—typically 1,000-5,000 patients
Permission to market
May require 10+ years and costs $1+billion
Only 31 new drugs approved by FDA in 2008
Orphan Drug Act—tax and other financial incentives
Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1988—regulation of free samples, etc.
1997 FDA Modernization Act—guidelines for postmarketing reporting, distribution of information on off-label uses
Budget
International programs
Other federal agencies
Other costs
Cost of prison population
Crimes committed to purchase drugs
Corruption in law enforcement
Conflicting international policy goals
Loss of individual freedom
Drug use has not been eliminated
About 10-15 percent of illegal drug supply is seized each year
When supplies are restricted, prices go up
Higher prices and increased difficulty in obtaining drugs may deter some would-be users
Difference in
penalties from state
to state
Federal law
overrides state law
Significant growth
in number of
Americans in prison
In 2007 the number
rose to 5.06 prisoners
per thousand and in
2008 it dropped
slightly to 5.04 per
thousand.