Making of smart grids puts mounting pressure on the nation’s aging electric power transmission system. Just planting additional towers and stringing more line won’t practice the nation’s electric power transmission infrastructure to meet up the energy challenges ahead. Smart grids stand geared up to play a much larger role in the energy equation for reduction of transmission line losses. The FACTS controllers come out with the capability of enhancing transmission system control, reliability, and operation. This paper will discuss and express how Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) has effectively been applied to power system for efficiently regulating system voltage and thus increase system load ability. This paper investigates the effects of (STATCOM) on voltage stability of a power system at different positions.The simulation analysis of this paper can be used as guideline for power industry. The study is thereby simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software and simulation results show that STATCOM is effective in midpoint voltage regulation on transmission line. In this paper comparison is also performed between STATCOM and SVC under fault condition and it is proved that STATCOM have the capacity to provide more capacitive power for the period of a fault than SVC.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
IRJET- Review: Different Technology for Distributed Power Flow ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses different technologies for distributed power flow controllers (DPFCs). It begins by introducing DPFCs and their advantages over unified power flow controllers. It then describes three different techniques for DPFC controllers: 1) Distributed static series compensators (DSSCs) that use multiple low-power inverters attached to transmission lines, 2) A combined DSSC module approach that reduces components to lower costs, and 3) A proposed single-phase ETO lightweight device-based DPFC that uses optical fiber interfaces to improve reliability at a lower cost. The document reviews these techniques for distributed power flow control.
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET- Analysis of Power System Stability using Various FACTS ControllersIRJET Journal
This document analyzes power system stability using various Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. It introduces different FACTS controllers including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Controller (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC). Simulation results show that FACTS controllers can improve power system stability by providing voltage support and damping power oscillations. TCSC demonstrated better performance than SVC in enhancing stability.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
1. The document provides an introduction to wind energy in India and Madhya Pradesh, including the history and components of wind turbines.
2. It discusses the power sector reforms that began in Madhya Pradesh in the 1990s due to financial crises, which included separating generation, transmission, and distribution functions and encouraging private sector participation.
3. The key components of a horizontal axis wind turbine are described as the rotor, blades, nacelle, low and high speed shafts, gearbox, brake, generator, anemometer, and tower.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
IRJET- Review: Different Technology for Distributed Power Flow ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses different technologies for distributed power flow controllers (DPFCs). It begins by introducing DPFCs and their advantages over unified power flow controllers. It then describes three different techniques for DPFC controllers: 1) Distributed static series compensators (DSSCs) that use multiple low-power inverters attached to transmission lines, 2) A combined DSSC module approach that reduces components to lower costs, and 3) A proposed single-phase ETO lightweight device-based DPFC that uses optical fiber interfaces to improve reliability at a lower cost. The document reviews these techniques for distributed power flow control.
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET- Analysis of Power System Stability using Various FACTS ControllersIRJET Journal
This document analyzes power system stability using various Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. It introduces different FACTS controllers including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Controller (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC). Simulation results show that FACTS controllers can improve power system stability by providing voltage support and damping power oscillations. TCSC demonstrated better performance than SVC in enhancing stability.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
1. The document provides an introduction to wind energy in India and Madhya Pradesh, including the history and components of wind turbines.
2. It discusses the power sector reforms that began in Madhya Pradesh in the 1990s due to financial crises, which included separating generation, transmission, and distribution functions and encouraging private sector participation.
3. The key components of a horizontal axis wind turbine are described as the rotor, blades, nacelle, low and high speed shafts, gearbox, brake, generator, anemometer, and tower.
Optimal placement and sizing of ht shunt capacitors for transmission loss min...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a method for optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in the RRVPNL Power Grid transmission network in India. The objectives are to minimize transmission losses and improve the voltage profile in a cost-effective manner. The method formulates the problem using an objective function that considers active power loss reduction and voltage deviation minimization. Power flow is solved iteratively using MATLAB to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes that meet the objectives while satisfying voltage constraints. Simulation results found the proposed method effectively restructures capacitor placement in the grid to optimize utilization of capacitors for loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement.
IRJET- Power Quality Conditioning in LV Distribution Networks:Results by Fiel...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a proposed multi-converter unified power quality conditioner (MC-UPQC) system for compensating voltage and current imperfections across multiple feeders. The MC-UPQC improves on existing UPQC systems by including additional series voltage source converters on adjacent feeders, allowing power sharing between feeders to compensate for sags, swells and harmonics. Simulation results show the MC-UPQC provides more efficient compensation compared to existing techniques. The document also reviews several other studies investigating MC-UPQC systems and their ability to simultaneously compensate for voltage and current issues across multi-feeder distribution networks.
IRJET- Improving Power Quality by using MC-UPQCIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving power quality by using a Multiconverter Unified Power Quality Conditioner (MC-UPQC). The MC-UPQC consists of one shunt voltage-source converter (VSC) and two or more series VSCs. It can be applied to adjacent feeders to simultaneously compensate for supply voltage imperfections and load current imperfections on the main feeder, as well as fully compensate supply voltage imperfections on other feeders. The converters are connected back-to-back on the DC side and share a common DC link capacitor, allowing power transfer between feeders. This configuration can compensate for sags/swells and interruptions in both feeders without battery storage. Simulation results will illustrate the performance
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power quality enhancement technique for a grid-connected hybrid power system using a distributed power flow controller (DPFC) with a coordinated power quality (PQ) theory and fractional order PID controller. The DPFC consists of both shunt and series controllers to mitigate voltage sags, swells, and current harmonics in the distribution system. Simulation results show that the proposed DPFC with FOPID controller provides better voltage profile improvement and compensation compared to controllers like PI, FUZZY, and ANFIS. A case study on an IEEE 12 bus system also demonstrates the superior performance of the DPFC in terms of voltage compensation and harmonics reduction.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
This slide presents about the basic and importance about load shedding in smart microgrid distribution systems. Later of the class i will discuss about in detail on the process of executing the load shedding.
Power system solution provided by facts and hvdceSAT Journals
This document summarizes the use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission to improve power system performance. It describes how FACTS devices like SVCs can enhance transient stability, reduce voltage dips, and provide damping. HVDC transmission is presented as a solution for asynchronous interconnections and controlling power flows independently of AC systems. Simulation results show that adding SVC FACTS devices to an HVDC transmission system improves voltage quality and stability compared to a system without FACTS. In conclusion, coordinated use of HVDC and FACTS can efficiently improve system dynamics under weak conditions.
IRJET- Inductive Power Transfer System using Digital Controller based Matrix ...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed inductive power transfer system using a digital controller based matrix converter. The system aims to provide single-stage AC to high frequency power conversion at the transmitting end without bulky storage elements. At the receiving end, a rectifier can provide 12 power levels for different applications. A simplified digital circuit controller is implemented using logic circuits to provide soft switching of the matrix converter. The system allows for resonance frequency tracking for higher frequency power transfer with low delay. The self-tuning controller makes the system suitable for dynamic inductive charging of electric vehicles.
Enhancement of Power Quality by an Application FACTS DevicesIAES-IJPEDS
1) The document discusses the use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)-based Static VAR Compensator (SVC) to enhance power quality and transmission capability.
2) It presents simulation models of TCSC and TCR-SVC developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations show that these FACTS devices can effectively reduce voltage drops, electrical losses in long transmission lines, and improve stability.
3) Student feedback indicates the models are easy to use and effective for learning about controlled reactor compensators, series capacitor compensators, and reactive power/voltage
Distribution Network Power Quality Improvement by D-STATCOM & DVR Under Vario...IRJET Journal
This document discusses simulation of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to improve power quality under fault conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines DSTATCOM and DVR. It then outlines the methodology, including components of each system like the voltage source converter, isolation transformer, and energy storage. The results of simulations showing the DSTATCOM injecting current and DVR injecting voltage during faults to maintain power quality are presented. The document evaluates these custom power devices for mitigating the effects of faults on distribution systems.
IRJET- Voltage Stability Improvement and Reactive Power Compensation using ST...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses improving voltage stability and reactive power compensation in a transmission line using STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) in MATLAB.
2) It simulates a three phase transmission line in MATLAB and observes the voltage drop when an additional load is added.
3) To mitigate this voltage drop, a STATCOM is used to dynamically inject reactive power and regulate the transmission voltage. The MATLAB model and results showing improved voltage stability with STATCOM are presented and analyzed.
This document discusses using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to improve the performance and reliability of a transmission line in Rajkot, India. It first reviews Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and the UPFC. It then describes a transmission network model of Rajkot created in MATLAB based on real system data. Various hypothetical future load conditions are simulated both with and without a UPFC to study how it can help control power flow in the network more efficiently. Results show the UPFC improves utilization of the existing infrastructure by allowing more optimal power flow.
Influence of Static VAR Compensator for Undervoltage Load Shedding to Avoid V...IJAPEJOURNAL
In the recent years, operation of power systems at lower stability margins has increased the importance of system protection methods that protect the system stability against various disturbances. Among these methods, the load shedding serves as an effective and last-resort tool to prevent system frequency/voltage instability. The analysis of recent blackouts suggests that voltage collapse and voltage-related problems are also important concerns in maintaining system stability. For this reason, voltage also needs to be taken into account in load shedding schemes. This paper considers both parameters in designing a load shedding scheme to determine the amount of load to be shed and its appropriate location .The amount of load to be shed from each bus is decided using the fixed step size method and it’s location has been identified by using voltage collapse proximity index method. SVC is shunt connected FACTS device used to improve the voltage profile of the system. In this paper impact of SVC on load shedding for IEEE 14 bus system has been presented and analyzed.
Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) In Transmissio...IJERA Editor
A grid of transmission lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from
generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load, modern power
systems are highly interconnected for economic reasons. The large interconnected transmission networks are
prone to faults due to the lightning discharges and reduce insulation strength. Changing of loads and atmosphere
conditions are unpredictable factors. This may cause overloading of lines due to which voltage collapse takes
place. These problems can be eased by providing sufficient margin of working parameters and power transfer,
but it is not possible due to expansion of transmission network. Still the required margin is reduced by
introduction of fast dynamic control over reactive and active power by high power electronic controllers. This
paper describes about implementation of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line
model in order to enhance power flow at the receiving end. The triggering pulses to the thyristor are given using
Arduino.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Implementation of D-STATCOM for Improveme...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling, simulation, and implementation of a D-STATCOM to improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to voltage sags as a common power quality issue. It then provides details on the operating principles of a D-STATCOM, which uses a voltage source converter to inject current and regulate voltage. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is effective at mitigating voltage sags and swells. Control algorithms like instantaneous reactive power theory allow the D-STATCOM to independently control real and reactive power flows.
This document analyzes the optimal positioning of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) in smart grids. It simulates different fault scenarios in a model smart grid containing distributed generation from wind farms. It finds that installing an SFCL at the substation or distribution network increases fault current from wind farms. The best performance is achieved by installing a single SFCL at the point of integration between the wind farm and the grid. This location limits fault current from both the wind farm and the main power system effectively without negative impacts. The analysis suggests strategic placement of SFCLs at integration points is most efficient for protecting multiple distributed resources in smart grids.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
IRJET- Different Control Strategies for Power Control of Voltage Source Conve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids, including proportional-integral controllers, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control, and hysteresis current control. It describes issues with traditional PI control approaches and how alternative strategies can help address these issues. Specific control methods covered include a novel self-tuning PI controller, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control of voltage source converters to suppress voltage fluctuations, a vector control strategy for grid-tied converters, and hysteresis current control for interfacing renewable energy sources to a microgrid.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
Optimal placement and sizing of ht shunt capacitors for transmission loss min...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a method for optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in the RRVPNL Power Grid transmission network in India. The objectives are to minimize transmission losses and improve the voltage profile in a cost-effective manner. The method formulates the problem using an objective function that considers active power loss reduction and voltage deviation minimization. Power flow is solved iteratively using MATLAB to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes that meet the objectives while satisfying voltage constraints. Simulation results found the proposed method effectively restructures capacitor placement in the grid to optimize utilization of capacitors for loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement.
IRJET- Power Quality Conditioning in LV Distribution Networks:Results by Fiel...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a proposed multi-converter unified power quality conditioner (MC-UPQC) system for compensating voltage and current imperfections across multiple feeders. The MC-UPQC improves on existing UPQC systems by including additional series voltage source converters on adjacent feeders, allowing power sharing between feeders to compensate for sags, swells and harmonics. Simulation results show the MC-UPQC provides more efficient compensation compared to existing techniques. The document also reviews several other studies investigating MC-UPQC systems and their ability to simultaneously compensate for voltage and current issues across multi-feeder distribution networks.
IRJET- Improving Power Quality by using MC-UPQCIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving power quality by using a Multiconverter Unified Power Quality Conditioner (MC-UPQC). The MC-UPQC consists of one shunt voltage-source converter (VSC) and two or more series VSCs. It can be applied to adjacent feeders to simultaneously compensate for supply voltage imperfections and load current imperfections on the main feeder, as well as fully compensate supply voltage imperfections on other feeders. The converters are connected back-to-back on the DC side and share a common DC link capacitor, allowing power transfer between feeders. This configuration can compensate for sags/swells and interruptions in both feeders without battery storage. Simulation results will illustrate the performance
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power quality enhancement technique for a grid-connected hybrid power system using a distributed power flow controller (DPFC) with a coordinated power quality (PQ) theory and fractional order PID controller. The DPFC consists of both shunt and series controllers to mitigate voltage sags, swells, and current harmonics in the distribution system. Simulation results show that the proposed DPFC with FOPID controller provides better voltage profile improvement and compensation compared to controllers like PI, FUZZY, and ANFIS. A case study on an IEEE 12 bus system also demonstrates the superior performance of the DPFC in terms of voltage compensation and harmonics reduction.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
This slide presents about the basic and importance about load shedding in smart microgrid distribution systems. Later of the class i will discuss about in detail on the process of executing the load shedding.
Power system solution provided by facts and hvdceSAT Journals
This document summarizes the use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission to improve power system performance. It describes how FACTS devices like SVCs can enhance transient stability, reduce voltage dips, and provide damping. HVDC transmission is presented as a solution for asynchronous interconnections and controlling power flows independently of AC systems. Simulation results show that adding SVC FACTS devices to an HVDC transmission system improves voltage quality and stability compared to a system without FACTS. In conclusion, coordinated use of HVDC and FACTS can efficiently improve system dynamics under weak conditions.
IRJET- Inductive Power Transfer System using Digital Controller based Matrix ...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed inductive power transfer system using a digital controller based matrix converter. The system aims to provide single-stage AC to high frequency power conversion at the transmitting end without bulky storage elements. At the receiving end, a rectifier can provide 12 power levels for different applications. A simplified digital circuit controller is implemented using logic circuits to provide soft switching of the matrix converter. The system allows for resonance frequency tracking for higher frequency power transfer with low delay. The self-tuning controller makes the system suitable for dynamic inductive charging of electric vehicles.
Enhancement of Power Quality by an Application FACTS DevicesIAES-IJPEDS
1) The document discusses the use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)-based Static VAR Compensator (SVC) to enhance power quality and transmission capability.
2) It presents simulation models of TCSC and TCR-SVC developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations show that these FACTS devices can effectively reduce voltage drops, electrical losses in long transmission lines, and improve stability.
3) Student feedback indicates the models are easy to use and effective for learning about controlled reactor compensators, series capacitor compensators, and reactive power/voltage
Distribution Network Power Quality Improvement by D-STATCOM & DVR Under Vario...IRJET Journal
This document discusses simulation of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to improve power quality under fault conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines DSTATCOM and DVR. It then outlines the methodology, including components of each system like the voltage source converter, isolation transformer, and energy storage. The results of simulations showing the DSTATCOM injecting current and DVR injecting voltage during faults to maintain power quality are presented. The document evaluates these custom power devices for mitigating the effects of faults on distribution systems.
IRJET- Voltage Stability Improvement and Reactive Power Compensation using ST...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses improving voltage stability and reactive power compensation in a transmission line using STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) in MATLAB.
2) It simulates a three phase transmission line in MATLAB and observes the voltage drop when an additional load is added.
3) To mitigate this voltage drop, a STATCOM is used to dynamically inject reactive power and regulate the transmission voltage. The MATLAB model and results showing improved voltage stability with STATCOM are presented and analyzed.
This document discusses using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to improve the performance and reliability of a transmission line in Rajkot, India. It first reviews Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and the UPFC. It then describes a transmission network model of Rajkot created in MATLAB based on real system data. Various hypothetical future load conditions are simulated both with and without a UPFC to study how it can help control power flow in the network more efficiently. Results show the UPFC improves utilization of the existing infrastructure by allowing more optimal power flow.
Influence of Static VAR Compensator for Undervoltage Load Shedding to Avoid V...IJAPEJOURNAL
In the recent years, operation of power systems at lower stability margins has increased the importance of system protection methods that protect the system stability against various disturbances. Among these methods, the load shedding serves as an effective and last-resort tool to prevent system frequency/voltage instability. The analysis of recent blackouts suggests that voltage collapse and voltage-related problems are also important concerns in maintaining system stability. For this reason, voltage also needs to be taken into account in load shedding schemes. This paper considers both parameters in designing a load shedding scheme to determine the amount of load to be shed and its appropriate location .The amount of load to be shed from each bus is decided using the fixed step size method and it’s location has been identified by using voltage collapse proximity index method. SVC is shunt connected FACTS device used to improve the voltage profile of the system. In this paper impact of SVC on load shedding for IEEE 14 bus system has been presented and analyzed.
Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) In Transmissio...IJERA Editor
A grid of transmission lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from
generating stations to load. In addition to transmission lines that carry power from source to load, modern power
systems are highly interconnected for economic reasons. The large interconnected transmission networks are
prone to faults due to the lightning discharges and reduce insulation strength. Changing of loads and atmosphere
conditions are unpredictable factors. This may cause overloading of lines due to which voltage collapse takes
place. These problems can be eased by providing sufficient margin of working parameters and power transfer,
but it is not possible due to expansion of transmission network. Still the required margin is reduced by
introduction of fast dynamic control over reactive and active power by high power electronic controllers. This
paper describes about implementation of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line
model in order to enhance power flow at the receiving end. The triggering pulses to the thyristor are given using
Arduino.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Implementation of D-STATCOM for Improveme...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling, simulation, and implementation of a D-STATCOM to improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to voltage sags as a common power quality issue. It then provides details on the operating principles of a D-STATCOM, which uses a voltage source converter to inject current and regulate voltage. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is effective at mitigating voltage sags and swells. Control algorithms like instantaneous reactive power theory allow the D-STATCOM to independently control real and reactive power flows.
This document analyzes the optimal positioning of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) in smart grids. It simulates different fault scenarios in a model smart grid containing distributed generation from wind farms. It finds that installing an SFCL at the substation or distribution network increases fault current from wind farms. The best performance is achieved by installing a single SFCL at the point of integration between the wind farm and the grid. This location limits fault current from both the wind farm and the main power system effectively without negative impacts. The analysis suggests strategic placement of SFCLs at integration points is most efficient for protecting multiple distributed resources in smart grids.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
IRJET- Different Control Strategies for Power Control of Voltage Source Conve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids, including proportional-integral controllers, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control, and hysteresis current control. It describes issues with traditional PI control approaches and how alternative strategies can help address these issues. Specific control methods covered include a novel self-tuning PI controller, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control of voltage source converters to suppress voltage fluctuations, a vector control strategy for grid-tied converters, and hysteresis current control for interfacing renewable energy sources to a microgrid.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
Application of Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter in FACTS Devices for Power...IJMER
This document discusses a study on applying a multilevel voltage-source converter (VSC) in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices for power system voltage control and reactive power compensation. Specifically, it proposes a sixty pulse VSC STATCOM design that combines a twelve pulse converter with a five-level voltage source inverter (VSI) to improve performance. The study finds that the multilevel VSI STATCOM is able to provide satisfactory reactive power flow control and respond quickly to changes in reactive current reference. THD is also maintained within acceptable limits. FACTS devices using power electronics, such as STATCOMs, help enhance power transfer capability, flexibility and stability in transmission networks.
This document discusses the design and testing of a STATCOM (shunt Flexible AC Transmission System device) to improve power quality on transmission lines. It describes how STATCOMs use voltage source converters to inject controllable current and regulate transmission line voltage. The paper presents the modeling of a STATCOM using SPWM control and a PID controller in Matlab/Simulink simulations on a 3-machine 9-bus test system. Simulation results show the STATCOM significantly improves power quality by reducing voltage fluctuations and increasing transmission capacity.
Design Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Controlled Svc for Long Over Head Tra...IOSRJEEE
The basic control objectives of a power system are system voltage control, system frequency control, protection and economic operation. Reactive power control is a subset of overall system control and stability. A power system is said to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable supply. By good quality is said meant the voltage levels are maintained within the reasonable limits. If the voltage variation is more than a pre specified value, the performance of the equipment suffers and the life of most of the equipment is sacrificed. When power is supplied to a load through transmission line keeping sending end voltage constant, the load voltage undergoes variations depending upon the magnitude of the load. The higher the load greater is the voltage variation. The transmission line distributed parameters through out the line, on light loads or at no loads become predominant and consequently the line supplies charging VAR (generates reactive power). In order to maintain the terminal voltage at the load bus adequate, reactive reserves are needed. FACTS devices like SVC can supply or absorb the reactive power at receiving end bus or at load end bus in transmission system, which helps in achieving better economy in power transfer. The fuzzy control has emerged as one of the most active and fruitful areas for research in the applications of fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy control is based on fuzzy logic – a logical system which is much closer in sprit to human thinking and nature language than traditional logical system. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on an expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. Knowledge acquisition in FLC application plays an important role in determining the level of performance of a fuzzy control system. FLC based on the fuzzy model of a process is needed when higher accuracy and reliability are required. Only small efforts have been expended in applying fuzzy
Optimal Placement of TCSC and SVC Using PSOIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of TCSC and SVC devices on power systems. The objective is to minimize a cost function that considers the costs of installing the devices, load bus voltage deviations from nominal values, and line loadings. The paper formulates the objective function and describes models for TCSC and SVC devices. It then provides an overview of the particle swarm optimization technique before describing the algorithm used to apply PSO to determine the optimal location and sizing of TCSC and SVC devices on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems while considering different load levels. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the method.
This document summarizes several FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices that can be installed in power systems to better control power flows. It discusses both shunt and series FACTS controllers, including the Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and others. It provides an overview of how these devices work and their benefits, such as increasing transmission capacity, improving stability, and allowing for more optimal
Ga based optimal facts controller for maximizing loadability with stability c...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper presented at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management. The paper proposes using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location and settings of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, specifically STATCOMs, to maximize the loadability of a power system while maintaining stability constraints. The objective function aims to maximize loadability with constraints for voltage stability, generation limits, line limits, and load-generation balance. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system in MATLAB. In conclusion, optimally placing and setting FACTS devices using genetic algorithms can enhance power system loadability while maintaining stability.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
Steady State Operation And Enhancement Of Transient Stability In Hydel Power...IJMER
In this paper, the effect of STATCOM for improving the stability and steady state operation of
the hydel power system is investigated. The STATCOM is used to control power flow of power system by
injecting appropriate reactive power during dynamic state. Simulation results show that STATCOM not
only considerably improves transient stability but also compensates the reactive power in steady state.
Therefore STATCOM can increase reliability and capability of AC transmission system. To illustrate the
performance of the FACTS controller (STATCOM), a three machine nine bus, Multi-Machine Power
System has been considered.
IRJET - Review Paper on RSC-MLC Base Smart PV-DSTATCOM for Multi Objective Pu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using a Real Switch Count Multi-Level Converter (RSC-MLC) based smart PV-DSTATCOM for multiple objectives including improving power quality, compensating reactive power flow, and optimizing the DC link voltage. A DSTATCOM uses a voltage source converter to inject current and control reactive power flow. The proposed method uses an RSC-MLC to regulate the DC link voltage from a PV source, reducing voltage stress on switches and minimizing losses. It can supply solar power to loads and compensate reactive power with battery support when solar power is unavailable. The document reviews related work on DSTATCOM control and applications and provides details on controlling the proposed RSC-MLC based PV-
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
The document is a seminar report on FACTS controllers that was submitted by a student. It provides an introduction to flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and defines FACTS controllers. It then discusses various types of FACTS controllers in detail, including the static variable compensator (SVC), voltage source converter (VSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC). It also outlines the benefits of FACTS controllers such as improving power transmission efficiency and reliability.
Modern FACTS controllers are being used to control the power through the current power transmission system.
The power transfer can be controlled by using these devices in an efficient and effective manner in transmission
lines. FACTS controllers are having some downsides i.e. their bulky size, higher cost, reliability and break-in
the transmission line, which makes it obsolete to use in modern power system network. These downsides can be
fulfilled by a new compound which is scalable, light weighted and cost effective devices that are distributed-
FACTS (D-FACTS). D-FACTS controllers are distributed version of conventional lumped FACTS controllers
and their cost is low due to lower ratings of component and reliability also increases due to redundancy of
devices. Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC) is all a D-FACTS device which is a distributed version of
thyristor controlled series controller. This paper discusses extensive review about the EPFC and its application.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance transient stability in a power system. The paper introduces FACTS devices and describes how UPFC works. It then simulates applying a 3-phase fault to different buses in an IEEE 9-bus test system both without and with UPFC compensation. Without UPFC, the fault severely impacts voltages and power flows at several buses. With UPFC, the paper evaluates its effectiveness at improving the system's performance during fault conditions.
IRJET-Identification of Weak Bus using Load VariationIRJET Journal
This document discusses identifying weak buses in a power system through load variation analysis. It uses the WSCC 3-Machine 9-Bus test system in PSAT, a MATLAB toolbox, to analyze the system under increasing load levels from 5% to 45%. By comparing the results to the original power flow, the aim is to determine the most sensitive bus that is most affected by load changes. It explains that identifying weak buses can help with optimal reactive power planning by determining where new reactive power sources are most needed to prevent voltage instability and collapse.
IRJET - Introduction of STATCOM in PV Grid SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses introducing a STATCOM device in a photovoltaic (PV) grid system to improve power quality. A STATCOM, which is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device, is proposed to be connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) along with a battery energy storage system (BESS). This is aimed to mitigate power quality issues like voltage variations and harmonics that can arise from integrating a intermittent power source like PV into the grid. The STATCOM regulates voltage and provides reactive power support, while the BESS helps maintain real power flow. It is argued this system provides better performance than existing approaches and has smaller size and lower cost.
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systemsijtsrd
Flexible AC Transmission System FACTS refers to a family of power electronics-based devices designed to increase power transfer capability of power transmission system. The main objective of FACTS is to obtain AC systems with a high level of flexibility just as in high-voltage DC systems. FACTS uses power electronics for controlling power flow in a transmission system. This paper provides a brief introduction to FACTS devices or controllers. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa | Adebowale E. Shadare "Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19063.pdf
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Similar to Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS Device (20)
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
Underwater Target Tracking Using Unscented Kalman FilterIJAPEJOURNAL
Unlike conventional active sonar, that transmits the sound signals and revealing their presence and position to enemy forces. The probable advantage of passive sonar is that it detects the signals emitted by the target, leads to improve localization, target tracking, and categorization. The challenging aspect is to estimate the true bearing and frequency measurements from the noisy measurements of the target. Here in this paper, it is recommended for the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to track the target by using these noisy measurements. The Target Motion Analysis (TMA), which is the way to find the target’s trajectory by using frequency and bearing measurements, is explored. This method provides a tactical advantage over the classical bearing only tracking target motion analysis. It makes the observer maneuver unnecessary.
Investigation of Dependent Rikitake System to Initiation PointIJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper we investigate depending of the Rikitake system to initiation point, and monitor changing behavior of this system. We will have 4 initiation points in Cartesian system. We at 4 positions, will monitor behavior of this system, while holding constant other values, and after per position, will draw operation of system on axes of x, y, z and 3-D plot. We want to know, what is the effect of initiation point on Rikitake system? Numerical simulations to illustrate the effect of initiation point are presented, and at the end conclusions and comparing the states together are obtained.
Optimization of Economic Load Dispatch with Unit Commitment on Multi MachineIJAPEJOURNAL
Economic load dispatch (ELD) and Unit Commitment (UC) are significant research applications in power systems that optimize the total production cost of the predicted load demand. The UC problem determines a turn-on and turn-off schedule for a given combination of generating units, thus satisfying a set of dynamic operational constraints. ELD optimizes the operation cost for all scheduled generating units with respect to the load demands of customers. The first phase in this project is to economically schedule the distribution of generating units using Gauss seidal and the second phase is to determine optimal load distribution for the scheduled units using dynamic programming method is applied to select and choose the combination of generating units that commit and de-commit during each hour. These precommitted schedules are optimized by dynamic programming method thus producing a global optimum solution with feasible and effective solution quality, minimal cost and time and higher precision. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques is investigated on two test systems consisting of five generating units and the experiments are carried out using MATLAB R2010b software. Experimental results prove that the proposed method is capable of yielding higher quality solution including mathematical simplicity, fast convergence, diversity maintenance, robustness and scalability for the complex ELD-UC problem.
Impact of Buried Conductor Length on Computation of Earth Grid ResistanceIJAPEJOURNAL
Effective design of substation earth grid implies achieving low earth grid resistance and fulfillment of the safety criteria at the lowest possible cost. This paper presents an evaluation of IEEE Standard 80-2000 Equations 50 to 52 to determine the impact of buried conductor length on computation of earth grid resistance. Calculated results indicated that a saturation point is reached beyond which further addition of more conductor length does not significantly reduce the earth grid resistance but incurs more economic implications. These were validated by earth grids designed using CDEGS where good agreement between the calculated and simulated results was found.
Enhancing Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Solar Panel by Water CoolingIJAPEJOURNAL
Photovoltaic solar cell generates electricity by receiving solar irradiance. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell operating temperature during absorption of solar radiation. This undesirable effect can be partially avoided by cooling the back side of the photovoltaic panel using water absorption sponge which was fixed on of PV panel and maintain wet condition by circulation of drop by drop water. The objective of the present work is to reduce the temperature of the solar cell in order to increase its electrical efficiency. Experiments were performed with and without water cooling. A linear trend between the efficiency and temperature was found. Without cooling, the temperature of the panel was high and solar cells were achieved an efficiency of 8–9%. However, when the panel was operated under water cooling condition, the temperature dropped maximally by 40C leading to an increase in efficiency of solar cells by 12%.
PMU-Based Transmission Line Parameter Identification at China Southern Power ...IJAPEJOURNAL
China Southern Power Grid Company (CSG) recently developed and implemented an online PMU-based transmission line (TL) parameter identification system (TPIS). Traditionally, TL parameters are calculated based on transmission tower geometries, conductor dimension, estimates of line length, conductor sags, etc. These parameters only approximate the effect of conductor sag and ignore the dependence of impedance parameters on temperature variation. Recent development in PMU technology has made it possible to calculate TL parameters accurately. The challenges are that such application requires highly accurate PMU data while the accuracy of PMU measurements under different working/system conditions can be uncertain. With a large number of PMUs widely installed in its system, CSG plans to improve and update the EMS database using the newly developed TPIS. TPIS provides an innovative yet practical problem formulation and solution for TL parameter identification. In addition, it proposes a new metric that can be used to determine the credibility of the calculated parameters, which is missing in the literature. This paper discusses the methodologies, challenges, as well as implementation issues noticed during the development of TPIS.
Investigation of Electric Field Distribution Inside 500/220 kV Transformation...IJAPEJOURNAL
This study depicts the electric field distributions inside a typical 500/220 kV open distribution substation under actual loading conditions and during different working conditions, Hot-Stick position and Bar-Hand position. The electric field is investigated for different workers heights of 1m, 1.5m and 1.8m above ground during normal working condition (Hot-Stick position) inside this substation. This in addition to assessment of the electric field at a height levels of 8m, 11m, 14m and 17m above ground as positions for live line maintenance under 220 kV Busbars, 500 kV Busbars, 220 kV Incoming and Outgoing feeders and 500 kV Incoming and Outgoing feeders respectively. In this study the simulation results of the electric field obtained using three dimensional (3D) computer model for existing typical high voltage transformation substation are compared with field values measured inside this typical substation and presented and discussed not only in the form of contour maps but also in the form 3D surface and wireframe maps. The simulation results are good matched and agreed with measured values. This in addition to the electric field will be tabulated and compared to international guidelines for personnel exposure to electric field. This study will serve for planning service works or for inspection of equipment inside high voltage (HV) power transformation substations.
Economic Load Dispatch for Multi-Generator Systems with Units Having Nonlinea...IJAPEJOURNAL
This document presents an economic load dispatch problem that uses the Gravity Search Algorithm to minimize total generation costs for multi-generator power systems. It discusses how practical constraints like valve point loading, multi-fuel operation, and forbidden zones result in non-ideal, non-continuous generator cost curves. The Gravity Search Algorithm is applied to find the optimal dispatch schedule that accounts for these realistic cost functions and minimizes the total cost of generation while satisfying demand. The algorithm is tested on sample power systems and able to find solutions within acceptable timeframes that outperform traditional optimization methods for large, complex problems.
Improving Light-Load Efficiency by Eliminating Interaction Effect in the Grid...IJAPEJOURNAL
A wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in wind power plant industry. This paper studies the maximum power extraction of DFIG via evaluation of state-space equations in closed loop control condition for improving light-load efficiency. The DFIG state-space equations have been considered in the form of a multi-input- multi output (MIMO) system. Also, the tracing table has been used to determine the speed which the generated power will be proportional to the maximum load. The tracing table input is the generator speed, and its output is the optimum active power that has been considered as the reference power of the active power control system of the convertor. A controller is presented for the tracing table and the extracted power is able to follow the reference power with minimum ripple. Then, the results are compared with the single-input and single-output (SISO) case, for the values up to 0.2 times of the rated load. Therefore, in MIMO modeling, in the case that the DFIG connected to the grid, by eliminating the interaction effect, the efficiency in light-load can be increased
An Application of Ulam-Hyers Stability in DC MotorsIJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, a generalization to nonlinear systems is proposed and applied to the motor dynamic, rotor model and stator model in DC motor equation. We argue that Ulam-Hyers stability concept is quite significant in design problems and in design analysis for the class of DC motor’s parameters. We prove the stability of nonlinear partial differential equation by using Banach’s contraction principle. As an application, the Ulam-Hyers stability of DC motor dynamics equations is investigated. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time Ulam-Hyers stability is considered from the applications point of view.
Implementation of Hybrid Generation Power System in PakistanIJAPEJOURNAL
A solar-wind hybrid power generation system has been presented here. The application based system illustrated in this paper is designed on the basis of the solar and wind data for Pakistan. The power generated by the system is intended for domestic use. The most common source of unconventional power in homes is battery based UPS (Uninterrupted power supply) inverter. The UPS inverter charges the battery with conventional grid power. This system will charge the battery of UPS inverter by using only wind and solar power, which will make the system cost effective and more reliable. The reason for using both solar and wind is that recent studies have proven that combined system can be more productive and consistent and other thing is that neither of them can be used for continuous power generation. In the system illustrated in this paper the solar-wind system provides power periodically which is controlled by electronic methods and a microcontroller is used to monitor the power from both the inputs. The switching action is provided from the microcontroller to the battery charging based on the power received from solar photovoltaic panel and wind generators. In this paper, an efficient system has been presented comprising of solar panel, wind generator, charge controller and charge storage unit (battery). Solar panel is selected as the main input and the wind resource will be used only in the absence of the solar photovoltaic (PV) output.
Modeling and Simulation of SVPWM Based ApplicationIJAPEJOURNAL
Recent developments in power electronics and semiconductor technology have lead to widespread use of power electronic converters in the power electronic systems. A number of Pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes are used to obtain variable voltage and frequency supply from a three-phase voltage source inverter. Among the different PWM techniques proposed for voltage fed inverters, the sinusoidal PWM technique has been popularly accepted. But there is an increasing trend of using space vector PWM (SVPWM) because of their easier digital realization, reduced harmonics, reduced switching losses and better dc bus utilization. This project focuses on step by step development of SVPWM technique. Simulation results are obtained using MATLAB/Simulink software for effectiveness of the study.
Comparison of FACTS Devices for Two Area Power System Stability Enhancement u...IJAPEJOURNAL
This document compares the performance of SVC and STATCOM FACTS devices for enhancing transient stability in a two-area power system modelled in MATLAB. It first provides background on power system stability challenges and the role of FACTS devices in addressing these issues. It then reviews previous research comparing different FACTS devices. The paper models an SVC and STATCOM controller in MATLAB and simulates their performance under a three-phase fault. Simulation results indicate that the STATCOM controller provides better damping of rotor angle oscillations, suggesting it enhances transient stability more than the SVC in the two-area power system model.
Assessment of Electric Field Distribution Inside 500/220 kV Open Distribution...IJAPEJOURNAL
The high level electric field intensity produced by high voltage (HV) equipments inside 500/220 kV substations is harmful for the human (staff) health. Therefore the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risk arising from electric fields produced inside these substations is still considered as a competitive topic for utility designers, world health organization (WHO) and biomedical field researchers. It is very important to have knowledge about levels distribution of electric field intensity within these high voltage substations as early stage in the process of substation design. This paper presents results of investigation 50Hz electric field intensity distribution inside 500/220 kV power transmission substations in Cairo, Egypt. This paper presents a method for assessment the distribution of 50HZ electric field intensity distribution inside this substation, this method of analysis is based on the charge simulation technique (CSM). This study will serve for planning service works or for inspection of equipment on HV power transmission substations.
Towards An Accurate Modeling of Frequency-dependent Wind Farm Components Unde...IJAPEJOURNAL
This document describes modeling the components of a wind farm in order to accurately simulate its transient response under lightning conditions. It details models for the wind turbines, transformers, transmission lines, surge arresters, and other components. The models include frequency dependence to capture transient behavior. The wind farm model is implemented and validated in ATP/EMTP software. Comparison is made between models with and without frequency dependence. This accurate modeling of wind farm components allows simulation of the transient response and analysis of lightning hazards.
Hybrid Generation Power System for Domestic ApplicationsIJAPEJOURNAL
This work presents the plan and model of the control strategy for the interconnection of the hybrid energy system able to regulating this load’s voltage and controlling the energy generation with the energy options. The control strategy contains controlling the energy generated through each energy source, in a hierarchical mode using sliding/dropping mode control, while consuming consideration elements that have an impact on each electrical power source and transform the energy generated in order to suitable circumstances for lower power and domestic programs. The cross alternative energy system consists of photovoltaic cellular material, fuel cellular material and battery packs. A numerical equation in order to estimate the perfect voltage involving photovoltaic systems for virtually every solar irradiance and temperature circumstances is suggested. Simulations of a single or a lot more systems interconnected towards the load with the entire proposed control scheme, under different ecological and weight conditions, usually are introduced to indicate this efficiency with the procedure.
Ash Cooler Heat Recovery Under Energy Conservation SchemeIJAPEJOURNAL
A healthy fluidization state in circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) combustor is attributed to proper quantity of hot bed material (ash), which acts as a thermal fly-wheel. It receives & stores thermal energy from the burning of fuel (lignite) & distributes uniformly throughout the combustor & helps in maintaining a sustained combustion. The quantity of bed ash inside the combustor or size of the bed, depends upon boiler load & subsequently upon combustor temperature, lignite feed rate and ash % in lignite. As these parameters varies during process continuously, sometimes it becomes necessary to drain out the ash from the combustor. As & when differential pressure across the bed is increased from a justified level, draining of hot bed ash starts into Ash Coolers. Bed ash is drained at very high temperature of 850 oC & it also contains burning particles of lignite. This paper describes the heat recovery from bed ash, unloaded from the combustor into ash cooler, by pre-heating the condensate water of turbine cycle in a 125 MW CFB boiler of Surat Lignite Power Plant in India. The thermal performance of ash cooler was derived by doing a heat balance calculation based on the measured temperature of ash and cooling water with different load. From the heat balance calculation influence of ash temperature and ash amount on heat transfer coefficient is determined. Simulation is carried out around main turbine cycle indicates improved thermal economy of the unit, higher plant thermal efficiency, lower plant heat rate and reduce fuel consumption rate. Also simulation result shows that the heat transfer coefficient increase with ash amount and decreases with increase in ash temperature.
Harmonic Voltage Distortions in Power Systems Due to Non Linear LoadsIJAPEJOURNAL
This document summarizes research on harmonic voltage distortions in power systems due to non-linear loads. It describes how non-linear loads can generate harmonics and discusses their effects. It also examines harmonic reduction methods like passive filters. The research uses MiPower software to model a sample IEEE 5-bus power system and analyze harmonic distortions with and without filters. Installation of single and dual passive filters at different buses is shown to significantly reduce total harmonic distortion throughout the system. The document concludes that accurate harmonic analysis of power systems can be achieved using such simulation tools.
A Survey on Quality Changes in Positive, Negative and Combined Switching Stra...IJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper uses positive, negative and combined switching strategies for three phase ac/ac matrix converter .the author compares these strategies. The performance comparison of these three strategies is made under balanced operation. The simulation of three phase matrix converter feeding a three phase load was accomplished by means of the matlab/simulink software. After the simulation the comparison of the waveforms THD in three switching sequence is done. It must be mentioned that the duty cycle of the whole switches in the converter is according to Venturini switching algorithm
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. ISSN: 2252-8792
IJAPE Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2013 : 61 – 70
62
and smarter than today’s system is wanted to meet the nation’s goal of a sustainable future for electric
energy.
Transmission expansion is obviously a significant aspect of grid modernization, but this path
consists of obstacles that have been not easy to overcome. Hence, pertaining advanced technology to improve
the existing grid is the suitable parallel path, one that implements the concepts of a smart grid. A smart grid is
an umbrella term that envelops modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. Transmission is
the unsung song of the smart grid and Utility of the Future. After years of neglect, it is understandable that
we require more than Band-Aids and piecemeal patches to enable a smarter and modern transmission grid.
The time has arrived to increase the smart grid’s focus on transmission.
As utilities shift forward with smart grid uses, there has never been a better time to think about the
use of advanced power electronics as a workable transmission planning choice. With the use of FACTS
Devices known as flexible AC transmission systems, the future of electric transmission systems can be smart.
FACTS can raise transmission to a new level of performance and can provide a variety of benefits for
increasing transmission efficiency. The most urgent is their capacity to let the existing AC lines to be loaded
more heavily without mounting the risk of disturbances on the system. The use of FACTS device
[STATCOM] can also result in lower system losses.
Actual results vary with the characteristics of each installation, but industry experience has shown
FACTS devices to enhance transmission capacity by 20-40% [2]. STATCOMs stabilize voltage which can
remove some of the operational safety constraints that prevent operators from loading a given line more
heavily. In addition to the efficiency gains, these devices also deliver a clear reliability benefit.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
A commonly occurring situation in a power system is the requirement to transmit more power over
the system than it was originally designed for. In cases where there is a need to transmit more power, simply
building of new transmission lines is an often a safe way out. This, however, may not at all be the best
solution. Adding new lines may be too costly and time-consuming. Concessions for right-of-ways may be
hard or impossible to overcome. And last but not least, environmental aspects are much more important now
and require to be properly addressed in conjunction with transmission development. We have to build away
bottlenecks in existing transmission systems.
The voltage will sag if there is not enough reactive power. If there is too much of it, the voltage will
be too high. Unfortunately, the grid is extremely sensitive to small variations in voltages. Since blackouts in
the majority of cases are caused by a deficit of reactive power.
“Self-healing” capability of smart grids to detect and respond to system disturbances using FACTS
[STATCOM] come into the picture as a remedy in a natural way. So, to have the reactive power in the right
amounts at all times, and in the right places of the grid, that is the task to be performed by means of Reactive
Power Compensation. Another important point is that a reactive power compensator needs to be fast, i.e. fast
response is a key characteristic of the device.
Maintaining proper balance of reactive power in the transmission grid is important also from another
point of view, i.e. too much reactive power flowing in the grid also gives rise to losses, and losses cost money
which is always, at the end, charged to the customer. Among the FACTS controllers, STATCOM propose
rapid acting dynamic reactive compensation for voltage support for the period of contingency events or else it
would depress the voltage for a considerable length of time. FACTS devices can normalize the active and
reactive power control with adaptive to voltage magnitude control simultaneously for the reason of their
flexibility. Yet, due to high capital investment, it is needed to place these controllers optimally in the power
system. In this paper V-I Characteristics of STATCOM is described. STATCOM is modeled in MATLAB/
Simulink and simulation results are shown and discussed. Simulation results attest that shunt FACTS devices
provide maximum advantage from their stabilized voltage support when positioned at the mid-point of the
transmission line. This paper confers about dynamic response of STATCOM and put side by sides
STATCOM and SVC under fault condition.
A. SVC
Static var compensator is shown in Fig. 1 schematic diagram. The compensator in general includes
thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs), harmonic filters and thyristor controlled reactor (TCR).Mechanically
switched shunt capacitors (MSCs) may also be included and then the term static var system is used. At
fundamental frequency the harmonic filters are capacitive. It is used for the harmonics generated by TCR.
The TSC block is typically smaller than TCR so that continuous control is grasped. Other possibilities are
thyristor switched reactors (TSRs) and fixed capacitors (FCs). Typically at medium voltage, a dedicated
transformer is used with the compensator equipment.
3. IJAPE ISSN: 2252-8792
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS Device (Engr. Qazi Waqar Ali)
63
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of an SVC
The SVC rating can be optimized to meet up the required demand. With respect to inductive and
capacitive reactive power the rating can be symmetric or asymmetric. For example, the rating can be 200
Mvar capacitive and 200 Mvar inductive or 200 Mvar capacitive and 100 Mvar inductive. SVCs are well
known to improve power system properties such as steady state stability limits, voltage regulation and var
compensation, dynamic over voltage and under voltage control, counteracting sub synchronous resonance,
and damp power oscillations [3].
B. STATCOM
It is a voltage source converter, VSC that converts a dc voltage at its input terminals into three-phase
ac voltages at fundamental frequency of controlled magnitude and phase angle. Fig. 2 shows the simplest
implementation of a STATCOM.
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a basic STATCOM
C. Basics of STATCOM
The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS) devices with promising prospect of applications. There are two basic controls which can
be applied in the STATCOM. One is the control of the DC voltage across the DC capacitor inside the
STATCOM and another is the AC voltage regulation of the power system at the bus bar where the
STATCOM is installed. AC voltage regulation is comprehended by controlling the reactive power exchange
between the STATCOM and a power system. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is used for loss consideration
in converters. The DC voltage across the DC capacitor must be constant if the STATCOM converter works
on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) algorithm. The idea of assigning two separate controllers to these two
STATCOM functions is suggested. However, from the point of view of control system design, when both
STATCOM AC and DC voltage controls are implemented , a power system installed with the dual functional
STATCOM is a two-input two-output multivariable system.
Hence closed-loop system stability can be pledged when AC and DC voltage regulators are designed
together or in co-ordination. STATCOMs have a symmetrical rating with respect to capacitive and inductive
reactive power. For example, the rating can be 100 Mvar capacitive and 100 Mvar inductive. For asymmetric
rating, it needs a complementary reactive power source. This can be understood for example with MSCs.
VSCs use pulse width modulation, PWM, technology, which makes it capable of providing high
quality ac output voltage to the grid or even to a passive load [4]. STATCOM provides shunt compensation
in a similar way as SVC but utilizes a voltage source converter rather shunt capacitors and reactors
(Machowski, 1997). The basic principle of operation of a STATCOM is the generation of a controllable AC
voltage source behind a transformer leakage reactance by a voltage source converter connected to a DC
capacitor. The voltage difference across the reactance produces active and reactive power exchanges between
the STATCOM and the power system [5].
4. ISSN: 2252-8792
IJAPE Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2013 : 61 – 70
64
3. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this research paper is implementing FACTS device [STATCOM] for dynamic
reactive power support to ensure satisfactory voltage profiles to effectively increase line capacity. Without
the need to reinforce the grid by means of additional lines, using FACTS [STATCOM] objectives are:
To use SVC and STATCOM on propose power system to increase power transmission capability
and to use STATCOM at different position in the proposed power system and hence find the suitable position
of installation for Improving power quality in transmission lines .To examine the provision of installing
STATCOM for providing dynamic reactive power support and voltage control which will help to decrease
overall system transmission losses and also to compare the analytic results of both the STATCOM and SVC
for making a better choice in VAR compensation of transmission lines.
4. METHODOLOGY
Following methodology will be adopted to achieve the above objectives:
a. To study in depth about the literature of High voltage Transmission Lines, Smart grids, Flexible AC
transmission line [FACTS].
b. To study the shunt connected FACTS devices STATCOM & SVC.
c. Power system simulator MATLAB SIMULINK will be used to analyze the transmission model.
d. The 3-bus system will be employed in Matlab/Simulink program to study about the STATCOM in detail.
e. By implementing the proposed power system through Matlab Simulink, Simulation and results of
STATCOM at different positions will be shown.
The impact of STATCOMs and SVCs on the studied power system will be shown and compared on
the basis of simulation and analytical results.
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
A 3-bus system has been employed in Matlab/Simulink program to study about the STATCOM in
detail. This system has been initiated in [7], which is modified to serve up the purpose of this paper. To
validate the operation of the STATCOM, a single line diagram of the sample power transmission system
shown in Figure 3. It has two load units (1300 MW and 1500 MW) and two source units (700 MVA and
1400 MVA) with a 500 km long transmission line. The appropriate location of STATCOM is chosen by
referring to the critical bus where the voltage magnitude is fewer than 5% of the rated voltage [6].
Under steady state condition for the proposed power transmission system in the Figure 3, four cases
are studied via time simulation. The four cases are:
Case 1, without any controllers in the system;
Case 2, with STATCOM at the near busB2 (Mid-point Connection);
Case 3, with STATCOM at the near busB1 (Left side connection);
Case 4, with STATCOM at the near busB3 (Right side connection).
6. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION RESULTS
To validate the implementation of the STATCOM model working under steady state condition, the
test system in Fig.3 is used. By using Power System Blockset (PSB) The STATCOM operation in Fig.3 is
simulated in Matlab/Simulink. A typical +/-100 MVAR STATCOM, three-level PWM and 500 KV
connected at the center (mid-point) of the power system as shown in fig 3. Fundamentally, the Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the key FACTS devices. The STATCOM controls system
voltage by absorbing or generating reactive power based on a voltage-sourced converter. STATCOM output
current (inductive or capacitive) can be controlled freely of the AC system voltage contrary to a thyristor-
based Static Var Compensator (SVC). In this Paper the proposed power transmission system in Fig.3 has
been simulated with the STATCOM controlled to boost up the voltage at the mid-point of the transmission
line. In this analysis three installation positions have been chosen for the STATCOM (Left side connection,
Mid-point Connection, Right side connection).
Tabel I. shows that the magnitude voltage of bus 1, 2, 3 is comprehensively increased when
STATCOM is connected to the system. The reactive power is in fact increased at the affected line and as an
outcome the STATCOM is providing vars to the system. It is monitored that the reactive power flows from
the converter to the system hence the STATCOM is in capacitive mode of operation.
5. IJAPE ISSN: 2252-8792
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS Device (Engr. Qazi Waqar Ali)
65
TABLE I. Simulation Result for the Proposed Power Transmission System
Parameter
Without
STATCOM
With
STATCOM
Left
Connection
With
STATCOM
Mid
connection
With
STATCOM
Right
connection
Voltage at Bus B1(KV) 497.6 509.3 492.4 473.4
Voltage at Bus B2(KV) 460.5 485.3 489.2 464.6
Voltage at Bus B3(KV) 470.8 491.5 495.1 490.3
Max.Active Power flow
at Bus B2(MW)
585.5 640.6 631.4 609.6
The simulation results from Matlab/Simulink program for the proposed power transmission system are
illustrated in Figure 4, 5& 6.
7. STATCOM COMPARED TO SVC UNDER FAULT CONDITION
We will now compare our STATCOM model with a SVC model having the same rating (+/- 100
MVA). We will see a SVC connected to a power grid alike to the power grid on which our STATCOM is
connected as we double-click on the "SVC Power System" (the magenta block). On both systems a remote
fault will be simulated with a fault breaker in series through fault impedance. The value of the fault
impedance is programmed so as to create 30% voltage sag at bus B2. We will initially disable the "Step Vref"
block by multiplying the time vector by 100, before running the simulation. By selecting the parameters
"Switching of phase A, B and C" , We will program the fault breaker and confirm that the breaker is
programmed (looking at the “Transition times" parameter) to activate at t=0.2 s for a duration of 10 cycles.
We also check that the fault breaker within the "SVC Power System" has the same parameters. Finally, set
the STATCOM droop back to its original value (0.03 pu). Run the simulation and look at results.
Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show active and reactive power changes. Fig. 9 shows three phase current changes.
Fig. 10 shows the measured voltage Vm on both systems (magenta trace for the SVC). The Fig. 11 displays
the measured reactive power Qm generated by the SVC (magenta trace) and the STATCOM. A key
difference between the SVC and the STATCOM can be observed during the 10-cycle fault.
The reactive power generated by the STATCOM is -0.71 pu and the reactive power generated by the SVC is
-0.48 pu .
We can then observe that the maximum capacitive power generated by a STATCOM decreases
linearly with voltage decrease (constant current) while the maximum capacitive power generated by a SVC is
proportional to the square of the system voltage. One important advantage of the STATCOM over the SVC is
its ability to provide more capacitive power during a fault.
The STATCOM has no delay linked with the thyristor firing (in the order of 4 ms for a SVC) for the
reason that of the voltage-sourced converter hence the STATCOM will normally exhibit a faster response
than the SVC.
8. CONCLUSIONS
In recent years, alongside with the fast increasing electric power necessity, the reconstruction of
power network is becoming more vital. Stability of AC transmission systems during transmission upgrade
process and for the improvement of efficiency there will be huge demand for reactive power compensation.
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a device proficient of solving the power quality problems
at the power system.
This paper demonstrates in detail the principle characteristics of STATCOM. The steady state
performance of the STATCOM is analyzed by using computer simulations with Matlab/Simulink program.
The simulation of STATCOM in this paper has verified that it can be efficiently applied in power
transmission systems to solve the problems of poor dynamic performance and voltage regulation in the power
transmission system of Fig.3. It is revealed that STATCOM present better performance in the enhancement
of voltage regulation in a power system and it is most useful when connected at the mid-point of a
transmission system.
STATCOM system can be used under distorted mains voltage conditions and for reactive power
compensation in the industrial network grid. It is more reliable than shunt capacitor reactive power
compensator. We have observed the performance of STATCOMs and SVCs in electric power systems too.
On the basis of simulation and analytical studies, the impact of STATCOMs and SVCs on the studied power
system is shown. It was presented that both devices appreciably improve the transient voltage behavior of
power systems. Despite the fact that working principle of SVCs and STATCOMs is different, yet their
impact on increasing power system transmission capacity can be comparable.
6. ISSN: 2252-8792
IJAPE Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2013 : 61 – 70
66
APPENDIX
The data for various components used in the MATLAB model of Fig. 3. (All data are in pu ).
TWO SOURCES: Base voltage: 500 kV, Phase to phase rms voltage: 500 kV x 1.078, Frequency: 50 Hz, 3
phase short circuit level at base voltage (VA): 1400x106 and 700x106, X/R ratio: 8.
TWO LOADS: Nominal phase to phase voltage: 500 kV , Configuration: Y (grounded), Active power: 1300
MW and 1500 MW, Freq: 50 Hz
TRANSMISSION LINE: No. of phases: 3, Line length (km): 500, Resistance per unit length (ohms/km):
[0.01755 0.2758], Inductance (H/km): [0.8737x10-3 3.220x10-3], Capacitance (F/km): [13.33x10-9
8.297x10-9].
STATCOM parameters: 500 kV, ±100 MVAR, R = 0.071, L = 0.22, Vdc = 40 kV, Cdc = 375 ± μ F,
Vref = 1.0, Kp = 50, Ki = 1000.
REFERENCES
[1] SCADA growing in Power Transmission & Distribution, 2011. www.automation.com.
[2] Energy Efficiency in the Power Grid by ABB Inc. Corporate Communications, 2007.
[3] Hosseini and Mirshekhar. “A Robust Design of a Static VAR Compensator Controller for Power System Stability
Improvement”, 2001. ISBN: 1-56555-268-7.
[4] Uzunovic. “Analysis of STATCOM for Voltage Regulation”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,
Vol/Issue: 5(10). Pp. 1157-1163, 2011. ISSN 1991-8178.
[5] Al-Mawsawi, S.A. “Comparing and evaluating the voltage regulation of a UPFC and STATCOM”, Electric Power
and Energy System, Vol. 25. Pp 735-740, 2003.
[6] Uzunovic, E. “EMTP, Transient Stability and Power Flow Models and Controls of VSC Based FACTS Controllers”,
PhD dissertation, Dept. Elect. and Comp Eng, Univ of Waterloo, Canada, 2001.
[7] Sidhartha Panda and Ramnarayan N. Patel. “Improving Power System Transient Stability with An Off–Centre
Location Of Shunt Facts Devices,” Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Vol/Issue: 57(6). Pp. 365–368, 2006.
Figure 3: Single line diagram of the power transmission system with the STATCOM
7. IJAPE ISSN: 2252-8792
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS Device (Engr. Qazi Waqar Ali)
67
Figure.4: Simulation result for the proposed power transmission system: Voltage at bus B1, B2, B3 without
STATCOM
Figure.5: Simulation result for the proposed power transmission system: Voltage at bus B1, B2, B3 with
STATCOM (Mid-point Connection)
8. ISSN: 2252-8792
IJAPE Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2013 : 61 – 70
68
Figure 6: Simulation result showing the active power flow at Bus B2
Figure 7: Changes of active power
9. IJAPE ISSN: 2252-8792
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS Device (Engr. Qazi Waqar Ali)
69
Figure 8: Changes of reactive power
Figure 9: Three phase current changes
Figure 10: Measured voltage Vm on both systems
Figure 11: The measured reactive power Qm generated by the SVC and the STATCOM
10. ISSN: 2252-8792
IJAPE Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2013 : 61 – 70
70
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Qazi Waqar Ali
Lecturer , EED
Sarhad University of Sccience & IT, Peshawar.
BSc Electrical Engineering (2008)
MSc Electrical Engineering Power (2012)
University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan.
Research Interests Includes: Smart Grids,
Renewable Energy. HVDC and FACTS.
E-mail: engr_qazi@yahoo.com
Dr.Azzam Ul Asar,
Professor,
Research Advisor,
University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
E-mail: azzam_ul_asar@lyahoo.com