The document discusses co-design in the context of smart cities initiatives. It defines co-design as involving concrete collaboration with stakeholders to transform public services based on what end users want rather than just technological capabilities. Co-design can include various types of involvement like working with other municipalities, agencies, suppliers, citizens. Tools for co-design mentioned include meetings, workshops, surveys, focus groups, and process mapping. Lessons discussed are the importance of considering related concepts, building long-term trusting relationships, and effective communication and sharing of results.