This document summarizes key concepts about modeling and analyzing the behavior of control systems. It discusses:
- Modeling systems using mathematical representations and analyzing their response to different input signals like steps, ramps, impulses, and sinusoids.
- Classifying systems as first order, second order, or higher order based on the number of poles in their transfer functions.
- Deriving the time domain response of first and second order systems to different inputs like steps, ramps, and impulses. Responses depend on factors like damping ratio and natural frequency.
- Higher order systems' behavior is determined primarily by the slowest poles, though additional poles don't affect response if far from
What is chaos? When engineers use the word chaos, they normally mean that a predictable dynamic system can give unpredictable results. The easiest way to observe chaos is in electronic circuits. This is because of its simplicity, inexpensive and
because electronic devices are well understood.
Chua's circuit is an example of a chaotic circuit. But because of its simplicity and universality, this circuit is bit more special. A lot of questions can be asked about this system. In this report an answer will be given to the question whether it is possible to synchronise two chua's circuits. The two chua's circuits will have different starting values and/or different values for the components.
First there will be looked at the history of chaos. After that the theory of the chua's circuit will be explained, with experimental results. When it is understood how the circuit works there will be explained to what extend the circuit is controlled and how it can be synchronised.
Transient and Steady State Response - Control Systems EngineeringSiyum Tsega Balcha
. Two crucial aspects of this behavior are transient and steady-state responses. These concepts encapsulate how a system behaves over time, from the moment an input is applied to when the system settles into a stable state. The transient response of a system characterizes its behavior during the initial phase after a change in input. It reflects how the system reacts as it transitions from one state to another. This phase is marked by dynamic changes in the system's output as it adjusts to the new conditions imposed by the input.
Characteristics of Transient Response are Time Constant, overshoot, settling time and damping.
Once the transient effects have subsided, the system enters the steady-state, where its behavior becomes constant over time. In this phase, the system operates under stable conditions, and its output remains within a narrow range around the desired value, despite fluctuations in input or external disturbances. Characteristics of Steady-State Response are Steady-State Error, stability, accuracy, robustness,.
What is chaos? When engineers use the word chaos, they normally mean that a predictable dynamic system can give unpredictable results. The easiest way to observe chaos is in electronic circuits. This is because of its simplicity, inexpensive and
because electronic devices are well understood.
Chua's circuit is an example of a chaotic circuit. But because of its simplicity and universality, this circuit is bit more special. A lot of questions can be asked about this system. In this report an answer will be given to the question whether it is possible to synchronise two chua's circuits. The two chua's circuits will have different starting values and/or different values for the components.
First there will be looked at the history of chaos. After that the theory of the chua's circuit will be explained, with experimental results. When it is understood how the circuit works there will be explained to what extend the circuit is controlled and how it can be synchronised.
Transient and Steady State Response - Control Systems EngineeringSiyum Tsega Balcha
. Two crucial aspects of this behavior are transient and steady-state responses. These concepts encapsulate how a system behaves over time, from the moment an input is applied to when the system settles into a stable state. The transient response of a system characterizes its behavior during the initial phase after a change in input. It reflects how the system reacts as it transitions from one state to another. This phase is marked by dynamic changes in the system's output as it adjusts to the new conditions imposed by the input.
Characteristics of Transient Response are Time Constant, overshoot, settling time and damping.
Once the transient effects have subsided, the system enters the steady-state, where its behavior becomes constant over time. In this phase, the system operates under stable conditions, and its output remains within a narrow range around the desired value, despite fluctuations in input or external disturbances. Characteristics of Steady-State Response are Steady-State Error, stability, accuracy, robustness,.
Giving description about time response, what are the inputs supplied to system, steady state response, effect of input on steady state error, Effect of Open Loop Transfer Function on Steady State Error, type 0,1 & 2 system subjected to step, ramp & parabolic input, transient response, analysis of first and second order system and transient response specifications
Time Response Analysis of system
Standard Test Signals
What is time response ?
Types of Responses
Analysis of First order system
Analysis of Second order system
Sistemas de Primer Orden, Segundo Orden y Orden SuperiorDianeHernndez1
Explicación de los sistemas de Sistemas de Primer Orden, Segundo Orden y Orden Superior respectivamente, que son, para que sirven y sus respuestas ante alteraciones.
This presentation gives complete idea about time domain analysis of first and second order system, type number, time domain specifications, steady state error and error constants and numerical examples.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Sistemas de primer, segundo orden y de orden superior
1. REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO “SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
ASIGNATURA: TEORÍA DE CONTROL
EXTENSIÓN BARINAS
PROFESORA: INTEGRANTE:
AMDIE CHIRINOS CI-24.823.606
JOSÉ MARTÍNEZ
ING. ELECTRÓNICA
Junio, 2021
2. Para analizar el comportamiento de un sistema se toma como punto de
partida la representación matemática del mismo.
Respuesta del sistema ante una entrada
La respuesta transitoria se entiende al comportamiento del sistema que
va del estado inicial al estado final.
El sistema puede ser excitado con distintas señales de entrada r(t). Las más utilizadas
son: las funciones impulso, escalón, rampa y sinusoidal de amplitud unidad.
3. Función Rampa. Se emplea cuando se supone que las entradas
para un sistema de control son funciones del tiempo que cambian
en forma gradual.
Función Escalón. Es emplea cuando se supone que el
un sistema estará sujeto a perturbaciones repentinas.
Función Impulso. Esta señal se prueba es adecuada si se
supone que el sistema estará para un sistema sujeto a entradas
de choque.
Podemos distinguir tres tipos de sistemas en cuanto a su numero de polos (polos=
raíces del denominador de la función de transferencia), tenemos:
SISTEMAS DE PRIMER
ORDEN.
SISTEMAS DE SEGUNDO
ORDEN.
SISTEMAS DE ORDEN
4.
5. La función de transferencia G(s) de un sistema es una expresión racional de
polinomios en s. Las raíces del denominador se llaman polos y las raíces del
numerador se llaman ceros. Un sistema de primer orden se define como aquel
que posee un único polo.
𝐾
1 + 𝑇𝑠
𝐺(𝑆)
𝑅 𝐶 K= ganancia del
sistema
T= constante de
tiempo
Polo en -1/T
Respuesta ante entrada impulso
La salida temporal c(t) del sistema de primer orden ante una entrada impulso
unidad es:
donde se han calculado los valores inicial y final de dicha salida. La pendiente inicial
de la curva se puede calcular a partir de la expresión general de la derivada:
6. Estos resultados se pueden obtener a través de las propiedades de las
transformadas de Laplace, sin necesidad de obtener la salida temporal del sistema:
Ejemplo de respuesta ante entrada impulso.
7. Respuesta ante entrada escalón
La salida temporal del sistema de primer orden ante una entrada
escalón unidad es:
Donde se han calculado los valores inicial y final de dicha salida.
La pendiente inicial de la curva es:
La respuesta ante entrada escalón unidad del mismo ejemplo
que el apartado anterior. Ahora el valor final es K, mientras que
recta que sale del origen con pendiente K T toma el valor K para t
= T.
Por tanto, el valor de la respuesta en régimen permanente coincide
con la ganancia estática K. Cuanto menor sea la constante de
tiempo T más rápidamente tiende la respuesta del sistema a su
valor en régimen permanente.
8. La constante de tiempo da una idea de la duración del
régimen transitorio del sistema. Aproximadamente la salida llega al
62 % del régimen permanente en el instante de tiempo igual a la
constante de tiempo del sistema:
𝑐(𝑇) ≈ 0.62𝐾
Respuesta de un sistema de primer orden ante entrada
escalón
9. Respuesta rampa unitaria
Dado que la transformada de Laplace de la función rampa unitaria es
1
𝑆2 , se
obtiene la salida del sistema.
𝐶 𝑠 =
1
𝑇𝑠 + 1
; R s =
1
𝑇𝑠 + 1
×
1
𝑠2
=
1
𝑠2(𝑇𝑠 + 1)
Se procede a aplicar separación en fracciones
parciales:
𝐶 𝑠 =
1
𝑠2
−
𝑇
𝑠
+
𝑇2
(𝑇𝑠 + 1)
Finalmente se obtiene la respuesta en el
tiempo, aplicando la transformada inversa de
Laplace:
𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑇 + 𝑇𝑒−
𝑡
𝑇
para t ≥ 0
10. Respuesta ante entrada sinusoidal
La salida temporal c(t) del sistema de primer orden ante una entrada sinusoidal de
amplitud unidad y frecuencia ω es:
Se observa que la salida c(t) posee dos sumandos: el primero es transitorio,
desaparece prácticamente después de T segundos, y el segundo es una sinusoidal
de frecuencia igual a la de la señal de entrada, pero con una amplitud y un retraso
que dependen tanto de la frecuencia ω de entrada como de las características del
sistema de primer orden.
11.
12. Un sistema de segundo orden es aquel que posee dos polos.
Este tipo se sistemas se suele representar de la siguiente forma:
La constante K es la ganancia estática del sistema, ζ es el
amortiguamiento y ωn es la frecuencia natural. Dependiendo del
carácter de los polos, el sistema de segundo orden puede ser:
Sistema subamortiguado. El amortiguamiento posee un valor
entre 0 y 1 y los polos del sistema de segundo orden son
complejo-conjugados.
Sistema sobreamortiguado. El amortiguamiento es mayor que la
unidad y los polos del sistema de segundo orden son reales
localizados en:
13. Sistema críticamente amortiguado. El amortiguamiento es igual a la
unidad y los polos son reales e iguales:
Cualquiera que sea el amortiguamiento del sistema, existen tres
puntos clave de la respuesta temporal que siempre cumplen los
sistemas de segundo orden ante una entrada escalón unidad:
Es decir, la respuesta temporal de todos los sistemas de
segundo orden comienzan en el origen con pendiente nula, y
alcanzan en régimen permanente el valor de la ganancia
estática K.
14. Respuesta subamortiguado ante entrada escalón
La respuesta de un sistema subamortiguado (ζ < 1) ante una entrada escalón
unidad es:
15. Respuesta
sobreamortiguada
ante entrada escalón
La respuesta de un sistema
sobreamortiguado (ζ > 1) ante una entrada
escalón unidad es:
Respuesta críticamente
amortiguada ante
entrada escalón
La respuesta de un sistema críticamente
amortiguado (ζ = 1) ante una entrada
escalón unidad es:
16. Respuesta ante entrada impulso
La respuesta de un sistema ante una entrada impulso se puede
obtener a partir de la respuesta ante una entrada escalón.
Se puede conseguir derivando directamente la respuesta del
sistema con entrada escalón unidad.
17.
18. El comportamiento de los sistemas de orden superior, es
decir, de aquellos que poseen tres o más polos, depende
fundamentalmente del carácter de los polos más lentos del
sistema.
Sea un sistema de tercer orden, en el que existe un polo real y
dos complejo-conjugados. La respuesta temporal, depende de la
posición relativa de los tres polos del sistema.
19. Por tanto, la inclusión de polos adicionales a un determinado sistema no influye
en la respuesta temporal del mismo mientras los nuevos polos se encuentren
suficientemente alejados del eje imaginario del plano complejo S respecto a los
que ya tenia el sistema.
Se muestra un caso particular en el que el polo real es el más lento. La
respuesta se asemeja a la del sistema de primer orden, con un retraso
adicional y pendiente inicial nula.