Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It starts in skin cells called melanocytes. There are 3 main types of skin cancer, Melanoma, Basal and Squamous cell carcinoma. Melanoma is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Early detection of malignant melanoma in dermoscopy images is very important and critical, since its detection in the early stage can be helpful to cure it. Computer Aided Diagnosis systems can be very helpful to facilitate the early detection of cancers for dermatologists. Image processing is a commonly used method for skin cancer detection from the appearance of affected area on the skin. In this work, a computerised method has been developed to make use of Neural Networks in the field of medical image processing. The ultimate aim of this paper is to implement cost-effective emergency support systems to process the medical images. It is more advantageous to patients. The dermoscopy image of suspect area of skin cancer is taken and it goes under various pre-processing technique for noise removal and image enhancement. Then the image is undergone to segmentation using Thresholding method. Some features of image have to be extracted using ABCD rules. In this work, Asymmetry index and Geometric features are extracted from the segmented image. These features are given as the input to classifier. Artificial Neural Network ANN with feed forward architecture is used for classification purpose. It classifies the given image into cancerous or non-cancerous. The proposed algorithm has been tested on the ISIC International Skin Imaging Collaboration 2017 training and test datasets. The ground truth data of each image is available as well, so performance of this work can evaluate quantitatively. Khaing Thazin Oo | Dr. Moe Mon Myint | Dr. Khin Thuzar Win "Skin Cancer Detection using Digital Image Processing and Implementation using ANN and ABCD Features" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18751.pdf
Brain tumor detection with the mri image and 54900 image Performance analysis of automated brain tumor detection from MR imaging and CT scan using basic image processing techniques based on various hard and soft .This repo is of segmentation and morphological operations which are the basic concepts of image processing. Detection and extraction of tumor from MRI scan images of the brain is done using python.
Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection using Image Processing and Machine Learningijtsrd
Dermatological Diseases are one of the biggest medical issues in 21st century due to its highly complex and expensive diagnosis with difficulties and subjectivity of human interpretation. In cases of fatal diseases like Melanoma diagnosis in early stages play a vital role in determining the probability of getting cured. We believe that the application of automated methods will help in early diagnosis especially with the set of images with variety of diagnosis. Hence, in this article we present a completely automated system of dermatological disease recognition through lesion images, a machine intervention in contrast to conventional medical personnel based detection. Our model is designed into three phases compromising of data collection and augmentation, designing model and finally prediction. We have used multiple AI algorithms like Convolutional Neural Network and Support Vector Machine and amalgamated it with image processing tools to form a better structure, leading to higher accuracy of 85 . Vijayalakshmi M M ""Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection using Image Processing and Machine Learning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23936.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/23936/melanoma-skin-cancer-detection-using-image-processing-and-machine-learning/vijayalakshmi-m-m
Face detection basedon image processing by using the segmentation methods for detection of the various types of the faces to helpfull for the many different careers and it will easy to do.
Brain Tumor Segmentation using Enhanced U-Net Model with Empirical AnalysisMD Abdullah Al Nasim
Cancer of the brain is deadly and requires careful surgical segmentation. The brain tumors were segmented using U-Net using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). When looking for overlaps of necrotic, edematous, growing, and healthy tissue, it might be hard to get relevant information from the images. The 2D U-Net network was improved and trained with the BraTS datasets to find these four areas. U-Net can set up many encoder and decoder routes that can be used to get information from images that can be used in different ways. To reduce computational time, we use image segmentation to exclude insignificant background details. Experiments on the BraTS datasets show that our proposed model for segmenting brain tumors from MRI (MRI) works well. In this study, we demonstrate that the BraTS datasets for 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 do not significantly differ from the BraTS 2019 dataset's attained dice scores of 0.8717 (necrotic), 0.9506 (edema), and 0.9427 (enhancing).
Brain tumor detection with the mri image and 54900 image Performance analysis of automated brain tumor detection from MR imaging and CT scan using basic image processing techniques based on various hard and soft .This repo is of segmentation and morphological operations which are the basic concepts of image processing. Detection and extraction of tumor from MRI scan images of the brain is done using python.
Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection using Image Processing and Machine Learningijtsrd
Dermatological Diseases are one of the biggest medical issues in 21st century due to its highly complex and expensive diagnosis with difficulties and subjectivity of human interpretation. In cases of fatal diseases like Melanoma diagnosis in early stages play a vital role in determining the probability of getting cured. We believe that the application of automated methods will help in early diagnosis especially with the set of images with variety of diagnosis. Hence, in this article we present a completely automated system of dermatological disease recognition through lesion images, a machine intervention in contrast to conventional medical personnel based detection. Our model is designed into three phases compromising of data collection and augmentation, designing model and finally prediction. We have used multiple AI algorithms like Convolutional Neural Network and Support Vector Machine and amalgamated it with image processing tools to form a better structure, leading to higher accuracy of 85 . Vijayalakshmi M M ""Melanoma Skin Cancer Detection using Image Processing and Machine Learning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23936.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/23936/melanoma-skin-cancer-detection-using-image-processing-and-machine-learning/vijayalakshmi-m-m
Face detection basedon image processing by using the segmentation methods for detection of the various types of the faces to helpfull for the many different careers and it will easy to do.
Brain Tumor Segmentation using Enhanced U-Net Model with Empirical AnalysisMD Abdullah Al Nasim
Cancer of the brain is deadly and requires careful surgical segmentation. The brain tumors were segmented using U-Net using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). When looking for overlaps of necrotic, edematous, growing, and healthy tissue, it might be hard to get relevant information from the images. The 2D U-Net network was improved and trained with the BraTS datasets to find these four areas. U-Net can set up many encoder and decoder routes that can be used to get information from images that can be used in different ways. To reduce computational time, we use image segmentation to exclude insignificant background details. Experiments on the BraTS datasets show that our proposed model for segmenting brain tumors from MRI (MRI) works well. In this study, we demonstrate that the BraTS datasets for 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 do not significantly differ from the BraTS 2019 dataset's attained dice scores of 0.8717 (necrotic), 0.9506 (edema), and 0.9427 (enhancing).
Skin Cancer Detection using Image Processing in Real Timeijtsrd
Machine learning is a fascinating topic its astonishing how a small change in the evaluation values may result in an unfathomable number of outcomes. The goal of this study is to develop a model that uses image processing to identify skin cancer. We will later use the model in real life through an android application. Sunami Dasgupta | Soham Das | Sayani Hazra Pal "Skin Cancer Detection using Image-Processing in Real-Time" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46384.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/46384/skin-cancer-detection-using-imageprocessing-in-realtime/sunami-dasgupta
Lung Cancer Detection using transfer learning.pptx.pdfjagan477830
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. However, the early detection of lung cancer significantly improves survival rate. Cancerous (malignant) and noncancerous (benign) pulmonary nodules are the small growths of cells inside the lung. Detection of malignant lung nodules at an early stage is necessary for the crucial prognosis.
Performance analysis of automated brain tumor detection from MR imaging and CT scan using basic image processing techniques based on various hard and soft computing has been performed in our work. Moreover, we applied six traditional classifiers to detect brain tumor in the images. Then we applied CNN for brain tumor detection to include deep learning method in our work. We compared the result of the traditional one having the best accuracy (SVM) with the result of CNN. Furthermore, our work presents a generic method of tumor detection and extraction of its various features.
Skin cancer is a term given to the uncontrolled
growth of strange skin cells. It occurs whenever unrepaired
DNA damages to skin cells trigger mutations, or any other
genetic defects, that lead the skin cells to multiply readily
and form malignant tumors. Image processing is a
commonly used method for skin cancer detection from the
appearance of the affected area on the skin. The input to the
system is that the skin lesion image so by applying novel
image process techniques, it analyses it to conclude about
the presence of skin cancer. The Lesion Image analysis tools
checks for the various Melanoma parameters Like
Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, (ABCD rule), etc. by
texture, size and form analysis for image segmentation and
have stages. The extracted feature parameters are
accustomed classify the image as traditional skin and
malignant melanoma cancerlesion.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the
important branches of Artificial Intelligence, which has
been accepted as a brand-new technology in computer
science for image processing. Neural Networks is currently
the area of interest in medicine, particularly in the fields of
radiology, urology, cardiology, oncology, etc. Neural
Network plays a vital role in an exceedingly call network. It
has been used to analyze Melanoma parameters Like
Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, etc. which are
calculated using MATLAB from skin cancer images
intending to developing diagnostic algorithms that might
improve triage practices in the emergency department.
Using the ABCD rules for melanoma skin cancer, we use
ANN in the classification stage. Initially, we train the
network with known target values. The network is well
trained with 96.9% accuracy, and then the unknown values
are tested for the cancer classification. This classification
method proves to be more efficient for skin cancer
classification
We will use 7 emotions namely - We have used 7 emotions namely - 'Angry', 'Disgust'濫, 'Fear', 'Happy', 'Neutral', 'Sad'☹️, 'Surprise' to train and test our algorithm using Convolution Neural Networks.
This is about Image segmenting.We will be using fuzzy logic & wavelet transformation for segmenting it.Fuzzy logic shall be used because of the inconsistencies that may occur during segementing or
RECOGNITION OF SKIN CANCER IN DERMOSCOPIC IMAGES USING KNN CLASSIFIERADEIJ Journal
The largest organ of the body is human skin. Melanoma is a fastest growing & deadliest cancer which starts in pigment cells (melanocytes) of the skin that mostly occurs on the exposed parts of the body. Early detection is vital in treating this type of skin cancer but the time and effort required is immense. Dermoscopy is a non invasive skin imaging technique of acquiring a magnified and illuminated image of a region of skin for increased clarity of the spots on the skin The use of machine learning and automation of the process involved in detection will not only save time but will also provide a more accurate diagnosis. The skin images collected from the databases cannot be directly classified by the automation techniques. The reason is twofold: (a) Lack of clarity in the features which is mainly due to the poor contrast of the raw image and (b) Large dimensions of the input image which causes the complexity of the system. Hence, suitable techniques must be adopted prior to the image classification process to overcome these drawbacks. The first drawback can be minimized by adopting suitable pre- processing techniques which can enhance the contrast of the input images. The second drawback is solved by incorporating the feature extraction technique which reduces the dimensions of the input image to high extent. Further, K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbor) classifier is used for classification of the given image into cancerous or non- cancerous.
Skin Cancer Detection using Image Processing in Real Timeijtsrd
Machine learning is a fascinating topic its astonishing how a small change in the evaluation values may result in an unfathomable number of outcomes. The goal of this study is to develop a model that uses image processing to identify skin cancer. We will later use the model in real life through an android application. Sunami Dasgupta | Soham Das | Sayani Hazra Pal "Skin Cancer Detection using Image-Processing in Real-Time" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46384.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/46384/skin-cancer-detection-using-imageprocessing-in-realtime/sunami-dasgupta
Lung Cancer Detection using transfer learning.pptx.pdfjagan477830
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. However, the early detection of lung cancer significantly improves survival rate. Cancerous (malignant) and noncancerous (benign) pulmonary nodules are the small growths of cells inside the lung. Detection of malignant lung nodules at an early stage is necessary for the crucial prognosis.
Performance analysis of automated brain tumor detection from MR imaging and CT scan using basic image processing techniques based on various hard and soft computing has been performed in our work. Moreover, we applied six traditional classifiers to detect brain tumor in the images. Then we applied CNN for brain tumor detection to include deep learning method in our work. We compared the result of the traditional one having the best accuracy (SVM) with the result of CNN. Furthermore, our work presents a generic method of tumor detection and extraction of its various features.
Skin cancer is a term given to the uncontrolled
growth of strange skin cells. It occurs whenever unrepaired
DNA damages to skin cells trigger mutations, or any other
genetic defects, that lead the skin cells to multiply readily
and form malignant tumors. Image processing is a
commonly used method for skin cancer detection from the
appearance of the affected area on the skin. The input to the
system is that the skin lesion image so by applying novel
image process techniques, it analyses it to conclude about
the presence of skin cancer. The Lesion Image analysis tools
checks for the various Melanoma parameters Like
Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, (ABCD rule), etc. by
texture, size and form analysis for image segmentation and
have stages. The extracted feature parameters are
accustomed classify the image as traditional skin and
malignant melanoma cancerlesion.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the
important branches of Artificial Intelligence, which has
been accepted as a brand-new technology in computer
science for image processing. Neural Networks is currently
the area of interest in medicine, particularly in the fields of
radiology, urology, cardiology, oncology, etc. Neural
Network plays a vital role in an exceedingly call network. It
has been used to analyze Melanoma parameters Like
Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, etc. which are
calculated using MATLAB from skin cancer images
intending to developing diagnostic algorithms that might
improve triage practices in the emergency department.
Using the ABCD rules for melanoma skin cancer, we use
ANN in the classification stage. Initially, we train the
network with known target values. The network is well
trained with 96.9% accuracy, and then the unknown values
are tested for the cancer classification. This classification
method proves to be more efficient for skin cancer
classification
We will use 7 emotions namely - We have used 7 emotions namely - 'Angry', 'Disgust'濫, 'Fear', 'Happy', 'Neutral', 'Sad'☹️, 'Surprise' to train and test our algorithm using Convolution Neural Networks.
This is about Image segmenting.We will be using fuzzy logic & wavelet transformation for segmenting it.Fuzzy logic shall be used because of the inconsistencies that may occur during segementing or
RECOGNITION OF SKIN CANCER IN DERMOSCOPIC IMAGES USING KNN CLASSIFIERADEIJ Journal
The largest organ of the body is human skin. Melanoma is a fastest growing & deadliest cancer which starts in pigment cells (melanocytes) of the skin that mostly occurs on the exposed parts of the body. Early detection is vital in treating this type of skin cancer but the time and effort required is immense. Dermoscopy is a non invasive skin imaging technique of acquiring a magnified and illuminated image of a region of skin for increased clarity of the spots on the skin The use of machine learning and automation of the process involved in detection will not only save time but will also provide a more accurate diagnosis. The skin images collected from the databases cannot be directly classified by the automation techniques. The reason is twofold: (a) Lack of clarity in the features which is mainly due to the poor contrast of the raw image and (b) Large dimensions of the input image which causes the complexity of the system. Hence, suitable techniques must be adopted prior to the image classification process to overcome these drawbacks. The first drawback can be minimized by adopting suitable pre- processing techniques which can enhance the contrast of the input images. The second drawback is solved by incorporating the feature extraction technique which reduces the dimensions of the input image to high extent. Further, K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbor) classifier is used for classification of the given image into cancerous or non- cancerous.
Computer Vision for Skin Cancer Diagnosis and Recognition using RBF and SOMCSCJournals
Human skin is the largest organ in our body which provides protection against heat, light, infections and injury. It also stores water, fat, and vitamin. Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer among men and women. Exposure to UV rays, modernize diets, smoking, alcohol and nicotine are the main cause. Cancer is increasingly recognized as a critical public health problem in Ethiopia. There are three type of skin cancer and they are recognized based on their own properties. In view of this, a digital image processing technique is proposed to recognize and predict the different types of skin cancers using digital image processing techniques. Sample skin cancer image were taken from American cancer society research center and DERMOFIT which are popular and widely focuses on skin cancer research. The classification system was supervised corresponding to the predefined classes of the type of skin cancer. Combining Self organizing map (SOM) and radial basis function (RBF) for recognition and diagnosis of skin cancer is by far better than KNN, Naïve Bayes and ANN classifier. It was also showed that the discrimination power of morphology and color features was better than texture features but when morphology, texture and color features were used together the classification accuracy was increased. The best classification accuracy (88%, 96.15% and 95.45% for Basal cell carcinoma, Melanoma and Squamous cell carcinoma respectively) were obtained using combining SOM and RBF. The overall classification accuracy was 93.15%.
SkinCure: An Innovative Smart Phone Based Application to Assist in Melanoma E...sipij
Melanoma spreads through metastasis, and therefore it has been proven to be very fatal. Statistical
evidence has revealed that the majority of deaths resulting from skin cancer are as a result of melanoma.
Further investigations have shown that the survival rates in patients depend on the stage of the infection;
early detection and intervention of melanoma implicates higher chances of cure. Clinical diagnosis and
prognosis of melanoma is challenging since the processes are prone to misdiagnosis and inaccuracies due
to doctors’ subjectivity. This paper proposes an innovative and fully functional smart-phone based
application to assist in melanoma early detection and prevention. The application has two major
components; the first component is a real-time alert to help users prevent skin burn caused by sunlight; a
novel equation to compute the time for skin to burn is thereby introduced. The second component is an
automated image analysis module which contains image acquisition, hair detection and exclusion, lesion
segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. The proposed system exploits PH2 Dermoscopy image
database from Pedro Hispano Hospital for development and testing purposes. The image database
contains a total of 200 dermoscopy images of lesions, including normal, atypical, and melanoma cases.
The experimental results show that the proposed system is efficient, achieving classification of the normal,
atypical and melanoma images with accuracy of 96.3%, 95.7% and 97.5%, respectively.
Melanoma is a particularly dangerous type of skin cancer and is hard to treat in its later stages. Therefore, early detection is key in reducing mortality rates. In order to assist dermatologists in doing this, computer-aided systems have been designed for desktop computers. However, there is a desire for the development of mobile, at-home diagnostics for melanoma risk assessment. Here, we introduce a smartphone application that captures images and extracts ABCD features to classify skin lesions as either malignant or benign. The algorithms used are adaptive to make the process light and user-friendly, as well as reliable in diagnosis. Images can be taken with the phone's camera or imported from public datasets. The entire process of taking the image, performing preprocessing, segmentation and classification is completed on an Android smartphone in a short time. Our application is evaluated on a dataset of 200 images, and achieved either comparable or better performance metrics than other methods. Additionally, it is easy-to-download and easy-to-navigate for the user, which is important for the widespread use of such diagnostics.
Kalwa, U.; Legner, C.; Kong, T.; Pandey, S. Skin Cancer Diagnostics with an All-Inclusive Smartphone Application. Symmetry 2019, 11, 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11060790
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/6/790
Hybrid channel and spatial attention-UNet for skin lesion segmentationIAESIJAI
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which has affected many lives globally. The American Cancer Society research has suggested that it a serious type of skin cancer and lead to mortality but it is almost 100% curable if it is detected and treated in its early stages. Currently automated computer vision-based schemes are widely adopted but these systems suffer from poor segmentation accuracy. To overcome these issue, deep learning (DL) has become the promising solution which performs extensive training for pattern learning and provide better classification accuracy. However, skin lesion segmentation is affected due to skin hair, unclear boundaries, pigmentation, and mole. To overcome this issue, we adopt UNet based deep learning scheme and incorporated attention mechanism which considers low level statistics and high-level statistics combined with feedback and skip connection module. This helps to obtain the robust features without neglecting the channel information. Further, we use channel attention, spatial attention modulation to achieve the final segmentation. The proposed DL based scheme is instigated on publically available dataset and experimental investigation shows that the proposed Hybrid Attention UNet approach achieves average performance as 0.9715, 0.9962, 0.9710.
A deep convolutional structure-based approach for accurate recognition of ski...IJECEIAES
One-third of all cancer diagnoses worldwide are skin malignancies. One of the most common tumors, skin cancer can develop from a variety of dermatological conditions and is subdivided into different categories based on its textile, color, body, and other morphological characteristics. The most effective strategy to lower the mortality rate of melanoma is early identification because skin cancer incidence has been on the rise recently. In order to categorize dermoscopy images into the four diagnosis classifications of melanoma, benign, malignant, and human against machine (HAM) not melanoma, this research suggests a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system. Experimental results show that the suggested approach enabled 97.25% classification accuracy. In order to automate the identification of skin cancer and expedite the diagnosis process in order to save a life, the proposed technique offers a less complex and cutting-edge framework.
Among the different types of skin cancer, melanoma is considered to be the deadliest and is difficult to treat at advanced stages. Detection of melanoma at earlier stages can lead to reduced mortality rates. Desktop-based computer-aided systems have been developed to assist dermatologists with early diagnosis. However, there is significant interest in developing portable, at-home melanoma diagnostic systems which can assess the risk of cancerous skin lesions. Here, we present a smartphone application that combines image capture capabilities with preprocessing and segmentation to extract the Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variegation, and Diameter (ABCD) features of a skin lesion. Using the feature sets, classification of malignancy is achieved through support vector machine classifiers. By using adaptive algorithms in the individual data-processing stages, our approach is made computationally light, user friendly, and reliable in discriminating melanoma cases from benign ones. Images of skin lesions are either captured with the smartphone camera or imported from public datasets. The entire process from image capture to classification runs on an Android smartphone equipped with a detachable 10x lens, and processes an image in less than a second. The overall performance metrics are evaluated on a public database of 200 images with Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) (80% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 88% accuracy, and 0.85 area under curve (AUC)) and without SMOTE (55% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 90% accuracy, and 0.75 AUC). The evaluated performance metrics and computation times are comparable or better than previous methods. This all-inclusive smartphone application is designed to be easy-to-download and easy-to-navigate for the end user, which is imperative for the eventual democratization of such medical diagnostic systems.
Skin Lesion Classification using Supervised Algorithm in Data Miningijtsrd
Skin cancer is one of the major types of cancers with an increasing incidence over the past decades. Accurately diagnosing skin lesions to discriminate between benign and skin lesions is crucial.J48 Algorithm and SVM SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE based techniques to estimate effort. In this work proposed system of the project is using data mining techniques for collecting the datasets for skin cancer. So that system can overcome to diagnosing the disease quickly and accuracy. Comparing to other algorithm proposed algorithm has more accuracy. When we have to using two kind of algorithm .They are J48, SVM. J48 Algorithm produced better accuracy more than SVM algorithm. The accuracy of the proposed system is 90.2381 . It means this prediction is very close to the actual values. G. Saranya | Dr. S. M. Uma "Skin Lesion Classification using Supervised Algorithm in Data Mining" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29346.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/data-miining/29346/skin-lesion-classification-using-supervised-algorithm-in-data-mining/g-saranya
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Skin Cancer Detection using Digital Image Processing and Implementation using ANN and ABCD Features
1. International Journal of Trend in
International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
Skin Cancer Detection
Implementation
Khaing Thazin Oo1
1,2
Department of Electronics Engineering,
Pyay Technological University, Myanmar
ABSTRACT
Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It starts in
skin cells called melanocytes. There are 3 main types
of skin cancer, Melanoma, Basal and Squamous cell
carcinoma. Melanoma is more likely to spread to
other parts of the body. Early detection of malignant
melanoma in dermoscopy images is very important
and critical, since its detection in the early stage can
be helpful to cure it. Computer Aided Diagnosis
systems can be very helpful to facilitate the early
detection of cancers for dermatologists. Image
processing is a commonly used method for skin
cancer detection from the appearance of affected area
on the skin. In this work, a computerised method has
been developed to make use of Neural Networks in
the field of medical image processing. The ultimate
aim of this paper is to implement cost
emergency support systems; to process the medical
images. It is more advantageous to patients. The
dermoscopy image of suspect area of skin cancer is
taken and it goes under various pre
technique for noise removal and image enhancement.
Then the image is undergone to segmentation using
Thresholding method. Some features of image have to
be extracted using ABCD rules. In this
Asymmetry index and Geometric features are
extracted from the segmented image. These features
are given as the input to classifier. Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) with feed forward architecture is
used for classification purpose. It classifies the
image into cancerous or non-cancerous. The proposed
algorithm has been tested on the ISIC (International
Skin Imaging Collaboration) 2017 training and test
datasets. The ground truth data of each image is
available as well, so performance of this wor
evaluate quantitatively.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
Skin Cancer Detection using Digital Image Processing
Implementation using ANN and ABCD Features
1
, Dr. Moe Mon Myint2
, Dr. Khin Thuzar Win
1
Assistant Lecturer, 2,3
Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering, 3
Department of Mechronics Engineering
Pyay Technological University, Myanmar
Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It starts in
skin cells called melanocytes. There are 3 main types
of skin cancer, Melanoma, Basal and Squamous cell
is more likely to spread to
other parts of the body. Early detection of malignant
copy images is very important
and critical, since its detection in the early stage can
be helpful to cure it. Computer Aided Diagnosis
elpful to facilitate the early
detection of cancers for dermatologists. Image
processing is a commonly used method for skin
cancer detection from the appearance of affected area
on the skin. In this work, a computerised method has
e of Neural Networks in
the field of medical image processing. The ultimate
aim of this paper is to implement cost-effective
to process the medical
It is more advantageous to patients. The
of skin cancer is
taken and it goes under various pre-processing
technique for noise removal and image enhancement.
Then the image is undergone to segmentation using
sholding method. Some features of image have to
be extracted using ABCD rules. In this work,
Asymmetry index and Geometric features are
extracted from the segmented image. These features
are given as the input to classifier. Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) with feed forward architecture is
used for classification purpose. It classifies the given
cancerous. The proposed
algorithm has been tested on the ISIC (International
Skin Imaging Collaboration) 2017 training and test
datasets. The ground truth data of each image is
available as well, so performance of this work can
Keyword: Skin cancer, Segmentation, Feature
Extraction, Classification, Melanoma
I. INTRODUCTION
Skin cancers can be classified into melanoma and
non-melanoma. Melanoma is a malignancy of the
cells which gives the skin its colo
and it can invade nearby tissues. Moreover, it spreads
through the whole human body and it might cause to
patient death and non-melanoma which is rarely
spread to other parts of the human body. Malignant
melanoma is the most aggressive type
cancers and its incidence has been rapidly increasing
[1] [2] [3] [4]. Nevertheless, it is also the most
treatable type of skin cancer if detected or diagnosed
at an early stage [5]. The diagnosis of melanoma in
early stage is a challenging and fundamental task for
dermatologists since some other skin lesions may
have similar physical characteristics. Dermos
considered as the widely common technique used to
perform an in-vivo observation of pigmented skin
lesions [6]. In early detection of malignant melanoma,
dermoscopic images have great potential, but their
interpretation is time consuming and subjective, even
for trained dermatologists. Therefore, the need to
build a system which can assist dermatologists to get
right decision for their diagnosis has become very
important.
Image processing is one of the widely used methods
for skin cancer detection. Dermoscopy could be a
non-invasive examination technique supported the
cause of incident light beam and oil immersion
technique to form potential the visual investigation of
surface structures of the skin. The detection of
melanoma using dermoscopy is higher than individual
observation based detection [
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
www.ijtsrd.com
6 | Sep – Oct 2018
Oct 2018 Page: 962
Digital Image Processing and
ABCD Features
Dr. Khin Thuzar Win3
Department of Mechronics Engineering,
n cancer, Segmentation, Feature
Classification, Melanoma
Skin cancers can be classified into melanoma and
melanoma. Melanoma is a malignancy of the
cells which gives the skin its colour (melanocytes)
and it can invade nearby tissues. Moreover, it spreads
through the whole human body and it might cause to
melanoma which is rarely
spread to other parts of the human body. Malignant
melanoma is the most aggressive type of human skin
cancers and its incidence has been rapidly increasing
[1] [2] [3] [4]. Nevertheless, it is also the most
treatable type of skin cancer if detected or diagnosed
at an early stage [5]. The diagnosis of melanoma in
and fundamental task for
dermatologists since some other skin lesions may
have similar physical characteristics. Dermoscopy is
considered as the widely common technique used to
vivo observation of pigmented skin
n of malignant melanoma,
dermoscopic images have great potential, but their
interpretation is time consuming and subjective, even
for trained dermatologists. Therefore, the need to
build a system which can assist dermatologists to get
eir diagnosis has become very
Image processing is one of the widely used methods
for skin cancer detection. Dermoscopy could be a
invasive examination technique supported the
cause of incident light beam and oil immersion
otential the visual investigation of
surface structures of the skin. The detection of
melanoma using dermoscopy is higher than individual
detection [3], but its diagnostic
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
accuracy depends on the factor of training the
dermatologist.
The diagnosis of melanoma from melanocytic nevi is
not clear and easy to identify, especially in the early
stage. Thus, automatic diagnosis tool is more effective
and essential part of physicians. Even when the
dermoscopy for diagnosis is done with the expert
dermatologists, the accuracy of melanoma diagnosis
is not more than 75-84% [4]. The computer aided
diagnostics is more useful to increase the diagnosis
accuracy as well as the speed [5].
The computer is not more inventive than human but
probably it may be able to extract some information,
like colour variation, asymmetry, texture features,
more accurately that may not be readily observed by
naked human eyes [5]. There have been many
proposed systems and algorithms such as the s
point checklist, ABCD rule, and the Menzies
[2, 3] to improve the diagnostics of the melanoma
skin cancer.
The key steps in a computer-aided diagnosis of
melanoma skin cancer are image acquisition of a skin
lesion, segmentation of the skin lesion from skin
region, extraction of geometric features of the lesion
blob and feature classification. Segmentation or
border detection is the course of action of separating
the skin lesion of melanoma from the circumferential
skin to form the area of interest. Feature extraction is
done to extract the geometric features which are
accountable for increasing the accuracy;
corresponding to those visually detected by
dermatologists, that meticulously characterizes a
melanoma lesion.
The feature extraction methodology of many
computerised melanoma detection systems has been
largely depending on the conventional clinical
diagnostic algorithm of ABCD-rule of dermoscopy
due to its effectiveness and simplicity of
implementation [7]. The effectiveness of methodology
stems from the fact that it incorporates the classic
features of a melanoma lesion such as asymmetry,
border irregularity, colour and diameter (or
differential structures), where surveyable measures
can be computed.
Dermoscopy is a diagnostic technique that is used
worldwide in the recognition and interpretation of
copious skin lesions [4]. Other than dermoscopy, a
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
accuracy depends on the factor of training the
iagnosis of melanoma from melanocytic nevi is
not clear and easy to identify, especially in the early
stage. Thus, automatic diagnosis tool is more effective
and essential part of physicians. Even when the
dermoscopy for diagnosis is done with the expert
ermatologists, the accuracy of melanoma diagnosis
4]. The computer aided
diagnostics is more useful to increase the diagnosis
The computer is not more inventive than human but
le to extract some information,
like colour variation, asymmetry, texture features,
more accurately that may not be readily observed by
5]. There have been many
proposed systems and algorithms such as the seven-
and the Menzies method
] to improve the diagnostics of the melanoma
aided diagnosis of
melanoma skin cancer are image acquisition of a skin
lesion, segmentation of the skin lesion from skin
geometric features of the lesion
blob and feature classification. Segmentation or
border detection is the course of action of separating
the skin lesion of melanoma from the circumferential
skin to form the area of interest. Feature extraction is
xtract the geometric features which are
accountable for increasing the accuracy;
ally detected by
that meticulously characterizes a
The feature extraction methodology of many
detection systems has been
largely depending on the conventional clinical
rule of dermoscopy
simplicity of
]. The effectiveness of methodology
tes the classic
features of a melanoma lesion such as asymmetry,
border irregularity, colour and diameter (or
differential structures), where surveyable measures
Dermoscopy is a diagnostic technique that is used
n and interpretation of
copious skin lesions [4]. Other than dermoscopy, a
computerised melanoma detection using Artificial
Neural Network classification has been adapted which
is efficient than the conventional one and Melanoma
detection using Artificial Neural Network is a more
effective method compared to other.
II. Methodology
The following steps are implemented for classification
of skin cancer.
Image Acquisition
Pre-processing
Segmentation
Feature Extraction
Classification
The first step is the capture
image is acquired from the ISI
through MATLAB. The second step is image pre
processing, the pre-processing technique can be
applied to eliminate the irrelevant data contains in the
image. The skin lesion regions such as
oils, hairs are removed from the original image using
median filter techniques. The third step is image
segmentation: the goal of image segmentation is to
make simpler change the representation of an image
into something that is more meaning
analyze. The next step is image enhancement; to
improve the quality of the image so that the
consequential image is better than the original image.
In this step, the required region is segmented out and
detected the edge of the skin lesio
feature extraction and the final step is classification of
the skin lesion image.
Fig. 1System Block Diagram
A. Pre-processing
In this work, few previous processing techniques are
needed. Prior to segmentation, all
processed in order to minimize undesirable features
that could affect the performance of the algorithm
such as reflections, presence of the hair and colo
differences between images. The image is also
normalized to a unique size and shape.
normalization allows for the comparison of the region
features such as positions and sizes between different
images.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 963
computerised melanoma detection using Artificial
Neural Network classification has been adapted which
is efficient than the conventional one and Melanoma
Neural Network is a more
effective method compared to other.
The following steps are implemented for classification
The first step is the capture image the skin lesion
image is acquired from the ISIC 2018 database
through MATLAB. The second step is image pre-
processing technique can be
applied to eliminate the irrelevant data contains in the
image. The skin lesion regions such as label, marks,
oils, hairs are removed from the original image using
median filter techniques. The third step is image
segmentation: the goal of image segmentation is to
make simpler change the representation of an image
into something that is more meaningful and easier to
analyze. The next step is image enhancement; to
improve the quality of the image so that the
consequential image is better than the original image.
In this step, the required region is segmented out and
detected the edge of the skin lesion. The fourth step is
feature extraction and the final step is classification of
System Block Diagram image
In this work, few previous processing techniques are
needed. Prior to segmentation, all images are pre-
processed in order to minimize undesirable features
that could affect the performance of the algorithm
such as reflections, presence of the hair and colour
differences between images. The image is also
normalized to a unique size and shape. This
normalization allows for the comparison of the region
features such as positions and sizes between different
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
B. Skin Lesion Segmentation
Image segmentation is an essential process for most
image analysis subsequent tasks. Segmentation
divides an image into its constituent regions or
objects. The goal of segmentation is to make simpler
or change the representation of an image into
something that is more meaningful and easier to
analyse.
Image segmentation is the course of action of
segregating an image into multiple parts, which is
used to identify objects or other relevant information
in digital images. Background subtraction, also known
as blob detection, is an emerging technique in the
fields of image processing wherein an image’s
foreground is extracted for further processing.
Typically, an image’s regions of interest are objects in
its foreground. Segmentation methods can be
classified as thresholding, region based, Edge based
and clustering. In this work, thresholding is used
because of the computationally inexpensive and fast
and simple to implement.
C. Post-processing
Once binary image of skin lesion has been obtained,
the image then needs to be post processed in order to
resolve any problems there may be as follows:
To prevent edges which are dark in many of the
images, from remaining as part of the lesion mask;
To reduce any effects of disturbing artifacts as far
as possible;
To set soft edges, to ensure there are not too many
recesses or projections and that there is certain
convexity in the resulting mask
These problems can be reduces by using
morphological operation such as opening, closing and
filling process.
D. Feature Extraction
The foremost features of the Melanoma Skin Lesion
are its Asymmetric Index, Border features, Colo
Diameter. Hence, this system is proposed to extract
the (9) Geometric Features, (1) Asymmetry Index and
(1) diameter of the segmented skin lesion. These
features are adopted from the segmented image
containing only skin lesion, the image blob of the skin
lesion is analyzed to extract the 11 features
Asymmetry Features: Major and Minor Asymmetry
Indices:
Geometric Features:
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
Image segmentation is an essential process for most
image analysis subsequent tasks. Segmentation
image into its constituent regions or
objects. The goal of segmentation is to make simpler
or change the representation of an image into
something that is more meaningful and easier to
Image segmentation is the course of action of
image into multiple parts, which is
used to identify objects or other relevant information
in digital images. Background subtraction, also known
as blob detection, is an emerging technique in the
fields of image processing wherein an image’s
extracted for further processing.
Typically, an image’s regions of interest are objects in
its foreground. Segmentation methods can be
classified as thresholding, region based, Edge based
thresholding is used
omputationally inexpensive and fast
Once binary image of skin lesion has been obtained,
the image then needs to be post processed in order to
resolve any problems there may be as follows:
dark in many of the
images, from remaining as part of the lesion mask;
To reduce any effects of disturbing artifacts as far
To set soft edges, to ensure there are not too many
recesses or projections and that there is certain
These problems can be reduces by using
morphological operation such as opening, closing and
The foremost features of the Melanoma Skin Lesion
are its Asymmetric Index, Border features, Colour and
Diameter. Hence, this system is proposed to extract
the (9) Geometric Features, (1) Asymmetry Index and
(1) diameter of the segmented skin lesion. These
features are adopted from the segmented image
containing only skin lesion, the image blob of the skin
act the 11 features.
Asymmetry Features: Major and Minor Asymmetry
1. Area (A): Number of pixels of the lesion.
2. Perimeter (P): Number of pixels
detected boundary
3. Greatest Diameter (GD): The length of the line
which connects the two farthest
4. Shortest Diameter (SD): The length of the line
connecting the two closest boundary points and
passes across the lesion centroid.
5. Circularity Index (CRC): It explains the shape
uniformity.
6. Irregularity Index A (IrA):
7. Irregularity Index B (IrB):
8. Irregularity Index C (IrC):
9. Irregularity Index D (IrD):
Diameter: Diameter in pixels
E. Classification
The main issue of the classification task is to avoiding
over fitting caused by the sma
skin lesion in most dermatology datasets. In order to
solve this problem, the objective of the proposed
model is to firstly extract features from images and
secondly load those extracted representations on
ANN network to classify.
III. Performance Evaluation Parameter
The most common performance measures consider
the model’s ability to discern one class versus all
others. The class of interest is known as the positive
class, while all others are known as negative. The
relationship between positive class and negative class
predictions can be depicted as a 2
matrix that tabulates whether predictions fall into one
of four categories:
True positives (TP): These refer to the positive
tuples that were correctly label
classifier. It is assumed that TP is the number of
true positives.
True negatives (TN): These are the negative tuples
that were correctly labelled by the classifier. It is
assumed that TN is the number of true negatives.
False positive (FP): These are the ne
that were incorrectly labe
assumed that FP is the number of false positives.
False negative (FN): These are the positive tuples
that were mislabelled as negative. It is assumed
that FN is the number of false negatives.
Accuracy can be calculated by using this e
Accuracy ൌ
୳୫ୠୣ୰ ୭ ୡ୭୰୰ୣୡ୲
୭୲ୟ୪ ୬୳୫ୠୣ୰ ୭
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 964
A): Number of pixels of the lesion.
Number of pixels along the
): The length of the line
connects the two farthest
Shortest Diameter (SD): The length of the line
connecting the two closest boundary points and
passes across the lesion centroid.
Circularity Index (CRC): It explains the shape
Irregularity Index A (IrA):
Irregularity Index D (IrD):
Diameter in pixels
The main issue of the classification task is to avoiding
over fitting caused by the small number of images of
skin lesion in most dermatology datasets. In order to
solve this problem, the objective of the proposed
model is to firstly extract features from images and
extracted representations on an
Performance Evaluation Parameter
The most common performance measures consider
the model’s ability to discern one class versus all
others. The class of interest is known as the positive
class, while all others are known as negative. The
en positive class and negative class
predictions can be depicted as a 2 ൈ 2 confusion
matrix that tabulates whether predictions fall into one
P): These refer to the positive
tuples that were correctly labelled by the
assifier. It is assumed that TP is the number of
True negatives (TN): These are the negative tuples
ed by the classifier. It is
assumed that TN is the number of true negatives.
False positive (FP): These are the negative tuples
that were incorrectly labelled as positive. It is
assumed that FP is the number of false positives.
False negative (FN): These are the positive tuples
led as negative. It is assumed
that FN is the number of false negatives.
racy can be calculated by using this equation:
ୡ୭୰୰ୣୡ୲ ୮୰ୣୢ୧ୡ୲୧୭୬ୱ
୭ ୮୰ୣୢ୧ୡ୲୧୭୬ୱ
(1)
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ൌ
TP TN
TP TN FP FN
As indicated in Equation (1), accuracy only measures
the number of correct predictions of the classifier and
ignores the number of incorrect predictions.
Sensitivity, also known as recall, is computed as the
fraction of true positives that are correctly identified.
FNTP
TP
ySensitivit
+
=
Precision, which is computed as the fraction of
retrieved instances that are relevant.
FPTP
TP
Precision
+
=
Specificity, computed as the fraction of true negatives
that are correctly identified.
FPTN
TN
ySpecificit
+
=
IV. Test And Results
A. Results of Segmentation Process
There are three main phases: namely pre
segmentation and post-processing in segmentation
part. The input of the system is dermoscopic image o
skin lesion as shown in Fig. 2. After resizing the input
image, this image will convert to the gray scale
in order to get grater separability between the lesion
and background healthy skin. The resultant
image has been displayed. Most of the dermoscopic
images have some artifacts such as oil, bubble hair,
noise etc. these artifacts are removed by
median filter on gray scale image. After this, the
Otsu’s thresholding method has been applied on the
gray scale intensity image. This gives the desired
segmented image.
After these steps morphological operations are used to
enhance the segmented image. In this research work,
morphological opening, dilation, erosion and closing
operations are used. A morphological closing of the
mask is performed using a disk of radius 500 pixels
followed by a dilation using a disk of radius 40 pixels.
These operations smooth the border of the mask. The
experimental results for this post-processing phase are
shown in Fig. 3.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
, accuracy only measures
the number of correct predictions of the classifier and
ignores the number of incorrect predictions.
, is computed as the
s that are correctly identified.
(2)
which is computed as the fraction of
(3)
, computed as the fraction of true negatives
(4)
namely pre-processing,
processing in segmentation
part. The input of the system is dermoscopic image of
. After resizing the input
gray scale image
in order to get grater separability between the lesion
and background healthy skin. The resultant gray scale
image has been displayed. Most of the dermoscopic
images have some artifacts such as oil, bubble hair,
ved by applying
scale image. After this, the
Otsu’s thresholding method has been applied on the
scale intensity image. This gives the desired
After these steps morphological operations are used to
ented image. In this research work,
morphological opening, dilation, erosion and closing
operations are used. A morphological closing of the
med using a disk of radius 500 pixels
followed by a dilation using a disk of radius 40 pixels.
operations smooth the border of the mask. The
essing phase are
Fig.2. Testing result of pre
segmentation
Fig.3. Testing result of segmented image after dilation
and erosion
B. Results of Classification
The first stage of the system is to select skin lesion
images. This can click original image menu item from
main window GUI of the proposed system.
After loading the input image, it is needed to segment
the lesion image by using O
Technique. The segmented image obtained from
Otsu's thresholding has the advantages of smaller
storage space, fast processing speed and ease in
manipulation, compared with gray
usually contains 256 levels.
In feature extraction, the standard features such as
Asymmetry Index, Area, Perimeter, Major Axis
Length, Minor Axis length, Circularity Index,
Irregularity Index and diameter are
segmented test image as shown in Fig.
standard features are very useful to classify the
melanoma skin cancer more accurately.
After extracting the features, these features are given
as input to the classifier. The classifier produces
whether the image is Melanoma or not. For the
Melanoma condition, the classifier o
normal skin (not melanoma) the output is 0. By
pressing the classify button, the classification process
is performed and the result is displayed as shown in
Fig. 7 and 8.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 965
result of pre-processing and
segmentation
result of segmented image after dilation
and erosion
The first stage of the system is to select skin lesion
This can click original image menu item from
main window GUI of the proposed system.
After loading the input image, it is needed to segment
the lesion image by using Otsu's Thresholding
Technique. The segmented image obtained from
Otsu's thresholding has the advantages of smaller
storage space, fast processing speed and ease in
n, compared with gray level image which
extraction, the standard features such as
Asymmetry Index, Area, Perimeter, Major Axis
Length, Minor Axis length, Circularity Index,
Irregularity Index and diameter are extracted from the
ted test image as shown in Fig.6. These
ery useful to classify the
melanoma skin cancer more accurately.
After extracting the features, these features are given
er. The classifier produces
whether the image is Melanoma or not. For the
Melanoma condition, the classifier output is 1 and for
normal skin (not melanoma) the output is 0. By
pressing the classify button, the classification process
ult is displayed as shown in
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
Fig.4. Loading Input Image
Fig.5. After Segmentation
Fig.6. Extracted Features from Testing Image
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
4. Loading Input Image
5. After Segmentation
Fig.6. Extracted Features from Testing Image
Fig.7. Classification Results of Melanoma
Fig.8. Classification Results of Non
C. Performance Evaluation
To evaluate performance in this system, 40
images from a test data set are tested. The accuracy of
skin lesion classification system is calculated. Table
1 describes the performance of the proposed system.
TABLE I Performance of The Proposed System
N
o
.
Im
age
Set
TP
F
P
T
N
F
N
Acc
urac
y
1
Tes
t
ing
Set
18 2 19 1
92.5
%
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Oct 2018 Page: 966
7. Classification Results of Melanoma
8. Classification Results of Non-Melanoma
performance in this system, 40 unknown
images from a test data set are tested. The accuracy of
system is calculated. Table
describes the performance of the proposed system.
Performance of The Proposed System
Acc
urac
y
Sensi
tivity
Pre
cisi
on
Spe
cific
ity
92.5
%
94.7
%
90
%
90.4
7%
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
V. Conclusions
In this work, the system for melanoma skin cancer
detection system is developed by using MATLAB.
Image segmentation is the first step in early detection
of melanoma skin cancer. To analyze skin lesions, it
is necessary to accurately locate and isolate the
lesions. In this thesis work, the Otsu’s method is the
oldest and simplest one. It has shown the best
segmentation results among the three methods.
Feature extraction is considered as the most critical
state–of-the- art skin cancer screening system. In this
thesis, the feature extraction is based on ABCD
of dermatoscopy. Algorithms for extracting features
have been disused. All the features have been
calculated based on Otsu’s segmentation method.
Using the Neural Network classifier, melanoma skin
cancer diagnosis with a training accuracy of 100%
and testing accuracy of 93% is achieved.
Computational time is around 14 seconds fo
lesion classification. For illustration, a graphical user
interface has developed in order to facilitate the
diagnostic task for the dermatologists.
Acknowledgment
Firstly, the author would like to acknowledge
particular thanks to Union Minister of the Ministry of
Science and Education, for permitting to attend the
Master program at Pyay Technology University.
Much gratitude is owed to Dr. Nyaunt Soe, Rector,
Pyay Technological University, for his kind
permission to carry out this paper. The author i
deeply thankful to her supervisor, Dr. Moe Mon
Myint, Professor, Department of Electronic
Engineering, Pyay Technological University, fo
helpful and for providing guidelines. Moreover, the
author wishes to express special thanks to Dr. Khin
Thu Zar Win, Professor and Head, Department of
Mechatronic Engineering, Pyay Technological
University, Pyay for her kindness and suggestions.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents for
supporting to me.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018
In this work, the system for melanoma skin cancer
detection system is developed by using MATLAB.
step in early detection
of melanoma skin cancer. To analyze skin lesions, it
is necessary to accurately locate and isolate the
lesions. In this thesis work, the Otsu’s method is the
oldest and simplest one. It has shown the best
the three methods.
Feature extraction is considered as the most critical
art skin cancer screening system. In this
d on ABCD-rule
Algorithms for extracting features
the features have been
calculated based on Otsu’s segmentation method.
Using the Neural Network classifier, melanoma skin
cancer diagnosis with a training accuracy of 100%
and testing accuracy of 93% is achieved.
Computational time is around 14 seconds for each
lesion classification. For illustration, a graphical user
interface has developed in order to facilitate the
Firstly, the author would like to acknowledge
the Ministry of
Science and Education, for permitting to attend the
Master program at Pyay Technology University.
Much gratitude is owed to Dr. Nyaunt Soe, Rector,
Pyay Technological University, for his kind
permission to carry out this paper. The author is
r supervisor, Dr. Moe Mon
Professor, Department of Electronic
Engineering, Pyay Technological University, for her
guidelines. Moreover, the
author wishes to express special thanks to Dr. Khin
in, Professor and Head, Department of
Mechatronic Engineering, Pyay Technological
University, Pyay for her kindness and suggestions.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents for
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